关中盆地大荔县安全供水方案研究

大荔县是关中盆地的农业大区,也是陕西经济最活跃的地区之一,而水资源不足成为经济快速发展的制约因素。本文在收集资料、水文地质调查的基础上,通过对地下水采样分析测试,采用单项指标法,对大荔县地下水水质进行综合评价,找到3处地下水质安全区域;采用整理水文勘探资料、地下水流数值模拟方法对水质安全区地下水资源量、天然资源量、地下水现状开采量以及地下水开采潜力进行定量评价;结合大荔县安全饮用水缺水现状,对农村安全供水进行区划;结果表明:地下水质安全区只有黄河漫滩南部地区具有1 687×104 m3/a的开采潜力,对解决大荔县安全饮用水供需矛盾具有重要意义。     

海河流域地下水资源特征和开发利用潜力

海河流域水资源严重短缺,地下水长期超采是制约社会经济可持续发展的主要瓶颈.开展流域地下水资源及开发利用潜力研究,对支撑服务地下水超采治理、地下水资源可持续利用和生态环境保护都具有重要意义.经系统评价,海河流域天然资源量252.99×108 m3,生态水位约束条件下的浅层地下水开采资源量172.98×108 m3,可更新...     

Arsenic Distribution Pattern in Different Sources of Drinking Water and their Geological Background in Guanzhong Basin,Shaanxi, China

To study arsenic(As) content and distribution patterns as well as the genesis of different kinds of water, especially the different sources of drinking water in Guanzhong Basin, Shaanxi province, China, 139 water samples were collected at 62 sampling points from wells of different depths, from hot springs, and rivers. The As content of these samples was measured by the intermittent flowhydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry method(HG-AFS). The As concentrations in the drinking water in Guanzhong Basin vary greatly(0.00–68.08 μg/L), and the As concentration of groundwater in southern Guanzhong Basin is different from that in the northern Guanzhong Basin. Even within the same location in southern Guanzhong Basin, the As concentrations at different depths vary greatly. As concentration of groundwater from the shallow wells(50 m deep, 0.56–3.87 μg/L) is much lower than from deep wells(110–360 m deep, 19.34–62.91 μg/L), whereas As concentration in water of any depth in northern Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. Southern Guanzhong Basin is a newly discovered high-As groundwater area in China. The high-As groundwater is mainly distributed in areas between the Qinling Mountains and Weihe River; it has only been found at depths ranging from 110 to 360 m in confined aquifers, which store water in the Lishi and Wucheng Loess(Lower and Middle Pleistocene) in the southern Guanzhong Basin. As concentration of hot spring water is 6.47–11.94 μg/L; that of geothermal water between 1000 and 1500 m deep is 43.68–68.08 μg/L. The high-As well water at depths from 110 to 360 m in southern Guanzhong Basin has a very low fluorine(F) value, which is generally 0.10 mg/L. Otherwise, the hot springs of Lintong and Tangyu and the geothermal water in southern Guanzhong Basin have very high F values(8.07–14.96 mg/L). The results indicate that highAs groundwater in depths from 110 to 360 m is unlikely to have a direct relationship with the geothermal water in the same area. As concentration of all reservoirs and rivers(both contaminated and uncontaminated) in the Guanzhong Basin is 10 μg/L. This shows that pollution in the surface water is not the source of the high-As in the southern Guanzhong Basin. The partition boundaries of the high- and low-As groundwater area corresponds to the partition boundaries of the tectonic units in the Guanzhong Basin. This probably indicates that the high-As groundwater areas can be correlated to their geological underpinning and structural framework. In southern Guanzhong Basin, the main sources of drinking water for villages and small towns today are wells between 110–360 m deep. All of their As contents exceed the limit of the Chinese National Standard and the International Standard(10 μg/L) and so local residents should use other sources of clean water that are 50 m deep, instead of deep groundwater(110 to 360 m) for their drinking water supply.     

关中盆地浅层地热能赋存规律及资源量估算

通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,分析了关中盆地浅层地热能的开发利用情况、赋存特征和形成模式,并对资源量进行了估算,总结了盆地不同地貌单元、不同岩性的岩土体热物性参数特征,计算了区域恒温带深度和浅层大地热流值。关中盆地地热能的形成模式主要为热传导型和热对流型: 热传导型地热资源主要分布于西安凹陷、固市凹陷等完整地质块体内; 热对流型地热资源主要分布于深大断裂直接沟通地表的区域以及断裂带周边区域。采用层次分析法对关中盆地浅层地热能进行适宜性分区,认为关中盆地整体属于地埋管地源热泵系统适宜区或较适宜区,地下水地源热泵系统适宜区和较适宜区主要分布在盆地中部漫滩区和阶地区。利用热储法,计算关中盆地浅层地热能热容量为1.38×10¹⁶ kJ/℃,浅层地热能储量巨大,开发利用前景优良。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality and pollution in Daqing Oilfield

Daqing Oilfield is located in the northeast of Songnen Plain in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province, which is a petrochemical industry gathering place based on petroleum refining, chemical industry, chemical fiber and fertilizer. In recent years, the quantity demand of petroleum and petrochemical production for groundwater in Daqing Oilfield is growing, and it’s of great significance to analyze and study the quality and pollution degree of groundwater for groundwater exploitation, utilization and protection. In this paper, groundwater quality of Daqing Oilfield evaluated by Nemerow Index is poor, and most points are Class IV groundwater; When evaluating groundwater pollution by hierarchical ladder method, the results show that the severe and extremely severe pollution points account for 34.48% in shallow phreatic water and 20% in deep confined water, showing that shallow groundwater is more seriously polluted than the deep. The main components influencing the quality of groundwater in the study area are total hardness, total dissolved solids, Cl-, SO42- and so on, which are affected by both the native environment and human activities; The main pollution components in groundwater are nitrite and nitrate nitrogen which are affected by human activities. Daqing Oilfield groundwater pollution is characterized by inorganic pollution, while organic components related to human activities contribute less to the groundwater pollution currently.     

关中盆地地下水动态监测网络设计与应用

本文在关中盆地现有监测网的基础上,基于GIS技术,采用建设监测剖面与编制地下水动态类型图相结合的方法,对关中盆地地下水动态监测网进行了优化调整,形成4横5纵共9条监测剖面、239个监测点的地下水动态监测网,其中潜水监测井120个,承压水监测井119个;利用原有监测井165个,新增监测井74个。新建监测网能够较全面地控制关中盆地区域地下水动态变化,在2011年＂严重缺水地区地下水监测项目＂中,以动态监测数据为依据,确定了主要干旱区位置,为政府应急抗旱找水打井提供了技术支撑。     

浅析廊坊市浅层地下水位动态变化特征及其影响因素

通过对廊坊市近20年来浅层地下水水位观测资料进行整理分析,揭示了其水位动态曲线特征及其变化规律,找出了影响浅层地下水水位动态变化的主要因素,并就合理开发、科学利用浅层地下水资源提出了切实可行的对策措施。     

Indication of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes on the characteristics and circulation patterns of medium-low temperature geothermal resources in the Guanzhong Basin,China

Guanzhong Basin is a typical medium-low temperature geothermal field mainly controlled by geo-pressure in the west of China.The characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes were used to analyze the flow and storage modes of geothermal resources in the basin.In this paper,the basin was divided into six geotectonic units,where a total of 121 samples were collected from geothermal wells and surface water bodies for the analysis of hydrogen-oxygen isotopes.Analytical results show that the isotopic signatures of hydrogen and oxygen throughout Guanzhong Basin reveal a trend of gradual increase from the basin edge areas to the basin center.In terms of recharge systems,the area in the south edge belongs to the geothermal system of Qinling Mountain piedmont,while to the north of Weihe fault is the geothermal system of North mountain piedmont,where the atmospheric temperature is about 0.2℃-1.8℃in the recharge areas.The main factors that affect the geothermal waterδ18O drifting include the depth of geothermal reservoir and temperature of geothermal reservoir,lithological characteristics,water-rock interaction,geothermal reservoir environment and residence time.Theδ18O-δD relation shows that the main source is the meteoric water,together with some sedimentary water,but there are no deep magmatic water and mantle water which recharge the geothermal water in the basin.Through examining the distribution pattern of hydrogen-oxygen isotopic signatures,the groundwater circulation model of this basin can be divided into open circulation type,semi-open type,closed type and sedimentary type.This provides some important information for rational exploitation of the geothermal resources.     

利用CFC研究地下水混合作用——以关中盆地浅层地下水为例

从介绍了CFC在识别地下水混合中的应用入手,将此方法实际应用于关中盆地浅层下水研究。理论分析表明CFC浓度比值不受地下水混合作用的影响,利用CFC浓度年龄和CFC比值年龄可分析地下水混合作用,并可估算新水所占的比例。关中盆地下水CFC浓度从山前向渭河谷地有下降趋势,反映地下水以侧向流动为主,山前补给的新水与含水层中的老水有混合作用。地下水中新水所占的比例可达50%以上,表明该区地下水较易接受现代水补给。     

Controls on groundwater flow in the Bengal Basin of India and Bangladesh: regional modeling analysis

Groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes is produced primarily from shallow parts of the Bengal Basin aquifer system (India and Bangladesh), which contains high concentrations of dissolved arsenic (exceeding worldwide drinking water standards), though deeper groundwater is generally low in arsenic. An essential first step for determining sustainable management of the deep groundwater resource is identification of hydrogeologic controls on flow and quantification of basin-scale groundwater flow patterns. Results from groundwater modeling, in which the Bengal Basin aquifer system is represented as a single aquifer with higher horizontal than vertical hydraulic conductivity, indicate that this anisotropy is the primary hydrogeologic control on the natural flowpath lengths. Despite extremely low hydraulic gradients due to minimal topographic relief, anisotropy implies large-scale (tens to hundreds of kilometers) flow at depth. Other hydrogeologic factors, including lateral and vertical changes in hydraulic conductivity, have minor effects on overall flow patterns. However, because natural hydraulic gradients are low, the impact of pumping on groundwater flow is overwhelming; modeling indicates that pumping has substantially changed the shallow groundwater budget and flowpaths from predevelopment conditions.     

Primary study on evaluation index system for groundwater exploitation potentiality based on the niche theories

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

苏州城区地下水源热泵系统开发利用适宜性分区

以苏州城区为研究背景,阐述了浅层地温能资源赋存的水文地质条件,分析了地下水源热泵系统应用可能对地下水环境产生的影响,研究得出第Ⅱ承压含水层是该地区地下水源热泵开发利用的理想含水层.在此基础上,采用层次分析法和综合指数法建立适宜性分区标准,将苏州城区地下水源热泵系统应用划分为适宜区、一般适宜区和不适宜区,并进行了分区评价.为苏州城区地下水源热泵系统的合理开发利用和制定地下水环境保护措施等提供了重要依据.     

Quality evaluation of groundwater in the North China Plain

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

塔城盆地地下水氟分布特征及富集机理

塔城盆地位于新疆维吾尔自治区西北部,干旱少雨,蒸发强烈.但相对于新疆其他盆地,塔城盆地地下水水质相对较好,溶解性总固体和F-含量相对较低.为解译这种差异及盆地内高氟地下水的成因,本文在对盆地地下水样品水化学组分系统分析的基础上,结合多种水文地质调查数据,利用数理统计、离子比及主成分分析等手段,研究高氟水的成因及其分布规...     

Initial observations of water quality indicators in the unconfined shallow aquifer in Dili City,Timor-Leste: suggestions for its management

The management of groundwater quality is a critical issue in developing nations where sanitation and drinking water targets are commonly addressed by facilitating access to groundwater, which is then managed as a common-pool resource. We investigate the quality of the shallow unconfined groundwater in Dili’s alluvial fan system, which 50% of Dili’s rapidly growing population use for all their water requirements. Using the basic chemical and microbiological analyses that are locally available (sulfate, total hardness, fluoride, manganese, iron, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total coliform and E. coli) we show that the shallow wells commonly contain enhanced concentrations of dissolved solids and microbiological contaminants (total coliform and E. coli), relative to deeper wells. Cool, shallow wells are worse than warm equivalents. Elevated nitrate and nitrite pollution in the embassy district are tentatively attributed to affluence factors, such as lawn cultivation and water filtration equipment. Microbiological contamination, and associated manganese contamination of groundwater, mimic population patterns, but are concentrated in the finer grained sediments of the small fans and low-slope interdistributary areas. We suggest that rapid development and successful implementation of appropriate sanitation policy in Dili (and elsewhere) is required to address the problematic features of the shallow groundwater system. Success will be predicated on (1) the establishment of baseline data, and (2) development of a systems-thinking approach to holistic water resource management.     

山东省东部地区浅层地下水地球化学特征及环境质量评价

以山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查中浅层地下水数据为基础,对分析测试的29项指标的地球化学特征进行了研究。调查区浅层地下水中,Mo、Pb、Mn、Fe、Cl-、NO2-、总硬度等含量变化较大,导致局部水质变差;其他指标含量变化较小,在浅层地下水中分布均匀。参照我国地下水质量标准和生活饮用水质量标准,对本区浅层地下水进行了单因子与综合环境质量评价,该区不可直接饮用的浅层地下水占44.88%,综合环境质量较差;地下水污染多发生在主要城市、工矿企业及其周边地区;单指标水污染呈点(源)状、线状分布,主要超标指标为总硬度、溶解性总固体、高锰酸钾指数、NO2-、Cl-、F-、Mn、Fe。重点探讨了高密北部高氟浅层地下水形成的原因,为区内高氟水治理及地氟病防治提供了依据。     

关中盆地地温场划分及其地质影响因素

具有无污染、可再生、分布广、储量大以及可就近利用等诸多优势的地热能是一种洁净能源,应用前景广阔。地热能的开发利用与区域地温场划分紧密相关,关于关中盆地整体地温场划分的研究鲜有报道。根据关中盆地的工程地质、水文地质、环境地质条件等因素,总结了岩体类和砂土类的热物性质特征。通过灰色关联分析方法,分析了岩土体热物性参数的影响因素,认为干燥重度对导热系数的影响程度最大,含水率、天然重度、孔隙率三者影响程度相近;干燥重度对比热容影响程度最大,天然重度次之,含水率和孔隙率影响最弱。利用盆地内多个地温常观孔,绘制了地温变化曲线和地温梯度等值线,认为关中盆地常温带位于15~20 m埋深处,地温梯度总体呈中部高、东西低,固市凹陷、西安凹陷、蒲城凸起、断裂及断裂汇合区域地温梯度较大,宝鸡凸起、咸礼凸起以及临蓝凸起地温梯度较小,产生差异的原因包括地质构造、地下水活动、岩土体热物性参数等三方面。利用热物性参数和地温梯度值,计算了盆地内浅层和深层的大地热流值,并分析了两者差异的成因,经对比全国区域地热资料,认为关中盆地是一个复杂的坳陷型中低温地热田,地热资源潜力巨大,居全国上游。该文旨在系统地分析关中盆地地温场特征,为地热能的勘查评价提供基础数据支持,促进关中盆地地热开发利用,为构建环境友好型社会服务。     

大同盆地高氟地下水水化学特征及其成因

为查明控制大同盆地高氟地下水形成的主要地球化学过程,对大同盆地地下水高氟区31个水样进行了水化学特征及因子分析研究.结果表明,研究区浅层和深层地下水中均检测出氟,且氟含量高,最大ρ(F)达10.37 mg/L.该区高氟地下水以Na-HCO3型水为主,具有典型的富Na特征.PHREEQC饱和指数计算结果表明,地下水中萤石为不饱和状态,地下水中ρ(F)主要受到萤石溶解影响.因子分析研究表明,水一岩相互作用、碳酸盐矿物溶解沉淀及Na- Ca离子交换作用是控制大同盆地地下水氟富集的主要水化学过程.     

关中盆地地下水系统的划分与特征

关中盆地是一个水文地质结构完整、含水系统与水流系统相对独立、水循环开放的地下水系统。通过概述区域水文地质结构和地下水循环特征,依据地下水含水介质的结构组合、分布特征以及地下水循环特征的不同,将关中盆地地下水系统划分为6类: 黄土台塬孔隙-裂隙含水系统、冲积平原孔隙含水系统、山前洪积平原孔隙含水系统、渭北岩溶含水系统、新近系和古近系砂泥岩互层裂隙-孔隙含水系统及基岩裂隙含水系统。文章总结分析了每种含水系统的富水性、补径排、水化学和动态特征,旨在为客观评价关中经济区水资源现状并提出水资源优化配置、开发利用和保护方案提供依据。研究成果对建设优良、宜居的生态环境和经济可持续发展具有积极的意义。     

Hydrogeologic assessment of escalating groundwater exploitation in the Indus Basin, Pakistan

Groundwater development has contributed significantly to food security and reduction in poverty in Pakistan. Due to rapid population growth there has been a dramatic increase in the intensity of groundwater exploitation leading to declining water tables and deteriorating groundwater quality. In such prevailing conditions, the hydrogeological appraisal of escalating groundwater exploitation has become of paramount importance. Keeping this in view, a surface water–groundwater quantity and quality model was developed to assess future groundwater trends in the Rechna Doab (RD), a sub-catchment of the Indus River Basin. Scenario analysis shows that if dry conditions persist, there will be an overall decline in groundwater levels of around 10 m for the whole of RD during the next 25 years. The lower parts of RD with limited surface water supplies will undergo the highest decline in groundwater levels (10 to 20 m), which will make groundwater pumping very expensive for farmers. There is a high risk of groundwater salinization due to vertical upconing and lateral movement of highly saline groundwater into the fresh shallow aquifers in the upper parts of RD. If groundwater pumping is allowed to increase at the current rate, there will be an overall decline in groundwater salinity for the lower and middle parts of RD because of enhanced river leakage.