马坑铁钼铅锌多金属矿成矿流体演化及矿床成因类型

马坑铁矿是福建省一个大型铁钼铅锌多金属矿床,赋存于莒舟-大洋花岗岩外接触带上石炭统经畲组-下二叠统栖霞 组大理岩与下石炭统林地组石英砂岩之间,矿化阶段经历了从无水矽卡岩阶段（钙铁榴石-透辉石） →含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿 阶段（绿帘石-阳起石-绿泥石-钙铁辉石） →硫化物阶段（石英-方解石-萤石-黄铁矿-闪锌矿） →碳酸盐岩阶段（石英-方 解石） 演变,而本文对含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段和硫化物阶段中的钙铁辉石、萤石、石英及方解石中流体包裹体所进行岩 相学观察和显微测温研究表明,早期含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段包裹体类型主要有含NaCl子晶三相包裹体和富液相两相包裹 体,少量富气相两相包裹体;而晚期硫化物阶段包裹体类型主要为富液相两相包裹体。含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段流体出现 流体沸腾作用,流体温度范围为448~596℃,两端员组分流体盐度分别为26.5~48.4 wt % NaCl equiv.和2.4~6.9 wt % NaCl equiv.;硫化物阶段流体呈现出混合趋势,流体温度和盐度分别为182~343℃和1.9~20.1 wt % NaCl equiv.。流体包裹体的均 一温度和盐度的研究结果表明含水矽卡岩-磁铁矿阶段流体主要来自岩浆水,而硫化物阶段流体以岩浆水为主,并有大气 降水加入。由于马坑铁矿化形成于含水矽卡岩阶段,铅锌矿化则形成于硫化物阶段,流体沸腾是导致马坑铁矿床形成的主 要因素,而流体混合则是引起马坑铁矿床铅锌矿化的主要因素。综合地质与地球化学研究,马坑铁矿床应属于与莒舟-大 洋花岗岩有关的矽卡岩型铁矿床。     

Mineralogy,fluid inclusions,and isotopes of the Cihai iron deposit,eastern Tianshan,NW China: Implication for hydrothermal evolution and genesis of subvolcanic rocks-hosted skarn-type deposits

Most skarn deposits are closely related to granitoids that intruded into carbonate rocks. The Cihai (>100 Mt at 45% Fe) is a deposit with mineral assemblages and hydrothermal features similar to many other typical skarn deposits of the world. However, the iron orebodies of Cihai are mainly hosted within the diabase and not in contact with carbonate rocks. In addition, some magnetite grains exhibit unusual relatively high TiO₂ content. These features are not consistent with the typical skarn iron deposit. Different hydrothermal and/or magmatic processes are being actively investigated for its origin. Because of a lack of systematic studies of geology, mineral compositions, fluid inclusions, and isotopes, the genetic type, ore genesis, and hydrothermal evolution of this deposit are still poorly understood and remain controversial.The skarn mineral assemblages are the alteration products of diabase. Three main paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been recognized based on petrographic observations, which show a prograde skarn stage (garnet-clinopyroxene-disseminated magnetite), a retrograde skarn stage (main iron ore stage, massive magnetite-amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite), and a quartz-sulfide stage (quartz-calcite-pyrite-pyrrhotite-cobaltite).Overall, the compositions of garnet, clinpyroxene, and amphibole are consistent with those of typical skarn Fe deposits worldwide. In the disseminated ores, some magnetite grains exhibit relatively high TiO₂ content (>1 wt.%), which may be inherited from the diabase protoliths. Some distinct chemical zoning in magnetite grains were observed in this study, wherein cores are enriched in Ti, and magnetite rims show a pronounced depletion in Ti. The textural and compositional data of magnetite confirm that the Cihai Fe deposit is of hydrothermal origin, rather than associated with iron rich melts as previously suggested.Fluid inclusions study reveal that, the prograde skarn (garnet and pyroxene) formed from high temperature (520–600 °C), moderate- to high-salinity (8.1–23.1 wt.% NaCl equiv, and >46 wt.% NaCl equiv) fluids. Massive iron ore and retrograde skarn assemblages (amphibole-epidote ± ilvaite) formed under hydrostatic condition after the fracturing of early skarn. Fluids in this stage had lower temperature (220°–456 °C) and salinity (8.4–16.3 wt.% NaCl equiv). Fluid inclusions in quartz-sulfide stage quartz and calcite also record similar conditions, with temperature range from 128° to 367 °C and salinity range from 0.2 to 22.9 wt.% NaCl equiv. Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic data of garnet and quartz suggest that mixing and dilution of early magmatic fluids with external fluids (e.g., meteoric waters) caused a decrease in fluid temperature and salinity in the later stages of the skarn formation and massive iron precipitation. The δ¹⁸O values of magnetite from iron ores vary between 4.1 and 8.5‰, which are similar to values reported in other skarn Fe deposits. Such values are distinct from those of other iron ore deposits such as Kiruna-type and magmatic Fe-Ti-V deposits worldwide. Taken together, these geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data confirm that Cihai is a diabase-hosted skarn deposit related to the granitoids at depth.     

山东大张矽卡岩型铁矿床中铁的富集机制 ——来自流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素的证据

大张铁矿是鲁西地区近年来新发现的一个重要的矽卡岩型矿床.矿体主要赋存于石英二长闪长岩与奥陶系马家沟组灰岩接触带及其附近.根据脉体穿插关系和交代蚀变特征,将大张矽卡岩型铁矿床成矿过程划分为矽卡岩阶段、氧化物阶段、硫化物阶段和碳酸盐阶段.通过对透辉石、绿帘石、石英和方解石等透明矿物显微观察发现,大张铁矿中流体包裹体类型主要...     

Reconciling fluid inclusion types,fluid processes,and fluid sources in skarns: an example from the Bismark Deposit,Mexico

The Bismark deposit (8.5 Mt at 8% Zn, 0.5% Pb, 0.2% Cu, and 50 g/t Ag) located in northern Mexico is an example of a stock-contact skarn end member of a continuum of deposit types collectively called high-temperature, carbonate-replacement deposits. The deposit is hosted by massive sulfide within altered limestone adjacent to the Bismark quartz monzonite stock (~42 Ma) and the Bismark fault. Alteration concurrently developed in both the intrusion and limestone. The former contains early potassic alteration comprising K-feldspar and biotite, which was overprinted by kaolinite-rich veins and alteration and later quartz, sericite, and pyrite with minor sphalerite and chalcopyrite. Prograde exoskarn alteration in the limestone consists of green andradite and diopside, and transitional skarn comprising red-brown andradite, green hedenbergite and minor vesuvinite, calcite, fluorite, and quartz. The main ore stage post-dates calc-silicate minerals and comprises sphalerite and galena with gangue pyrite, pyrrhotite, calcite, fluorite, and quartz. The entire hydrothermal system developed synchronously with faulting. Fluid inclusion studies reveal several distinct temporal, compositional, and thermal populations in pre-, syn- and post-ore quartz, fluorite, and calcite. The earliest primary fluid inclusions are coexisting vapor-rich (type 2A) and halite-bearing (type 3A; type 3B contain sylvite) brine inclusions (32 to >60 total wt% salts) that occur in pre-ore fluorite. Trapping temperatures are estimated to have been in excess of 400 °C under lithostatic pressures of ~450 bar (~1.5 km depth). Primary fluid inclusions trapped in syn-ore quartz display critical to near critical behavior (type 1C), have moderate salinity (8.4 to 10.9 wt% NaCl equiv.) and homogenization temperatures (Th) ranging from 351 to 438 °C. Liquid-rich type 1A and 1B (calcite-bearing) inclusions occur as primary to secondary inclusions predominantly in fluorite and show a range in Th (104–336 °C) and salinity (2.7–11.8 wt% NaCl equiv.), which at the higher Th and salinity ranges overlap with type 1C inclusions. Oxygen isotope analysis was carried out on garnet, quartz, and calcite (plus carbon isotopes) in pre-, syn-, post-ore, and peripheral veins. Pre-ore skarn related garnets have a δ¹⁸O_mineral range between 3.9 and 8.4‰. Quartz from the main ore stage range between 13.6 and 16.0‰. Calcite from the main ore stage has δ¹³C values of –2.9 to –5.1‰ and δ¹⁸O values of 12.3 to 14.1‰, which are clearly distinct from post-ore veins and peripheral prospects that have much higher δ¹⁸O (16.6–27.3‰) and δ¹³C (1.3–3.1‰) values. Despite the numerous fluid inclusion types, only two fluid sources can be inferred, namely a magmatic fluid and an external fluid that equilibrated with limestone. Furthermore, isotopic data does not indicate any significant mixing between the two fluids, although fluid inclusion data may be interpreted otherwise. Thus, the various fluid types were likely to have formed from varying pressure–temperature conditions through faulting during exsolution of magmatic fluids. Late-stage hydrothermal fluid activity was dominated by the non-magmatic fluids and was post-ore.     

内蒙古红岭铅锌矿床成矿流体地球化学特征及矿床成因

红岭铅锌矿是内蒙古东南部的大型代表性矿床之一.目前,对该矿床成矿流体地球化学特征、性质及演化问题尚缺乏系统研究.对其展开了系统的流体包裹体研究.结果表明,矿区矽卡岩期Ⅰ阶段石榴石中发育含NaCl子矿物三相(SL)、气相-富气相(LV)及气液两相(VL)3种类型的原生流体包裹体,Ⅱ阶段中石英颗粒主要发育LV和VL两种类型原生流体包裹体,测温结果表明矽卡岩期成矿流体属中-高温、高盐度的不均匀NaCl-H₂O体系热液,在成矿过程中发生过沸腾作用而导致铅、锌、铜等有用元素沉淀富集.石英-硫化物期Ⅲ→Ⅵ阶段中矿物均主要发育较单一的VL型包裹体,其中Ⅲ阶段热液均一温度较矽卡岩期明显降低,而盐度没有明显变化;Ⅳ阶段成矿流体均一温度明显增高、盐度明显降低,反映了有新的高温、低盐度体系热液的加入;而Ⅴ→Ⅵ阶段成矿流体均一温度及盐度逐渐降低,体现了一种不断与外来天水混合的演变趋势;整体上看,石英-硫化物期流体为简单的中-低温、低盐度NaCl-H₂O体系热液.流体包裹体C、H、O同位素研究表明,红岭矿床矽卡岩期Ⅱ阶段成矿流体以岩浆水为主;石英-硫化物期成矿流体源自大气降水与岩浆水的混合流体,晚阶段逐渐演化为以大气降水为主.矿床S、Pb同位素研究表明,区内成矿物质具深源特点.      

安徽青阳铜矿里钼多金属矿床地质特征及流体包裹体研究

安徽青阳铜矿里钼多金属矿床是长江中下游成矿带内近年来新发现的一个夕卡岩型钼多金属矿床。对该矿床的地质特征和流体包裹体特征进行了详细研究,探讨了流体来源与演化过程。基于脉体穿插和矿物交代关系将铜矿里矿床的成矿过程划分为早期夕卡岩、晚期夕卡岩、石英辉钼矿、石英多金属硫化物和碳酸盐矿物5个阶段。显微观察表明铜矿里矿床的流体包裹体类型主要为富液相包裹体、富气相包裹体和含子晶三相包裹体。显微测温结果显示,早期成矿流体具有高温、中高盐度的特征,而晚期成矿流体具有低温、低盐度的特征。结合已有的氢、氧同位素数据,表明铜矿里矿床早期热液为岩浆热液,晚期有大气水加入。石英辉钼矿阶段石英中出现富液相、含子晶三相和富气相包裹体共存的现象,且这些包裹体均一温度相近,但均一方式截然不同,表明流体沸腾作用可能是导致铜矿里钼多金属矿床中钼元素沉淀的主要机制。     

Characteristic Features of Tin–iron–copper Mineralization in the Anle-Huanggangliang Mining Area, Inner Mongolia, China

Abstract: The Anle Sn‐Cu and Huanggangliang Fe‐Sn deposits have been exploited in the Linxi district, which is located 165 km northwest of Chifeng City in northern China. In this study the formation mechanisms of the tin deposits in the Anle and Huanggangliang mining area were investigated to understand the mechanisms of tin mineralization in northern China. The veins of the Anle deposit are divided into cassiterite–quartz–chlorite veins, chalcopyrite‐bearing quartz veins, cassi–terite–chalcopyrite–bearing quartz veins and sphalerite‐quartz veins. The sequence of mineralization is tin mineralization (stage I), copper mineralization (stage II), and lead‐zinc mineralization (stage III). The Huanggangliang tin deposit consists of magnetite skarn orebodies and many cassiterite‐bearing feldspar–fluorite veins and veinlets cutting the magnetite orebodies. The fluid inclusions in quartz and fluorite in ores from the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits are divided into two‐phase fluid inclusions, vapor‐rich fluid inclusions and poly‐phase fluid inclusions. The final homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions of quartz in the ores of the Anle deposit and fluorite of tin‐bearing feldspar veins in the Huanggangliang tin deposit range from 195 to 425C and from 215 to 450C, respectively. The fluids responsible for the Anle and Huanggangliang tin deposits were of very high temperature and NaCl‐rich ones containing K, Ca, Al, Si, Ti, Fe and Cl in addition to ore metals such as Sn and Cu. The temperature and chemical composition of fluid in fluid inclusions of igneous rocks in the mining area are very similar to those of fluid in fluid inclusions in the ores of these deposits. The fluid for these ore deposits had a close relation with the fluid coexisting with melt of Late Jurassic granitic rocks in this mining area. Salinities of fluid inclusions from these ore deposits and granitic rocks in the mining area were estimated to range from 35 to 50 wt % NaCl equivalent. Based on arsenopy‐rite geothermometry and fluid inclusion studies, a fluid containing 40 wt% NaCl (eq.) could be formed by phase separation of fluid having 6 wt% NaCl (eq.) at a temperature of 420 to 500C and a pressure of 0.3 to 0.4 kb. The temperatures and pressures presented above indicate an NaCl‐rich magmatic fluid derived from granitic melt that had intruded into a shallow level of crust caused the Sn–Fe–Cu mineralization of the mining area. The geological relationship between these ore deposits and granitic bodies around the ore deposits, and the similarity of fluids forming these ore deposits and coexisting with granitic melt, suggest that these ore deposits were formed by the activity of fluid derived from granitic melt in Late Jurassic age.     

桓仁夕卡岩型多金属矿床地质特征与流体包裹体研究

桓仁夕卡岩型多金属矿床位于辽东裂谷北部边缘与太子河凹陷复合部位, 产于燕山晚期侵入闪长 杂岩与寒武纪沉积灰岩接触带间的夕卡岩内。夕卡岩矿物可以分为进变质阶段蚀变矿物组合和退变质阶段 蚀变矿物组合, 成矿元素由深部向浅部具有Fe→Cu（Mo）→Zn→Pb 的转换规律, 具有明显的分带分段性。为 了探讨成矿流体的物理化学性质及其演化史, 选择了石榴子石和方解石中的气液两相流体包裹体进行研究。 数据测试表明, 石榴子中流体包裹体的均一温度范围为376.1~450.0 ℃, 平均411.6 ℃; 方解石中流体包裹 体的均一温度范围为122.6~170.0 ℃和178.3~270.2 ℃, 平均值分别为149.5 ℃和204.5 ℃, 冰点温度范围 为？4.2 ~ ？17.6 ℃, 与前人研究成果相吻合, 与国内外其他夕卡岩矿床相比, 数据具有实际和理论研究意义。 本矿床Fe-Cu（Mo）、Cu-Zn、Zn-Pb 矿体的形成温度分别集中于约410 ℃、400~300 ℃、约150 ℃和约200 ℃。 以往Pb、S 和D-O 地球化学数据和本次研究REE 特征显示, 岩浆流体起源于上地幔, 在上升过程中携带了 大量成矿物质, 在进变质阶段和退变质阶段, 成矿流体交代形成特定的夕卡岩矿物组合, 退变质阶段的后期 阶段, 有了大气降水的参与, 单一来源的岩浆流体转化为了混合流体。     

西藏恰功矽卡岩铁矿床成矿流体特征及演化:对Fe-Pb矿化的约束

目前关于恰功矽卡岩型铁矿床的流体演化过程及成矿机制,尤其是铁-铅矿体的成矿作用尚缺研究.对不同阶段的主要矿物进行包裹体均一温度-盐度、激光拉曼光谱分析以及H-O同位素测试.进矽卡岩阶段包裹体均一温度为400~550℃;盐度为15.5%~20.9% NaCl_eqv,其中S型盐度高达56.5% NaCl_eqv;气液相成分均为H₂O.退化蚀变阶段包裹体均一温度为350~420℃;盐度集中于14.1%~16.6% NaCl_eqv,少量为2%~8% NaCl_eqv,而S型包裹体盐度亦高达55.8% NaCl_eqv;气液相成分均为H₂O,液相富含HCO₃-和CO₃2-.石英-方铅矿阶段包裹体均一温度范围为238~343℃,对应盐度为3.1~13.9% NaCl_eqv,其中含CO₂三相包裹体完全均一温度集中在290~310℃,盐度为1.6%~11.2% NaCl_eqv.石英-方解石阶段包裹体均一温度与盐度分别为242~360℃和1.7%~11.8% NaCl_eqv,气液相成分均为H₂O.H-O同位素显示:进矽卡岩阶段δD_H2O为-106.4‰~-113.2‰,δ18O_H2O为6.2‰~8.0‰;退化蚀变阶段δD_H2O为-84.8‰~-130.1‰,δ18O_H2O为2.7‰~5.5‰,退化蚀变阶段δ18O_H2O值相对进矽卡岩阶段低;石英-方铅矿阶段δD_H2O为-95.3‰~-103.8‰,δ18O_H2O为-1.6‰~-0.7‰;石英-方解石阶段δD_H2O为-67.4‰~-101.0‰,δ18O_H2O为-0.8‰~0.6‰.结果表明流体整体具有从高温、中-高盐度逐渐向低温、低盐度演化的特征,矽卡岩期成矿流体来源于岩浆出溶;矽卡岩期流体的不混溶作用并与围岩发生反应是磁铁矿沉淀的重要机制,石英-方铅矿阶段流体温压下降是方铅矿沉淀的根本原因.      

湘赣边界鹿井铀矿床流体包裹体及成矿机制

位于南岭成矿带南西部的鹿井矿床是华南热液型铀矿的典型代表.为查明其成矿流体来源、性质与演化以及成矿机制,开展了不同成矿阶段石英、萤石及方解石中流体包裹体的显微测温和不同阶段石英的氢?氧同位素分析.矿床地质特征表明成矿过程可划分为(I)粗晶石英+黄铁矿±绿泥石±绢云母、(II)沥青铀矿+硫化物+绿泥石+绢云母+暗灰色微晶...     

新疆阿尔泰巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床成矿作用研究

巴特巴克布拉克铁矿床赋存于上志留-下泥盆统康布铁堡组变质火山-沉积岩系中, 近矿围岩为石榴子石矽卡岩、角闪斜长变粒岩和浅粒岩。矿体总体顺层分布, 呈似层状、透镜状及不规则状, 空间上与矽卡岩密切相关。流体包裹体研究表明, 矽卡岩阶段形成的石榴子石中发育纯气体包裹体、气体包裹体、液体包裹体、含子矿物包裹体及熔融包裹体; 退化蚀变阶段发育液体包裹体和少量气体包裹体; 石英-硫化物阶段主要发育液体包裹体、含液体CO₂的三相包裹体及少量纯气体包裹体、气体包裹体和含子矿物包裹体。矽卡岩阶段均一温度变化为217 ℃~499 ℃, 在255 ℃出现峰值, 盐度(NaCl_eq)变化为8.68%~22.65%; 退化蚀变阶段均一温度变化为181 ℃~432 ℃, 在225 ℃出现峰值, 盐度变化为12.85%~22.65%; 石英-硫化物阶段均一温度变化为140 ℃~482 ℃, 在155 ℃出现峰值, 盐度变化为0.18%~42.40%。石榴子石、石英和方解石的 δ¹⁸ O_SMOW 变化为1.8‰~7.1‰, δ¹⁸Ο_Η2Ο为 -4.79‰~4.57‰, δD_SMOW 为 -128‰~-84‰, 表明矽卡岩阶段成矿流体主要为岩浆水, 混合少量大气降水; 石英-硫化物阶段大气降水所占比例明显增加。方解石δ¹³ C_V-PDB 变化为 -3.2‰~-2.0‰, 表明流体中的碳来自深部或地幔。     

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床成矿流体水岩反应数值模拟

湖北省铜山口铜(钼)矿床是一典型的夕卡岩 斑岩复合型矿床。通过对其流体包裹体的系统研究,确定了成矿流体的成分及温压条件;结合矿床学的研究,将成矿过程分解为两个平行的成矿阶段,即夕卡岩型矿化阶段和斑岩型矿化阶段。根据Johnson和Reed等人建立的水 岩反应模型,对该矿床的成矿流体与围岩的反应并析出金属沉淀的过程进行了数值模拟计算。结果表明:在斑岩型矿化阶段,成矿流体系统出现等焓减压沸腾过程并沉淀出大量的金属矿物,成矿流体分异为低盐度流体和高盐度流体;在夕卡岩型成矿阶段,沉淀出典型的夕卡岩矿物;在整个成矿过程中,成矿流体的pH值逐渐升高。模拟计算结果与实际地质现象非常吻合,说明所建立的水 岩反应模型可以为理解这一类复合型金属热液矿床的形成机制提供一个新的思路。     

新疆阿尔泰吉伯特铁矿床包裹体特征研究

吉伯特铁矿是新疆阿勒泰地区产于泥盆纪海相火山岩中的小型矿床。本文对吉伯特铁矿床的包裹体开展了研究,识别了熔体包裹体、熔体-流体包裹体以及富晶体的流体包裹体,并对其进行了初步的显微测温、激光拉曼光谱和电子探针等研究。熔体包裹体中含有富Si玻璃质、贫Si富Fe熔体、石英、萤石、方解石、磁铁矿等多种成分,它们分别组成不同的包裹体组合。熔体包裹体、熔体-流体包裹体和流体包裹体的存在表明它们被捕获时是一种熔体与流体共存的不混溶状态,这充分说明了吉伯特铁矿床的形成与岩浆熔体、岩浆-热液过渡性流体有直接的成因联系。吉伯特铁矿床中Fe的矿化是一个熔体相逐渐减少,流体相逐渐增加的连续演化过程,它受岩浆作用、岩浆-热液过渡性流体以及矽卡岩作用的共同制约。     

Constraints on the mineralization processes of the Makeng iron deposit,eastern China: Fluid inclusion,H–O isotope and magnetite trace element analysis

The Makeng iron deposit is located in the Yong’an-Meizhou depression belt in Fujian Province, eastern China. Both skarn alteration and iron mineralization are mainly hosted within middle Carboniferous-lower Permian limestone. Five paragenetic stages of skarn formation and ore deposition have been recognized: Stage 1, early skarn (andradite–grossular assemblage); Stage 2, magnetite mineralization (diopside–magnetite assemblage); Stage 3, late skarn (amphibole–chlorite–epidote–johannsenite–hedenbergite–magnetite assemblage); Stage 4, sulfide mineralization (quartz–calcite–fluorite–chlorite–pyrite–galena–sphalerite assemblage); and Stage 5, carbonate (quartz–calcite assemblage). Fluid inclusion studies were carried out on inclusions in diopside from Stage 2 and in quartz, calcite, and fluorite from Stage 4.Halite-bearing (Type 1) and coexisting two-phase vapor-rich aqueous (Type 3) inclusions in the magnetite stage display homogenization temperatures of 448–564 °C and 501–594 °C, respectively. Salinities range from 26.5 to 48.4 and 2.4 to 6.9 wt% NaCl equivalent, respectively. Two-phase liquid-rich aqueous (Type 2b) inclusions in the sulfide stage yield homogenization temperatures and salinities of 182–343 °C and 1.9–20.1 wt% NaCl equivalent. These fluid inclusion data indicate that fluid boiling occurred during the magnetite stage and that fluid mixing took place during the sulfide stage. The former triggered the precipitation of magnetite, and the latter resulted in the deposition of Pb, Zn, and Fe sulfides. The fluids related to magnetite mineralization have δ¹⁸O_fluid-VSMOW of 6.7–9.6‰ and δD of −96 to −128‰, which are interpreted to indicate residual magmatic water from magma degassing. In contrast, the fluids related to the sulfide mineralization show δ¹⁸O_fluid-VSMOW of −0.85 to −1.04‰ and δD of −110 to −124‰, indicating that they were generated by the mixing of magmatic water with meteoric water. Magnetite grains from Stage 2 exhibit oscillatory zoning with compositional variations in major elements (e.g., SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO, MgO, and MnO) from core to rim, which is interpreted as a self-organizing process rather than a dissolution-reprecipitation process. Magnetite from Stage 3 replaces or crosscuts early magnetite, suggesting that later hydrothermal fluid overprinted and caused dissolution and reprecipitation of Stage 2 magnetite. Trace element data (e.g., Ti, V, Ca, Al, and Mn) of magnetite from Stages 2 and 3 indicate a typical skarn origin.     

湘西花垣地区铅锌矿床流体包裹体显微测温与特征元素测定

花垣铅锌矿床的成矿流体演化特点和铅锌矿物沉淀机制存有分歧,为了总结矿床成因并建立成矿模式,指导该地区铅锌矿的下一步找矿勘探工作.对闪锌矿、主成矿期方解石和萤石中的流体包裹体进行岩相学观察、显微测温、拉曼光谱分析以及同步辐射X射线荧光微探针分析,结果显示花垣地区铅锌矿床成矿流体温度主要为150~220℃,总盐度一般为13%~23% NaCl_eqv,多> 15% NaCl_eqv,密度多 > 1 g/cm3,成矿流体为NaCl-CaCl₂-MgCl₂-H₂O卤水体系.成矿流体均一温度具有由北而南降低的趋势.流体液相组分中主要为Ca2+、Mg2+、Na+、Cl-,具有盆地热卤水体系特点.流体包裹体气相中发育CO₂、CH₄,方解石、萤石中流体包裹体均有成矿元素Pb、Zn的存在.花垣矿集区成矿流体属于低温度、中-高盐度、中-高密度,成分以钠和钙氯化物为主的含矿热水溶液,流体运移方向为由北向南,流体来源于封层水、大气降水和少量变质水.铅锌矿物的沉淀与热化学硫酸盐还原作用有关.闪锌矿、方铅矿等矿石矿物与方解石、萤石等脉石矿物应属同一富含Pb、Zn、Mn、Fe、As、Cr等成矿元素的成矿流体在同一成矿期次相同条件下沉淀的产物.      

In-situ LA–ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of magnetite: The Mesozoic Tengtie skarn Fe deposit in the Nanling Range,South China

The Nanling Range in South China hosts numerous world-class W–Sn deposits and some Fe deposits. The Mesozoic Tengtie Fe skarn deposit in the southern Nanling Range is contemporaneous with the regional Sn mineralization. The deposit is composed of numerous ore bodies along the contacts between the late Paleozoic or Mesozoic carbonate rocks and the Yanshanian Lianyang granitic complex. Interaction of the magma with hosting dolomitic limestone and limestone formed calcic (Ca-rich) and magnesian (Mg-rich) skarns, respectively. The Tengtie deposit has a paragenetic sequence of the prograde stage of anhydrous skarn minerals, followed by the retrograde stage of hydrous skarn minerals, and the final sulfide stage. Magnetite in the prograde and retrograde skarn stages is associated with diopside, garnet, chlorite, epidote, and phlogopite, whereas magnetite of the final stage is associated with chalcopyrite and pyrite. Massive magnetite ores crosscut by quartz and calcite veins are present mainly in the retrograde skarn stage. Laser ablation ICP-MS was used to determine trace elements of magnetite from different stages. Some magnetite grains have unusually high Ca, Na, K, and Si, possibly due to the presence of silicate mineral inclusions. Magnetite of the prograde stage has the highest Co contents, but that of the sulfide stage is extremely poor in Co which partitions in sulfides. Magnetite of magnesian skarns contains more Mg, Mn, and Al than that of calcic skarns, attributed to the interaction of the magma with compositionally different host rocks. Magnetite from calcic and magnesian skarns contains 6–185 ppm Sn and 61–1246 ppm Sn, respectively. The high Sn contents are not due to the presence of cassiterite inclusions which are not identified in magnetite. Instead, we believe that Sn resides in the magnetite structure. Regionally, intensive Mesozoic Sn mineralization in South China indicates that concurrent magmatic–hydrothermal fluids may be rich in Sn and contribute to the formation of high-Sn magnetite. Our study demonstrates that trace elements of magnetite can be a sensitive indicator for the skarn stages and wall-rock compositions, and as such, trace elemental chemistry of magnetite can be a potentially powerful fingerprint for sediment provenance and regional mineralization.     

Mineral compositions and fluid evolution of the Tonglushan skarn Cu–Fe deposit,SE Hubei,east-central China

The Tonglushan Cu–Fe deposit (1.12 Mt at 1.61% Cu, 5.68 Mt at 41% Fe) is located in the westernmost district of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. As a typical polymetal skarn metallogenic region, it consists of 13 skarn orebodies, mainly hosted in the contact zone between the Tonglushan quartz-diorite pluton (140 Ma) and Lower Triassic marine carbonate rocks of the Daye Formation. Four stages of mineralization and alterations can be identified: i.e. prograde skarn formation, retrograde hydrothermal alteration, quartz-sulphide followed by carbonate vein formation. Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) indicates garnets vary from grossular (Ad_20.2–41.6Gr_49.7–74.1) to pure andradite (Ad_47.4–70.7Gr_23.9–45.9) in composition, and pyroxenes are represented by diopsides. Fluid inclusions identify three major types of fluids involved during formation of the deposit within the H₂O–NaCl system, i.e. liquid-rich inclusions (Type I), halite-bearing inclusions (Type II), and vapour-rich inclusions (Type III). Measurements of fluid inclusions reveal that the prograde skarn minerals formed at high temperatures (>550°C) in equilibrium with high-saline fluids (>66.57 wt.% NaCl equivalent). Oxygen and hydrogen stable isotopes of fluid inclusions from garnets and pyroxenes indicate that ore-formation fluids are mainly of magmatic-hydrothermal origin (δ¹⁸O = 6.68‰ to 9.67‰, δD = –67‰ to –92‰), whereas some meteoric water was incorporated into fluids of the retrograde alteration stage judging from compositions of epidote (δ¹⁸O = 2.26‰ to 3.74‰, δD= –31‰ to –73‰). Continuing depressurization and cooling to 405–567°C may have resulted in both a decrease in salinity (to 48.43–55.36 wt.% NaCl equivalent) and the deposition of abundant magnetite. During the quartz-sulphide stage, boiling produced sulphide assemblage precipitated from primary magmatic-hydrothermal fluids (δ¹⁸O = 4.98‰, δD = –66‰, δ³⁴S values of sulphides: 0.71–3.8‰) with an extensive range of salinities (4.96–50.75 wt.% NaCl equivalent), temperatures (240–350°C), and pressures (11.6–22.2 MPa). Carbonate veins formed at relatively low temperatures (174–284°C) from fluids of low salinity (1.57–4.03 wt.% NaCl equivalent), possibly reflecting the mixing of early magmatic fluids with abundant meteoric water. Boiling and fluid mixing played important roles for Cu precipitation in the Tonglushan deposit.     

REE Geochemistry of Fluorite from the Maoniuping REE Deposit, Sichuan Province, China： Implications for the Source of Ore-forming Fluids

Fluorite is one of the main gangue minerals in the Maoniuping REE deposit,Sichuan Province,China.Fluorite with different colors occurs not only within various orebodies,but also in wallrocks of the orefield.Based on REE geochemistry,fluorite in the orefield can be classified as the LREE-rich,LREE-flat and LREE-depleted types.The three types of fluorite formed at different stages from the same hydrothermal fluid source,with the LREE-rich fluorite forming at the relatively early stage,the LREE-flat fluorite in the middle,and the LREE-depleted fluorite at the latest stage.Various lines of evidence demonstrate that the variation of the REE contents of fluorite shows no relation to the color.The mineralization of the Maoniuping REE deposit is associated spatially and temporally with carbonatite-syenite magmatism and the ore-forming fluids are mainly derived from carbonatite and syenite melts.     

Origin and evolution of hydrothermal fluids in the Taochong iron deposit,Middle–Lower Yangtze Valley,Eastern China: Evidence from microthermometric and stable isotope analyses of fluid inclusions

The Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley is one of the most important metallogenic belts in China, hosting numerous Cu–Fe–Au–Mo deposits. The Taochong deposit is located in the northern part of the Fanchang iron ore district of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt. The Fe-orebody is hosted by Middle Carboniferous to Lower Permian limestones. Skarns and Fe-orebodies occur as tabular bodies along interlayer-gliding faults, at some distance from the inferred granitic intrusions. Field evidence and petrographic observations indicate that the three stages of hydrothermal activity—the skarn, iron oxide (main mineralization stage), and carbonate stages—all contributed to the formation of the Taochong iron deposit. The skarn stage is characterized by the formation of garnet and pyroxene, with high-temperature, hypersaline hydrothermal fluids with isotopic compositions similar to those of typical magmatic fluids. These fluids were probably generated by the separation of brine from a silicate melt instead of the product of aqueous fluid immiscibility. The iron oxide stage coincides with the replacement of garnet and pyroxene by actinolite, chlorite, quartz, calcite and hematite. The hydrothermal fluids at this stage are represented by saline fluid inclusions that coexist with vapor-rich inclusions with anomalously low δD values (− 66‰ to − 94‰). The decrease in ore fluid δ¹⁸O_water with time and decreasing depth is consistent with the decreases in fluid salinity and temperature. The fluid δD values also show a decreasing trend with decreasing depth. Both fluid inclusion and stable isotopic data suggest that the ore fluid during the main period of mineralization was evolved by the boiling of various mixtures of magmatic brine and meteoric water. This process was probably induced by a drop in pressure from lithostatic to hydrostatic. The carbonate stage is represented by calcite veins that cut across the skarn and orebody, locally producing a dense stockwork. This observation indicates the veins formed during the waning stages of hydrothermal activity. The fluids from this stage are mainly represented by a variety of low-salinity fluid inclusions, as well as fewer high-salinity inclusions. These particular fluids have the lowest δ¹⁸O_water values (− 2.2‰ to 0.4‰) and a wide of range of δD values (− 40‰ to − 81‰), which indicate that they were originated from a mixture of residual fluids from the oxide stage, various amounts of meteoric water, and possibly condensed vapor. Low-temperature boiling probably occurred during this stage.We also discuss the reasons behind the anomalously low δD values in fluid inclusion water extracted by thermal decrepitation from quartz at high temperatures, and suggest that calcite data provide a possible benchmark for adjusting low δD values found in quartz intergrown with calcite.