九华山区云水资源状况分析

九华山区及周边的地形是以天台至大花台为主脉,四周有低山丘陵合围。复杂地形下各地气候差异明显。应用1980—2010年近30 a观测资料及山区不同高度的自动站数据,运用大气边界层理论及多项式拟合、相关分析等数理统计方法,研究山区与丘陵云水资源的差异。结果表明：地形的动力作用影响了山区局地水汽的输送条件;山区下垫面对降水的增雨作用较为明显,强度越大的降水,其增强作用就越明显,地形对降水的平均贡献率为37.6%。山区与周边降水分布很不均匀,九华山年平均降水量比周边区域多34.1%,山区水资源远大于周边丘陵地区,前者是后者的3.4倍,且一年四季有盈余,但降水量季节分布不均,秋季是最易出现干旱缺水的季节。缓解山区的旱情要以开源蓄水为主,辅以必要的人工增雨。     

九华山暴雨地形增幅作用的观测分析

利用常规气象观测资料和安徽省中尺度自动气象观测网的加密资料,对2007-2008年九华山的7次暴雨天气过程,经过山区雨量和周边测站雨量的比较及山区小地形作用引起的风场变化对降水影响的综合分析,得到如下结论:九华山山区降水量明显多于周边丘陵地区,其雨量分布具有明显的山区地形雨特征.山区降水量分布受地形影响很大,迎风坡及喇叭口雨量偏多,不同高度上雨量分布存在差异.地形作用形成的风场辐合影响强降水和强对流天气的形成和发展,气流过山造成的气流加强效应有利于低空急流的加强和维持.强降水发生前,山区风场变化明显,且风场发生改变与强降水的开始和增强有一定的时间对应关系,风垂直切变的维持与强降水时段也有较好的相关性.     

海陀山冬季降水天气分型及冬奥预报应用

基于2019—2021年1月1日至3月15日北京冬奥会延庆赛区(以下简称海陀山)降水观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对期间34次降水过程进行天气分型,并对各天气型下不同海拔的降水实况特征开展统计分析。研究结果表明:冬季海陀山降水根据天气系统及地形影响可分为偏北气流型、偏东气流型、低涡低槽型、回流低涡低槽型四种天气型。不同天气型下海陀山地形高度以下主要气流方向和强度、水汽垂直分布等条件,以及与地形相互作用使得不同海拔之间降水量、持续时间等呈现显著差异。偏北气流型受500 hPa槽后整层强偏北气流控制,形成越山气流,降水集中在高海拔地区;偏东气流型受低层偏东气流影响,降水集中在低海拔地区,以上两种天气型无天气尺度系统配合,由地形强迫作用主导,降水量不大、持续时间相对较短。低涡低槽型受高空东移低涡低槽作用,配合低层西南气流,高海拔降水量更多,同时该型也是海陀山冬季最主要的降水天气型;回流低涡低槽型受高空东移低涡低槽影响,配合降水前东风回流对低层增湿并起到冷垫作用,低海拔降水量更多,以上两种天气型均存在天气尺度系统,并叠加海陀山地形作用,降水量显著且持续时间长,会对赛事运行造成较大影响。上述特征...     

青藏高原边坡临夏地区短时强降水时空分布及海拔特征分析

利用青藏高原边坡临夏地区6个国家级自动气象站和66个乡镇区域自动气象站2010—2019年5—9月逐小时降水资料，详细分析了临夏地区短时强降水的时空分布及海拔地形特征，结果表明：近10 a短时强降水频次总体呈上升趋势，短时强降水频次与西太副高脊线位置和北界位置有密切关系。短时强降水主要发生在5—9月，集中时段为7月中旬到8月中旬，19:00～23:00为高发时段，属于傍晚型和夜雨型。近10 a临夏地区短时强降水的极端性逐年增大，单站年均频次在0.2～2.6次之间，平均为0.8次，短时强降水空间分布差异较大，总体呈西南多、东部和北部少，山区多、川区少的分布特征。临夏地区降水分布与海拔高度有明显关系，5—9月平均降水量随海拔高度升高而增大，不同海拔地形下短时强降水频次分布呈现两个极端：海拔较高的山地喇叭口地形区域和海拔较低的河谷地区，是临夏地区汛期短时强降水的重点关注区域。     

大别山区地形降水特征分析

利用2012—2014年地面自动站与中国区域CMORPH(Climate Prediction Center Morphing)多卫星降水数据相融合的逐时降水量数据集,分析大别山区的降水时空分布特征。2012—2014年大别山区年平均降水量978.5mm,降水大值区出现在大别山主峰的东南侧,降水主要集中在5—7月,且呈现明显的地形降水特征。从时间变化情况看,降水量呈现单峰的特征,7月降水量最大。从空间分布情况看,大别山及其东部地区是强降水的频发区,出现暴雨日数最多的区域位于主峰及其东侧。降水中心表现出显著的季节变化特征,冬季降水中心位于大别山区的东南部,进入春季以后降水中心向西北方向移动,北抬至大别山主峰北侧,进入秋季(9月以后)以后降水中心逐渐向南回落。大别山区大气环流的季节性变化及其与地形的相互作用是造成大别山区出现明显地形降水(与降水随海拔先增加后减小)和降水季节性变化的主要原因。     

2016—2020年哈密市暖季降水特征及其与海拔高度的关系

利用2016—2020年暖季(5—9月)哈密市6个国家气象站及71个区域自动站逐小时降水资料,分析了降水量、降水日数及其与海拔高度的关系。结果表明：(1)哈密市暖季降水集中在6—8月,降水量(日数)以小雨最多,暴雨最少。(2)暖季平均降水量(日数)及各等级降水量(日数)均呈西北—东南向的带状分布,沿天山山脉向两侧递减;各等级降水量和降水日数的大值区在天山山脉两侧海拔较高区域,东北部以及西南部的戈壁区域降水很少,且西南部的戈壁区域未出现过暴雨。(3)暖季降水量与降水日数呈显著正相关,在2 600 m以下,海拔高度平均每升高100 m,降水量增加约12.3 mm,降水日数增加2.1 d。(4)在海拔1 000 m以上各等级降水量均存在相对偏少区,海拔2 400～<2 600 m中雨及以下降水日数最多,2 200～<2 400 m大雨及以上降水日数最多。     

吐鲁番地区暖季降水时空分布特征

以吐鲁番5个国家气象站近55 a(1960—2014年)与26个区域气象站近3 a(2013—2015年)逐小时降水资料为基础,利用Pearson相关分析、气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall突变分析、Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了吐鲁番地区暖季降水时空分布特征,并就地形对吐鲁番降水的影响进行了量化研究。结果表明:在新疆趋暖趋湿的气候背景下,吐鲁番盆地平原区和山区存在截然不同的降水时空变化特征,吐鲁番地区降水高度集中在暖季,且暖季山区降水集中度和稳定性更好;暖季盆地内存在频率55%的夜雨区和昼雨区,盆地西南坡地和腹地平原区为夜雨区,盆地北部天山山区降水则集中在午后,海拔高度大约每增加(减少)300 m,降水集中时段提前(延后)1 h。研究还表明,吐鲁番降水与地形关系密切,海拔高度是影响吐鲁番降水的决定性因素,其暖季降水量、降水时数均与海拔高度呈显著正相关,降水量增加的主要原因是降水时数随海拔高度的递增;降水量随海拔高度的变化呈二次曲线型,其最大降水高度为1900 m;在最大降水高度以下,降水量由盆地腹地的平原区向山区递增,降水垂直变率平均为6.2 mm/100 m,其中1500~1900 m高度是降水量与降水垂直变率最大的区域,降水垂直变率达20 mm/100 m。     

九华山区下垫面对局地降水的影响分析

利用安徽中尺度自动气象站的探测数据和多年统计数据,对九华山区下垫面影响降水的地理分布及强度进行讨论,分析下垫面物理过程在降水天气中的作用。结果表明:山区的湿热条件及不稳定能量均强于周边地区,非均匀下垫面的热力作用和山区地形作用形成地面中尺度风场辐合线及其所造成的上升运动对低空急流起加强作用,这些均影响强对流天气的形成和发展。山区降水地理分布受地形影响很大,山区的降水量、降水日数及降水强度均明显多于周边丘陵地区,并有迎风坡降水明显及在一定高度内山体越高降水量越大的特点。逐小时地面自动站资料分析对山区强降水的形成、发展和消散具有很好的临近预报指示作用。     

四川宝兴县短时强降水的时空分布特征

利用四川宝兴县1970—2000年及2008—2014年的小时和部分分钟降水量资料,对宝兴县5—9月汛期短时强降水的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:宝兴短时强降水集中发生在7、8两月;由于地形地貌特征复杂,不同的海拔高度及地形位置,短时强降水强度差异较大,海拔1400~1500m之间的降雨强度最大、海拔2580m左右区域的降雨时数最长,此2种降水类型均易引发泥石流等地质灾害;海拔1300m以下,海拔高度愈高,γ中尺度系统发展愈均匀持久,降雨强度愈强,海拔1300 m以上,海拔高度愈高,γ中尺度系统发展愈激烈快速,降雨强度愈弱。     

秦岭山区近50 年降水差异及可能局地成因探讨

利用秦岭山区54个气象站50年以上日降水资料,分析了复杂地形下小区域降水变化差异,探讨了可能的局地成因,结果表明:(1)年均降水量总体为南高北低、西高东低,反映出秦岭阻挡作用和山谷东风回流影响;(2)近50年来区域年降水以减为主,9个增加站位于东部,夏季降水以增加为主,减少站集中在秦岭山上和区域西部,降水向夏季集中倾向明显;(3)日雨量小于5 mm的年雨量和雨日数减少趋势明显,雨量≥50 mm的年雨量和雨日数增加趋势明显,即小雨减少大雨增多;(4)降水变化的多个方面及其与海拔高度和经度对应关系的分析结果,反映出气溶胶抑制地形降水以及成冰作用恢复被抑制降水的作用,说明局地成因中气溶胶起了不可忽视作用;(5)地形作用和区域能量平衡也是重要局地成因.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on