辽西晚古生代长茂河子辉绿岩墙群的地球化学特征

根据全岩K-Ar年龄(287.5~243.6Ma), 辽西朝阳长茂河子辉绿岩墙群形成于晚古生代.这些辉绿岩分为低铁钛辉绿岩和高铁钛辉绿岩2种, 以低铁钛辉绿岩为主.低铁钛辉绿岩以低TiO₂(< 2%)、FeO_t(12.39%~15.33%)、V(227~335μg/g)、Sc(24~36μg/g) 含量和高的SiO₂ (45.61%~47.72%)、Al₂O₃(12.51%~16.71%)、MgO(6.66%~9.31%)、K₂O(0.57%~2.39%)、Cr(107~177μg/g)和Ni(96~235μg/g) 含量, 以及低Ti/Y(327~496)和Ti/Zr (69~114) 比值为特征, 类似于大陆拉斑玄武质岩石; 高铁钛辉绿岩以高的TiO₂ (5%~6%)、FeO_t(22.13%~22.16%)、V(850~859μg/g)、Sc(51~52μg/g) 含量和低的SiO₂ (42.88%~44.90%)、Al₂O₃(11.53%~11.57%)、MgO (5.15%~5.29%, Mg#=0.32)、K₂O (0.48%~0.51%)、Cr(< 2μg/g)和Ni(< 30μg/g) 含量及高的Ti/Y(1046~1106)、Ti/Zr(250~263) 比值为特征, 类似于Skaergaard侵入体.这些辉绿岩相对富集Rb、Th、U、Pb、Ti和轻稀土元素, 而相对亏损Ba、Sr、P和Nb、Ta.ε_Nd(t) (-6.43~-4.12)、ε_Sr(t) (42.94~64.19) 显示Sr-Nd同位素组成较为均匀, 并反映它们源于富集岩石圈地幔.认为长茂河子辉绿岩形成于富集岩石圈地幔的部分熔融, 经历了岩浆结晶分异与地壳混染作用.高铁钛辉绿岩和低高铁钛辉绿岩形成环境不同, 前者形成于相对低氧逸度或相对封闭的结晶环境中.      

Comparison of various pan-sharpening methods using Quickbird-2 and Landsat-8 imagery

Pan-sharpening is the process of transferring the spatial resolution of panchromatic (PAN) image to a multispectral (MS) image for producing a single image with high spatial detail and rich spectral information. In this study, PAN and MS imagery of Quickbird-2 and Landsat-8 are fused separately, using ten different pan-sharpening methods such as principal component analysis (PCA), modified-intensity hue saturation (M-IHS), multiplicative, brovey transform (BT), wavelet-principal component analysis (W-PCA), hyperspectral color space (HCS), high-pass filter (HPF), Gram-Schmidt (GS), Fuze Go, and non-subsampled contourlet transform (NSCT). The effectiveness of these techniques is assessed and compared by qualitative analysis and 14 quantitative analysis methods including bias, correlation coefficient (CC), difference in variance (DIV), relative dimensionless global error in synthesis (ERGAS), universal image quality index (Q), relative average spectral error (RASE), root mean square error (RMSE), structural similarity index method (SSIM), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), peak SNR (PSNR), spatial correlation coefficient (SCC), image entropy (E), and gradient and quality with no reference image (QNR). The results of both analysis types show that the Fuze Go and NSCT produced the best fused image with high spatial detail and rich spectral information followed by the HPF and GS.     

北淮阳地区不同变形-变质煤的元素分布及其影响因素

通过对大别造山带前陆北淮阳地区石炭纪高煤级煤的X射线荧光光谱分析,探讨了不同变形-变质类型煤中常量元素的分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明:构造-热作用具有使Al3+、K+、Si4+、Ti4+在煤体中富集,P5+、Fe2++Fe3+、Mn2+Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+向煤体外迁移的趋势;在弱应力带富集Al3+、K+、Ti4+、Na+、Ca2+;在强应力带富集Si4+、P5+、Fe2++Fe3+、Mg2+。岩浆热变质类型煤和构造-热变质类型煤的w(SiO₂)/w(Al₂O₃)和w(K₂O)/w(Na₂O)值显著增大,与岩浆岩中SiO₂及K₂O质量分数偏高有重要的成因联系。      

贵州省普定水库水体及沉积物孔隙水中汞的含量和形态分布初步研究

为了弄清楚普定水库汞的地球化学循环特征,用金汞齐-冷原子荧光光谱法(CVAFS)和气相色谱技术(GC), 研究了乌江流域上游普定水库水体剖面和沉积物间隙水剖面汞的赋存形态(总汞 THg)、溶解态汞(DHg)、活性汞(RHg)、颗粒态汞(PHg)、总甲基汞(TMeHg)、溶解态甲基汞(DMeHg)和颗粒态甲基汞(PMeHg)的分布特征.结果显示,普定水库水体总汞浓度为1.29～3.18 ng/L, 活性汞浓度为0.09～0.43 ng/L, 总甲基汞浓度为0.06～0.18 ng/L.沉积物间隙水中溶解态汞浓度为2.65 ～11.47 ng/L, 溶解态甲基汞浓度为0.06 ～1.16 ng/L.实验数据表明,普定水库水体中溶解态汞和颗粒态含量相当,其中颗粒态汞占总汞的比例为46%,并与总汞存在极显著相关性(R=0.929,n=20,P＜0.01),溶解态汞与总汞相关性不明显(R=-0.067,n=20);冬季普定水库甲基汞以溶解态甲基汞为主,溶解态甲基汞占总甲基汞的比例为63%,溶解态甲基汞与总甲基汞无明显相关关系(R=0.292,n=20),颗粒态甲基汞与总甲基汞存在极显著的相关性(R=0.815,n=20,P＜0.01).试验数据表明沉积物孔隙水溶解态汞与溶解态甲基汞浓度明显高于上覆水体, 是普定水库水体中汞的一个重要来源.     

冀北张麻井铀钼矿床黄铁矿化蚀变岩地球化学迁移特征及与成矿关系亲缘性的讨论

张麻井铀钼矿床是中国北方最大的与火山岩有关的热液铀矿床，围岩蚀变广泛发育，其中黄铁矿化在该矿床分布虽 较为局限，但是与铀钼成矿关系密切。为了研究黄铁矿化蚀变与铀、钼成矿的亲缘关系，文章对张麻井的黄铁矿化蚀变岩 进行主、微量元素分析，并选择Yb作为不活动组分，使用质量平衡迁移计算方法， 利用Grant公式对其组分迁移进行定量 计算。岩石地球化学特征显示，黄铁矿化蚀变岩的TFeO含量极高，介于11.24%~24.57%之间(平均18.45%)，其中Fe2O3含量 10.78%~25.25% （平均18.64%）、FeO含量1.43%~1.90% （平均1.69%），Fe2O3/FeO比值平均为10.99，有可能受到后期氧 化。黄铁矿化蚀变岩在Isocon图解上等浓度线斜率小于1，表明整体发生了组分的带入，带入的主要组分为大量的TFeO （131倍），成矿元素Mo（884倍）、Pb（11倍）、U（4.9倍）、V（2.8倍）、Ta（0.44倍）、Cu（0.64倍），碱金属Na2O（0.45 倍），以及Cd（424倍）、Bi（13倍） 等；带出的主要组分有碱金属Li（-0.73）、K2O（-0.17），成矿元素Zn（-0.38）、Cr （-0.37），以及Eu（-0.58）、Sc（-0.25） 等。其中SiO2略微减少（-0.03），带入的Mo含量远大于U的含量，据此认为黄铁 矿化与钼成矿关系更为密切。     

冀北张麻井铀钼矿床黄铁矿化蚀变岩地球化学迁移特征及与成矿关系亲缘性的讨论

张麻井铀钼矿床是中国北方最大的与火山岩有关的热液铀矿床,围岩蚀变广泛发育,其中黄铁矿化在该矿床分布虽 较为局限,但是与铀钼成矿关系密切。为了研究黄铁矿化蚀变与铀、钼成矿的亲缘关系,文章对张麻井的黄铁矿化蚀变岩 进行主、微量元素分析,并选择Yb作为不活动组分,使用质量平衡迁移计算方法, 利用Grant公式对其组分迁移进行定量 计算。岩石地球化学特征显示,黄铁矿化蚀变岩的TFeO含量极高,介于11.24%~24.57%之间(平均18.45%),其中Fe2O3含量 10.78%~25.25% （平均18.64%）、FeO含量1.43%~1.90% （平均1.69%）,Fe2O3/FeO比值平均为10.99,有可能受到后期氧 化。黄铁矿化蚀变岩在Isocon图解上等浓度线斜率小于1,表明整体发生了组分的带入,带入的主要组分为大量的TFeO （131倍）,成矿元素Mo（884倍）、Pb（11倍）、U（4.9倍）、V（2.8倍）、Ta（0.44倍）、Cu（0.64倍）,碱金属Na2O（0.45 倍）,以及Cd（424倍）、Bi（13倍） 等;带出的主要组分有碱金属Li（-0.73）、K2O（-0.17）,成矿元素Zn（-0.38）、Cr （-0.37）,以及Eu（-0.58）、Sc（-0.25） 等。其中SiO2略微减少（-0.03）,带入的Mo含量远大于U的含量,据此认为黄铁 矿化与钼成矿关系更为密切。     

The effect of maturation on the configuration of pristane in sediments and petroleum

The absolute stereochemistry of pristane in a sample of contemporary marine Zooplankton, Messel shale (Germany) and Djatibarang (Java) crude has been determined by gas Chromatographic methods. The relative stereochemistry in Irati shale (Brazil), Green River (U.S.) crude, Halibut (Australia) crude has also been determined, and confirmed for a sample of the Green River shale. The stereoisomer distributions indicate a loss of stereospecificity of the phytol-derived 6(R),10(S) pristane with increasing geological maturation. For example, the least mature geological sample, the Eocene Messel shale, contains solely the 6(R),10(S) isomer, whereas a mature sample, Djatibarang crude, contains 50% of the 6(R),10(S) isomer and 25% of each of the 6(R),10(R) and 6(S),10(S) isomers.     

电子探针技术探究钪在白云鄂博矿床不同矿物中的赋存特征

随着对钪资源需求的不断增加,世界各国近年陆续开展钪成矿机理研究及找矿工作,核心内容之一是厘清钪的赋存特征.据前人研究,各类钪矿床中钪主要以类质同象、离子吸附形式存在,目前发现的含钪矿物种类已逾800种.对于白云鄂博矿床,钪资源储量较大,无独立钪矿物产出,钪以类质同象形式进入其他矿物,分布分散、含量低.囿于测试技术及取样...     

Geochemistry of Platinum Group and Rare Earth Elements of the Polymetallic Layer in the Lower Cambrian, Weng’an, Guizhou Province

Abstract: The black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in Weng’an, on the Yangtze platform of south China, contain voluminous polymetallic sulfide deposits. A comprehensive geochemical investigation of trace, rare earth, and platinum group elements (PGE) has been undertaken in order to discuss its ore genesis and correlation with the tectono-depositional setting. The ore-bearing layers enrich molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), lead (Pb), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba) , uranium (U) , arsenic (As), and rare earth elements (REE) in abundance. High uranium/thorium (U/Th) ratios (U/Th>1) indicated that mineralization was mainly influenced by the hydrothermal process. The dU value was above 1.9, showing a reducing sedimentary condition. The REE patterns showed high enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREE) (heavy rare earth elements (HREE) (LREE/HREE=5–17), slightly negative europium (Eu) and cerium (Ce) anomalies (dEu=0.81–0.93), and positive Ce anomalies (dCe=0.76–1.12). PGE abundance was characterized by the PGE-type distribution patterns, enriching platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os). The Pt/Pd ratio was 0.8, which is close to the ratios of seawater and ultramafic rocks. All of these geochemical features suggest that the mineralization was triggered by hydrothermal activity in an extensional setting in the context of break-up of the Rodinian supercontinent.     

基于可拓评判法的黑土肥力质量评价

根据黑土肥力的实验特点及前人研究成果,选取与养分和理化性质相关的10个评价指标,包括有机质(SOM)、全氮(TN)、速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、阳离子交换量(CEC)、酸碱度(pH)、容重(BD)、黏粒(CP)、>0.25mm水稳性团聚体(WSA>0.25)和分散率(DR),通过这些指标建立了新的黑土肥力质量评价体系。以该评价体系为参照,采用主成分分析法确定权重,运用可拓学理论对吉林省农业黑土的肥力质量进行综合评判。结果表明:WSA>0.25、BD和AP 3项指标权重最大,说明黑土肥力的主要限制因子可能为土壤的物理性质及有效磷肥含量;吉林省农业黑土的肥力质量以中等为主,占整个样品数的73%。     

Stratigraphic Implications of Skeletal Microfossils from the Cambrian of Korea: A Preliminary Report

Diverse small shelly fossils and other associated fossils were recently recovered from the Cambrian Hanaeri section, southwestern Mungyeong, Korea. The fauna includes conoidal problematica, poriferans (sponge spicules), coeloscleritophorans (chancelloriids), brachiopods, monoplacophorans, trilobite (?) fragments, echinoderms, and conodonts. A preliminary assessment of faunal associations, stratigraphic implications, and the correlation of these skeletal fossils is given, based on occurrences of Actinotheca cf. mira (He), Microcornus sp., Torellela laevigata (Linnarsson), Torellela sp., Archiasterella quadratina Lee, Chancelloria sp., Lingulella sp., Prototreta sp., Phakelodus tenuis (Müller), Phakelodus elongates (An), Hertzina sp., and Furnishina sp.     

外源脱落酸对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物幼苗生理特性的影响

以3 a生圆柏和祁连圆柏幼苗为材料, 采用不同浓度脱落酸(ABA)预处理两种圆柏属幼苗, 测定-4℃低温胁迫处理第9 d叶片相对含水量(RWC)、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白(SP)、脯氨酸(Pro)和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性, 分析外源ABA对低温胁迫下圆柏属植物叶片膜脂过氧化和渗透调节物质的影响, 为培育较多品种的抗冷冻常绿植物提供理论依据. 结果表明: 低温胁迫下, 一定浓度的ABA预处理能有效保护幼苗叶片膜系统的稳定性、增加渗透调节物质含量和提高抗氧化酶活性, 其中30 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 40 mg·L^-1ABA预处理对提高祁连圆柏抗寒性效果最好, 且在外源ABA预处理下, 祁连圆柏的抗寒性比圆柏的强. 因此, 施用适合浓度的ABA在提高圆柏属植物抗寒性方面具有较好的应用价值.     

Geochemical assessment and speciation of metals in sediments of Osun and Erinle Rivers,Southwestern Nigeria

Fifty sediment samples were collected from Osun (urban) and Erinle (suburban) rivers in addition to ten samples of the underlying rock types (schist and gneiss) and analyzed for elemental constituents while speciation of metals was determined by sequential analysis. Data were geochemically evaluated and ArcGIS was used to generate geochemical maps. Metal concentrations (ppm) in sub-urban and urban areas were Cd (0.2–0.2, 0.2–1.1), Cu (37.0–272.0, 49.0–970.0), Ni (6.0–27.0, 3.0–43.0), Pb (16.0–67.0, 15.0–2650.0), Zn (32.0–170.0, 50.0–987.0), Co (8.0–60.0, 2.0–86.0), Cr (26.0–153.0, 9.0–128.0), V (30.0–142.0, 9.0–135.0), and Mn (442.0–5100.0, 107.0–3930.0), respectively. In the rocks, Cu, Ni, Pb, Co, Cr, V, and Zn, concentrations (ppm) were below detection limit (BDL)-0.05, BDL-38.00; 6.23–12.00, BDL-20.00; 3.78–6.23, BDL-5.00; BDL-0.20, BDL-4.00; 5.00–9.00, BDL-66.00; 15.99–32.00, BDL-130.00; and 18.00–26.00, BDL-48.00, respectively, with Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Mn of elevated concentrations in sediments compared with that of the rocks, being indication of additional anthropogenic sourcing. Calculated contamination indices revealed contamination for sediment from the urban areas compared to those from the sub-urban. High percentage of Pb (2.94–81.92%), Cu (31.69–45.95%), Zn (49.2–65.5%), Cd (31.69–45.95%), and Mn (12.13–37.50%) are hosted by the bio-available phases (carbonate, organic, and sulfide). The geochemical distribution of metals in the sediments of the Osun and Erinle rivers is governed by both geogenic (Ni-Cr-Co-V) and anthropogenic (Pb-Cd-Zn) activities. Elevated concentration and occurrences of the selected metals in the bio-available phases pose potential health risk to people in the urban area.     

Evaluation of relative tectonic activity of Buin Zahra-Avaj area,northern Iran

Present active tectonics is affecting central Alborz and created various dynamic landforms in Buin Zahra-Avaj area, northern Iran. The area, located between the southern central Alborz and the edge of northwestern central Iran, is the result of both the Arabian–Eurasian convergence and clockwise rotation of the south Caspian Basin with respect to Eurasia in which most of the steep fault planes have a left lateral strike-slip component and most of the dip-slip faults are reverse, dipping SW. Since this region consists of several residential and industrial areas and includes several fault zones, the assessment of the structures of the present activity is vital. Six significant morphometric indices have been applied for this evaluation including stream length–gradient (SL), drainage basin asymmetry factor (Af), hypsometric integral (Hi), ratio of valley floor width to valley height (Vf), drainage basin shape (Bs), and mountain front sinuosity (Smf). The combined analyzed indices, represented through the relative tectonic activity (Iat), were used. The study area was divided into four regions according to the values of Iat. These classes include class 1 (very high activity,18%), class 2 (high, 20%), class 3 (moderate, 44%), and class 4 (low, 18%). The results of these indices are consistent with field observations on landforms and the deformation of Quaternary deposits.     

南疆库车河新生界剖面磁性地层研究

据磁性地层研究，并借助于同位素年龄测定和河谷地貌研究资料，库车河第三系可划分为（自老而新）库姆格列木群、苏雅依组、吉迪克组、康村组、库车组和西域组，第四系可划分为坎村组、乌苏群、新疆群和全新统，结合塔里木盆地及周缘的实际情况将第四系下限暂置于１．６ＭａＢ．Ｐ．，上、下第三系的分界时限为２４．０ＭａＢ．Ｐ     

Seasonal discharge and chemical flux variations of rivers flowing into the Bayhead canal of Durban Harbour,South Africa

The u Mhlatuzana, u Mbilo and a Manzimnyama river catchments located on the eastern seaboard of the Kwa Zulu-Natal province, South Africa, form the core of urbanization and industrialization, contributing the only natural freshwater inflows to the Bayhead Canal portion of the Durban Harbour. In this study, seasonal discharges and physico–chemical water properties were used to quantitatively determine the material mass transport capacity of the river systems on the basis of hydrographic inputs and chemical loading from the surrounding land use sectors.The mass transport of the total dissolved solids（TDS）,ammonia（NH₄）, phosphorous（P）, aluminum（Al）, calcium（Ca）, copper（Cu）, chromium（Cr）, mercury（Hg）, potassium（K）, magnesium（Mg）, sodium（Na）, nickel（Ni）, lead（Pb）, sulphur（S） and vanadium（V） was determined for each river. Results indicated that land use, seasonality and river flow were significant determinants for the material loading in the rivers and the receiving port waters. The spatio-temporal distribution patterns of chemical fluxes indicated that industrial activity associated with the a Manzimnyama canal contributed the most, with regards to TDS, NH₄, Ca, K, Mg, Na, S and V, loading in both wet and dry seasons, as well as Al, Cu, Hg and Pb during the dry season. Similarly, industrial activity associated with the u Mbilo/u Mhlatuzana Canal at the lower reaches accounted for the highest P, Al, Cu and Pb fluxes in the wet season alone. Fluxes of these parameters are used to explain theobserved elemental concentrations and patterns of the receiving port waters of the Bayhead Canal.     

Crustal structure and properties of Archean cratons of Gondwanaland: similarity and difference

This is a synopsis of available data the on crustal structure and properties of thirteen Archean cratons of Gondwanaland (the cratons of Africa, Australia, Antarctica, South America, and the Indian subcontinent). The data include estimates of surface area, rock age and lithology, Moho depth, thickness of lithosphere and sediments, as well as elevations, all summarized in a table. The cratons differ in size from 0.05 x 10⁶ km² (Napier craton) to 4 x 10⁶ km² (Congo craton) and span almost the entire Archean period from 3.8 to 2.5 Ga. Sediments are mostly thin, though reach 7 km in the Congo and West African cratons. Elevations above sea level are from 0 to 2 km; some relatively highland cratons (Kaapvaal, Zimbabwe, and Tanzanian) rise to more than 1 km. On the basis of regional seismic data, the Moho map for cratons has been improved. The Moho diagrams for each craton are constructed. The analysis of the available new data shows that the average Moho depth varies from 33 to 44 km: Pilbara (33 km), Grunehogna (35 km), Sao Francisco (36 km), Yilgarn (37 km), Dharwar (38 km), Tanzanian (39 km), Zimbabwe (39 km), Kaapvaal (40 km), Gawler (40 km), Napier (40 km), West Africa (40 km), Congo (42 km), and Amazon (44 km) cratons. The Moho depth within the cratons is less uniform than it was assumed before: from 28 to 52 km. The new results differ significantly from the earlier inference of a relatively flat Moho geometry beneath Archean cratons. According to the new data, early and middle Archean undeformed crust is characterized by a shallow Moho depth (28-38 km), while late Archean or deformed crust may be as thick as 52 km.     

飞行时间二次离子质谱(TOF-SIMS)在矿物包裹体研究中的应用

矿物包裹体的化学成分研究在地质学、矿床学和油气勘探等方面具有重要意义。目前对包裹体化学成分分析的主要分析方法有激光烧蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、电子探针(EPMA)、显微激光拉曼光谱(LRS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、质子诱发X射线光谱分析(PIXE)、同步辐射X射线荧光光谱(SXRF)和(传统的)二次离子质谱分析(SIMS)等。本文在对上述方法的分析特点进行简单介绍的基础上,重点阐述了对于矿床学样品表征具有广泛应用潜力的飞行时间二次离子质谱(TOF-SIMS)的原理、特点和技术优势,总结了国内外学者应用TOF-SIMS对矿物包裹体化学成分分析的研究进展与存在问题,并做了相关领域的展望。     

煤矸石浸泡污染物溶解释放规律研究--阜新市新邱露天煤矿不同风化煤矸石在不同固液比条件下浸泡实验

论文对新邱露天矿不同风化程度的煤矸石在不同固液比条件下溶解释放污染物的规律进行了浸泡实验研究。结果表明:煤矸石溶解释放的主要污染物为总硬度(CaCO3)、硫酸盐(SO42-)、钠(Na )、总溶解性固体(TDS)、氟化物(F-)、耗氧量(OC)和总铁(Fe)等,氯化物(Cl-)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)等少量,其它重金属和砷等微量。pH值接近中性。煤矸石风化程度越高,溶解释放的无机盐类污染物量越多,新鲜混合煤矸石溶解释放出较高的氟化物(F-)、耗氧量(OC)和总铁(Fe);固液比对煤矸石中污染物的溶解释放有重要影响。固液比越小,浸泡液中污染物浓度越低,越有利于煤矸石中污染物的溶解释放,单位质量煤矸石溶解释放的污染物量越多,煤矸石中污染物的溶解释放规律受扩散控制;在同一固液比条件下,各污染物浓度变化与浸泡时间成对数曲线关系,即Ct=a bLogt。     

中国地质学会公布第二批地质文化村（镇）评定结果

根据《地质文化村（镇）建设工作指南（试行）》《地质文化村（镇）评审授牌和监督管理办法（试行）》和《地质文化村（镇）星级评定标准（试行）》等有关规定,中国地质学会组织了第二批地质文化村（镇）评定工作,经公示和复议,决定授予浙江省湖州市红里山山水平原地质文化村等8个村（镇）三星级地质文化村（镇）,授予天津市蓟州区常州砂岩峰林地貌地质文化村等16个村（镇）挂牌筹建地质文化村（镇）。