生物矿化研究现状和展望

生物矿化过程是指在生物体中细胞的参与下,无机元素从环境中选择性地沉淀在特定的有机质上而形成的新矿物.生物矿化矿物的结晶严格受生物体分泌的有机基质的控制,是在有机基质膜板诱导下的晶体生长.生物体内有机基质指导矿物晶体的成核、生长和聚集,使得生物矿物具有特定的形貌、取向和组装方式,从而产生特殊的功能.生物矿化近年来受到化学、物理、生物以及材料学等多学科的关注.综述了生物矿化的类型、过程、机理及常用的研究方法和研究进展,并作了学科展望.     

西成矿化集中区矿床有机地球化学特征

通过对西成矿化集中区泥盆系海底热水沉积型和热水沉积-改造型矿床中的有机地球化学特征研究,认为赋存在海相富有机质沉积层段中的两类矿床,其中的有机质富集作用与泥盆纪海底热水流体活动有关,且热流体活动导致菌藻类微生物繁盛,是沉积物中有机质富集的主导原因.     

柴达木盆地南翼山地区微生物碳酸盐岩结构与矿化作用

为明确柴达木盆地西部地区新生界微生物碳酸盐岩微观结构及主要造岩矿物的成因机理,本文利用岩芯观察、薄片分析、扫描电镜及电子探针分析等实验测试方法,对南翼山地区上油砂山组微生物碳酸盐岩微观结构、矿物特征差异性及矿化作用开展研究。分析认为南翼山地区上油砂山组发育厚层泥晶碳酸盐岩,单层厚度3～5 m;局部发育薄层微生物碳酸盐岩,单层厚度以30～50 cm为主,单层最大厚度2 m。微生物碳酸盐岩类型以凝块石为主、局部发育叠层石,二者混合共生,通过扫描电镜在微生物碳酸盐岩中发现了大量钙化的细胞外聚合物(EPS)组构与少量微生物化石,为湖相微生物碳酸盐岩的形成提供了生物学证据。研究结果表明：(1)微生物碳酸盐岩主要矿物类型为方解石,微观组构复杂、类型多样,包括球粒、团粒、菱面体以及片状结构等。球粒粒径分布范围50～80 nm。团粒由若干纳米级球粒聚合黏结形成,粒径为几微米至几十微米。片状方解石往往大小不等、形态各异,粒径通常为1～10μm。(2)发现大量钙化EPS组构及疑似微体化石,包括球状、杆状及丝状体。杆状体微生物化石直径约0.4μm,长0.5～1μm。丝状体微生物化石直径约0.3～0.5μm,...     

现代沉积环境中铁的微生物矿化作用

在自然界水体中生活及实验室培养的铁细菌细胞,可以沉淀各种铁矿物,其中以铁的氢氧化物和氧化物最常见。细菌的荷电表面可以吸附金属,并且它们新陈代谢产生的排泄物进入周围环境还可诱发生物矿化作用。细菌在水系中普遍存在并具有固有的生物成矿能力 ,因此,它们在控制现代和古代沉积环境中铁的循环起到极为重要的作用。     

榴辉岩型钛矿化的地球化学制约

根据对国内外已发表的榴辉岩地球化学资料的统计分析,表明榴辉岩中TiO2含量与全铁(TFeO)具正相关性,而与MgO, 特别是MgO/(MgO TFeO)比值具负相关性.按TiO2含量的高低,可将榴辉岩区分为高钛型(TiO2＞2.0%)、中钛型(TiO2=0.60%～2.00%)和低钛型(TiO2＜0.6%)三类,文章重点讨论了高钛与低钛榴辉岩地球化学特征的差异.与低钛型榴辉岩相比,高钛型榴辉岩相对偏基性,富铁,贫镁,并具有较高的高场强元素(如Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等)和亲铁元素(如V、Co、Ni等)含量.原岩恢复显示低钛榴辉岩的源岩有两种类型,其一为洋壳俯冲形成的蛇绿岩残片,另一为富钙质的沉积泥灰岩.高钛型榴辉岩的源岩则具OIB特征,可能为富集地幔部分熔融或上涌的软流圈地幔物质与地壳物质混染的产物.榴辉岩中的钛矿化主要受源岩因素制约,此外,岩浆结晶分异对其也有一定影响.     

地球生物学方法与海相优质烃源岩形成过程的正演和评价

烃源岩存在生烃和排烃过程, 高-过成熟区还叠加了烃源岩有机质的强烈改造和破坏, 从海相地层残余有机质出发评价烃源岩的反演方法需要进一步完善.以探索生命系统与地球系统相互作用为主题的地球生物学为正演烃源岩形成的动力学过程提供了理论依据.分子地球生物学、地球微生物学、地球生态学和生物地球化学等地球生物学的各分支学科(要素) 为恢复烃源岩形成时的生产力及其组成、沉积有机质的量和类型、有机埋藏量及其过程和类型等提供了技术方法支撑, 分别论述了如何利用地球生物学的技术方法来定量计算原始生产力、沉积有机质和埋藏有机质.表征地球生物学过程的地球生物相则综合和集成了烃源岩生物相、有机相和沉积相的相关信息, 包含了生境型(群落型)、生产力和有机埋藏等定量化指标, 它为建立优质烃源岩的地球生物学评价体系服务.通过烃源岩实验模拟得出的有机质恢复系数对残余有机碳进行恢复, 并与地球生物学得出的埋藏有机质进行量的对比, 由此实现地球生物学方法与传统反演方法的接口和校正.      

生命活动中矿化作用的环境响应机制研究

生物矿化作用及其环境响应机制的研究,关键在于研究生命活动制约矿物形成、分解的机理及其环境响应机制,其内容主要包括生物矿化作用的机理、生物矿化作用的环境效应、生物矿化作用的调控理论和方法。可实现的研究目标是从多学科角度发展生物矿化作用的理论,阐明自然界中矿物－生物－重金属/POPs －水之间的相互作用机理与环境响应机制。有望揭示微生物控制重金属矿化的微观机制,提出微生物治理重金属污染原理;揭示半导体矿物－微生物协同作用降解POPs 机制,发展三元体系研究方法;揭示微生物促进多金属矿山硫化物分解机制,提出微生物分解矿物对生态环境影响的调控方法等。以促进地质生物学前沿交叉学科发展,形成未来环境污染防治重大新技术的科学基础。     

有机生物地球化学与晚新生代古全球变化研究

有机生物地球化学在古全球变化研究中的应用越来越受到重视。在古海洋学领域,表层海水温度、海洋初级生产力的大小及其种群结构的变化对全球碳循环的影响、海底甲烷释放等关键性科学问题都需要有机生物地球化学积极参与。有机生物地球化学也能在陆地古生态系统中植被的演变、C3与C4植物的消长变化、湖泊水体环境的变化等方面作出独特的贡献。文中简要评述了上述内容的研究现状。     

中国若干下寒武统高硒地层的有机地球化学特征及生物樗物研究

通过中国若干下寒武统高硒地层的有机地球化学及生物标志物研究,主伙高硒地层中有机质的先质母体为菌藻类生物,某些生物樗物指标指示了沉积环境为封闭的缺氧环境。同时,文章结合地质实际讨论还原的沉积环境有利于菌藻类生物的生长和保存,硒的富集与菌藻生物的繁盛有关。     

纳米尺度下的生物矿物和生物矿化:基于介晶的视角

纳米地质学的兴起和发展,促使地质工作者从纳米尺度重新认识固体地球物质,将对地球科学的各个领域产生广泛而深刻的影响.作为纳米地质学的重要分支,纳米矿物学也将走出传统矿物学只把矿物看成理想晶体点阵的局限,从纳米尺度深入探究矿物包括生物矿物在内的矿物结构与性质,突破口之一是介晶.介晶是一种特殊的结晶纳米结构,近年来得到了物理学家和化学家尤其是材料化学家越来越多的关注.介晶是非经典结晶过程产物,以纳米颗粒为基本构筑单元,具备纳米颗粒的性质和宏观尺寸.现已发现,许多生物矿物如脊椎动物骨骼和牙齿、贝壳珍珠层、蛋壳、海胆骨针、有孔虫和珊瑚等都具有介晶结构.因此,从纳米尺度和介晶角度重新理解生物矿化,有助于揭示生物矿物中纳米多级结构的成因机制,拓展纳米矿物学的科学内涵.首先介绍生物矿化和生物矿物的基本概念,之后对介晶的概念和结构特征进行阐述,最后介绍生物矿物中的介晶结构及介晶形成的典型机制,涉及有机基质辅助、物理场驱动、矿物桥或有机桥连接、空间限域、取向附集和晶面选择性分子作用等多种物理化学过程,有望进一步推动纳米矿物学的发展.      

中元古代微指状叠层石: 超微组构和有机矿化过程

微指状叠层石(microdigitate stromatolites,以下简称MDS)是新太古代—中元古代一种重要的沉积构造。由于其内部以纤维状组构为重要特征,而缺乏直接的微生物化石证据,被认为代表特定海洋化学条件下形成的一种海底碳酸盐沉淀,属无机成因。本文对华北中元古代雾迷山组硅化MDS的显微组构研究发现,其柱体由亚毫米级浅色微亮晶纹层(平均厚约65μm)和暗色微晶纹层(平均厚约680μm)交互叠加而成。前者含较少细菌残余,重结晶显著;后者富含细菌残余、微晶多面体及微球粒,并进一步分为具密集连续次级微纹层的(平均厚约380μm)和具稀疏断续微纹层的(平均厚约300μm)两种暗纹层。这三种纹层在纵向上的规律性交互可能反映了季节性变化。毛发状垂向纤维贯穿于整个柱体,但在亮纹层内稀疏。这种纤维可能由垂向生长的丝状菌束(宽<10μm)矿化而成,有些由微球粒(粒径为10～30μm)定向富集构成。微球粒富含细菌残余、胞外聚合物(EPS)以及与之密切共生的纳米颗粒(粒径<45nm)。纳米颗粒可粘结形成亚μm级多面体,构成碳酸盐晶体生长的基点。包围微球粒的微亮晶环边和纤维组构间的微亮晶条带内少细菌残余,可能属微生物影响的矿化成因,而纤维体和微球粒则是微生物诱发矿化的结果。故中元古代MDS属微生物成因,它所展现的有机矿化过程可能也适用于更古老的叠层石。此外,MDS内有机矿物从纳米颗粒到微球粒的有序聚合可能代表了有机矿化的普遍过程,并可用作判定微生物成因碳酸盐岩的重要标识。     

Biomineralization of Uranium: A Simulated Experiment and Its Significance

A simulated experimental reduction of U^v1 and the synthesis of uraninite by a sulfate-reducing bacteria,Desulfovibrio desulfuricans DSM 642, are first reported. The simulated physicochemical experimental conditions were:35℃, pH=7.0-7.4, corresponding to the environments of formation of the sandstone-hosted interlayer oxidation-zone type uranium deposits in Xinjiang, NW China. Uraninite was formed on the surface of the host bacteria after a one-week‘s incubation. Therefore, sulfate-reducing bacteria, which existed extensively in Jurassic sandstone-producing environments,might have participated in the biomineralization of this uranium deposit. There is an important difference in the orderdisorder of the crystalline structure between the uraninite produced by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans and naturally occurring uraninite. Long time and slow precipitation and growth of uraninite in the geological environment might have resulted in larger uraninite crystals, with uraninite nanocrystals arranged in order, whereas the experimentally produced uraninite is composed of unordered uraninite nanocrystals which, in contrast, result from the short time span of formation and rapid precipitation and growth of uraninite. The discovery has important implications for understanding genetic significance in mineralogy, and also indicates that in-situ bioremediation of U-contaminated environments and use of biotechnology in the treatment of radioactive liquid waste is being contemplated.     

Biomineralization in the La'' erma Gold Deposit of the Western Qinling Mountains

Geological and geochemical studies and experiments on mineralization indicate that the source bed of the La' erma gold deposit in the south subbelt of the western Qinling Mountains is hydrothermal cherts in the Cambrian Taiyangding Group. Organic geochemical study of the cherts shows that the organic precursors intimately associated with gold are marine bacteria and algae. The gold content in chert,is positively correlated with the amount of bacterial and algal microfossils, and simulation experiments on biomineralization of modern bacteria and algae indicate that bacteria and algae played an important role in the formation of the La' erma gold deposit.     

浙江舟山海岸带古木埋藏区铁的微生物成矿作用

以浙江舟山海岸带铁矿石为研究对象, 通过对铁矿石及其周围环境背景样品的形态学显微观察、矿物学及地球化学分析, 结果显示渗漏水沉淀铁泥中存在大量形貌与Leptothrix ochracea和Gallionella ferruginea中性铁氧化菌极为相似的微生物鞘, 该微生物可促进Fe2+的氧化和Fe3+的快速沉淀, 并且细胞最终被完全矿化后将永久保存起来.与此相对应的是: 在铁矿石内部存在大量的似球形和丝杆状的针铁矿, 并且还保留了死亡的铁细菌外鞘, 这些特征揭示该铁矿石与微生物历史活动密切相关.将现代渗漏水铁泥中铁细菌的矿化作用和铁矿石中保留的微生物活动记录相对比, 为该环境下的铁矿石生物成矿作用及其成因机制提供了良好的佐证.铁矿石的形成与古木堆积密切相关, 古木埋藏腐烂过程产生的腐植酸加剧了基岩及其周围土壤中的铁淋滤进入到潮间带, 从而为铁矿石形成提供充足的铁来源.该研究有助于更好理解和认识地史时期腐植质及微生物在铁矿床形成中的作用.      

乳腺病变伴发生物矿化的类型及机制研究

乳腺病变伴发生物矿化的类型多样、机制复杂。本试验对手术切除或粗针穿刺获得的乳腺脂肪坏死标本5例、乳腺增生症8例、乳腺纤维腺瘤7例及乳腺浸润性癌或原位癌6例分别进行常规HE（苏木素-伊红）染色、普鲁士蓝、茜素红S、Masson三色特殊染色及Ⅲ型胶原、Ⅳ型胶原免疫组织化学染色,以观察各种病变伴发矿化的常规病理学改变及无机、有机成分的差异。染色结果显示各种矿化物的主要无机成分均为钙盐。脂肪坏死和纤维腺瘤伴发的矿化均与Ⅲ型胶原有关,乳腺增生症伴发的矿化与Ⅳ型胶原有关,而乳腺导管原位癌矿化与上述两种胶原的关系不大。根据形态可将乳腺病变伴发的生物矿化分为坏死相关性矿化及非坏死相关性矿化。前者又可分为肿瘤性坏死相关性矿化和非肿瘤性坏死相关性矿化。非坏死相关性矿化可分为上皮相关性矿化及间质相关性矿化。乳腺病变类型不同,其伴发矿化的机制也不尽相同。     

再谈古生物学向地球生物学的发展:服务领域的拓展与创新

地球科学前沿研究为社会服务是一个永恒的主题,这在当前全球化背景下尤其迫切.古生物学作为一个受人瞩目的精品学科,在向地球生物学发展过程中,其服务领域正不断地拓展和创新.系统地总结了当前地球生物学在全球变化和油气资源两大领域的应用与拓展,以及在关键带和深地两大领域的创新性发展.在全球变化领域,藻类、古菌、细菌等地质微生物的脂类不仅能够用于估算古温度,还可以记录干旱等极端古气候事件,从而实现古温度与古降水信号的分离.地球生物学已经从探索生物对环境的响应深入到生物对环境的作用.地球生物学也在评价烃源岩、储层等常规油气资源领域得到广泛的应用,但当前其更重要的应用表现在页岩气等非常规油气资源领域,包括地质微生物形成页岩中的纳米孔隙,形成易于压裂的长石、石英等矿物.在关键带研究领域,地球生物学可以解剖碳循环与水循环之间的内在联系.聚焦于地质微生物功能群的关键带地质微生物调查,不仅可以查明污染物的分布和污染程度,还可以为环境修复提供技术方法.而在深地研究领域,为拓展对地下空间的利用,需要充分利用地下工程对地下微生物开展调查和研究,以查明地下环境中有害或者有益的微生物功能群分布及其地质作用.      

Petrology of Lower Cretaceous carbonate mud mounds (Albian, N. Spain): insights into organomineralic deposits of the geological record

The process of organomineralization is increasingly well understood with respect to modern carbonate sediments accumulating adjacent to tropical reef atolls and reef caves. Mineralization related to non-living organic substrates results in autochthonous micrite production (‘automicrites’). ‘Automicrites’ are the main constructive element of Lower Cretaceous (Albian) carbonate mud mounds in northern Spain. These slope mud mounds occur within transgressive and early highstand system tracts encompassing several macrobenthic ecological zones. They are clearly separated from the biocalcifying carbonate factory (Urgonian carbonate platforms), in both space and time. Within these build-ups, most ‘automicrites’ were initially indurated and accreted to form a medium-relief growth framework. ‘Automicrites’ have a uniform, presumably high-Mg-calcite precursor mineralogy. They show an inorganic stable-isotope signature (?¹³C around +3·3‰) within the range of early marine cements, and skeletal compounds lacking major vital effects. Epifluorescence microscopy shows that they have facies-specific fluorescence, which is similar to skeletal compounds of Acanthochaetetes, but clearly different from allomicritic sediment and cements, which are mostly non-fluorescent. The EDTA-soluble intracrystalline organic fraction (SIOF) of Albian automicrites shows an amino acid spectrum that is similar to shallow subsurface samples from their modern counterparts. Gel electrophoresis of the SIOF demonstrates an exclusively acidic character, and a mean molecular size range between 20 and 30 kDa. Experiments in vitro (inhibition tests) indicate that the SIOF has a significant Ca²⁺-binding capacity. Fluorescence and chemical characteristics of SIOF point to a main substance class, such as humic and fulvic acids, compounds that form from pristine organic matter during early diagenesis. Biomarker analyses provide evidence for the crucial role of biodegradation by heterotrophic microorganisms, but no biomarker for cyanobacteria has been found. Primary sources of organic material should have been manifold, including major contributions by metazoans such as sponges. It is concluded that many carbonate mud mounds are essentially organomineralic in origin and that the resulting fabric of polygenetic muds (‘polymuds’) may represent ancestral metazoan reef ecosystems, which possibly originated during the Neoproterozoic.     

An Exploration of Building a Thematic Sub-database within the Framework of DDE:A New Detrital Zircon U-Pb Dating Database

正Within the framework of the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE)project,thematic databases driven by scientific issues will have strong scientific vitality.In the field of sedimentology,thematic databases based on the current unified sedimentary knowledge tree established by the Sedimentary Data Group (Fig.1),can solve specific scientific problems effectively and improve the scope and utility of the DDE platform significantly.     

A Model Framework to Determine the Production Potential of Fish Derived from Coastal Habitats for Use in Habitat Restoration

Metrics of fish production are often used to guide habitat restoration in coastal ecosystems. In this study, we present a general model framework to estimate the absolute production potential of fish (i.e., fish and large decapods) derived from coastal habitats. Production potential represents lifetime production, whether or not the fish uses the habitat of interest for their entire lifespan. The framework uses an age-structured Leslie population matrix with length-dependent survival and fecundity, coupled with growth and length-weight functions. Uncertainty quantification was also included and accounted for parameter dependencies using copulas. Given the limited abundance data available, we made the simplifying assumptions of steady-state populations and a direct scaling of the resultant proportional stable age distribution with observed fish density (in at least one age class). Literature values for regional estimates of mortality and growth were used. We applied our model using data of fish density from seagrass (Zostera marina, eelgrass) beds and bare soft-sediment bottom on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. A total of 22 species of fish was collected. Species-specific estimates of fish production potential from seagrass ranged from 8.6 × 10^?3 to 50.0 g WW m^?2 year^?1, with uncertainty estimates being within the same order of magnitude as the median. Production potential of most fishes was enhanced by seagrass relative to adjacent bare sediment. The model framework can be adapted and extended to include increasing complexity (e.g., time dependencies) as more extensive data are acquired, and thus has application beyond that presented here.