CMIP6模式对青藏高原东坡暖季降水的模拟评估

青藏高原东坡陡峭地形区是气候模式陆地降水模拟偏差的大值区,且这一偏差长期未得到有效改善.基于17个参加国际耦合模式比较计划第六阶段(CMIP6)的全球气候模式的日降水结果,评估了当前最新一代的气候模式对青藏高原东坡地区2000—2014年暖季(5—9月)降水气候态及其季节内演变的模拟能力.结果表明:高原东坡降水正偏差存...     

青藏高原与四川盆地夏季降水日变化的对比分析

采用2006-2008年自动气象站和2002-2008年TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mis-sion）多卫星降水分析（Munti-satellite Precipitation Analysis,TMPA）的夏季（6～8月）逐时降水量资料,分析了青藏高原（下称高原）及周边地区夏...     

基于K均值聚类的中国夏季降水日变化空间分布模式

为了获取降水日变化的空间分布模式,本文采用K均值聚类算法对中国陆地区域的夏季逐时格网降水数据进行了聚类。首先,采用K均值聚类算法对每个格网上的逐时降水数据进行聚类。然后,根据每一聚类的降水日变化峰值,将具有相似峰值时间的聚类合并成为一个分类。合并后的分类对应一种降水日变化类型,分类中的格网边界则构成了该类降水日变化的空间分布模式。研究结果表明,中国大部分地区的降水量日变化由降水频率日变化主导。此外,一些盛行夜雨区域在空间分布上表现出从西向东的分布模式,且降水日变化峰值时间表现出了从西向东逐渐延迟的现象。结合地形分析,研究发现一些夜雨区的降水峰值延迟现象与MPS环流效应导致的雨带移动现象较为一致,得出MPS(Mountain-Plain Solenoid)环流效应是导致这些地区盛行夜雨的结论。本文研究结果可为探索降水日变化的形成机理提供线索,也可为研究其他地区降水日变化提供参考。     

青藏高原汛期降水的时空分布特征

根据1967～2008年青藏高原地区67个气象台站的月平均降水资料,利用线性趋势分析、EOF分解和Morlet小波变换等方法分析了青藏高原地区汛期(5～9月)降水的时空分布特征.结果表明:青藏高原汛期降水存在明显的区域性差异,EOF分解揭示出青藏高原汛期存在3种主要的空间分布型:南北反向型、全区一致型和东南-西北反向型...     

2014年夏季青藏高原狮泉河与林芝降水低频振荡及陆—气过程日变化特征

根据“第三次青藏高原大气科学试验” 2014年7、8月青藏高原西南部狮泉河站、东南部林芝站的3 m涡动相关系统原始数据和10 Hz湍流资料以及中国气象局台站观测资料、JRA-55（Japanese 55-year Reanalysis）逐日再分析资料、GPCP（Global Precipitation Climatology Project）全球降水逐日观测资料,分别讨论了这两个站在10~20天低频振荡的天气背景下其干、湿位相近地层气象要素的日变化特征以及湍流变化特征。结果表明:两站高低空环流场、水汽通量场、热源的10~20天低频分量在其干、湿位相期间的配置相反。低频地表感热和潜热的不同变化对降水的影响分别在高原西部和东部有不同表现。狮泉河站的低频振荡在纬向上自西向东传播,而林芝站的低频振荡在纬向上自东向西传播,结果表明这两个站分别存在两种不同起源的低频振荡。两站干、湿位相的近地面气象要素以及湍流通量具有明显的日变化特征,通常温度极大值出现在午后14时（北京时,下同）,但狮泉河站干、湿位相的温度极大值均出现在夜间20时;由波文比可知,狮泉河站湿位相全天以潜热为主导,干位相期间,06时之前以潜热为主,06时之后以感热为主;林芝站干、湿位相均为08时之前以感热为主,08时之后以潜热为主。两站湍流平均动能与平均风速正相关,垂直动量表现为向下传输,热量和水汽表现为向上传输。     

地基GPS遥感西藏改则站大气可降水量变化特征及其与夏季降水的关系

利用中日JICA项目2010-2011年期间的地基GPS探测逐时大气可降水量（PWV）资料,分析了西藏西部改则站PWV的季节变化和日变化特征及其与夏季降水的关系。结果表明：（1）该站PWV存在明显的季节变化特征,其高（低）值出现在6-9（12-3）月,呈现出明显的单峰型变化特征,同时表现出春季持续上升和秋季快速下降的特点。（2）谐波分析表明,改则站各季PWV日变化均以日循环为主,只是夏季也表现出一定的半日循环特征。（3）改则站PWV存在明显的日变化特征,低值一般出现在当地时间的凌晨至次日上午,各季谷值普遍出现在当地时间10：00前后;高值通常出现在当地的午后至午夜,但各季最大值出现时间不固定;（4）改则站降水通常都发生在PWV高值期,降水发生前后PWV有明显的逐渐积累与迅速下降的变化特征,PWV达到峰值的时间提前于降水。PWV对累积降水频次的影响要比累积降水量更显著。     

Diurnal Variations of Summer Precipitation over the Qilian Mountains in Northwest China

Based on the high-density hourly rain-gauge data from 265 stations over the Qilian Mountains in Northwest China,climatic mean diurnal variations of summer rainfall over different topographies of this area are investigated. Influences of the gauge elevations on the diurnal variation of rainfall are also revealed. Distinct regional features of diurnal variations in rainfall are observed over the Qilian Mountains. Rainfall over the Qinghai Lake areas shows a single nocturnal peak. A dominant, late-afternoon peak of rainfall occurs over the mountain tops. Over the northeastern and southeastern slopes, a dominant diurnal peak appears in the late afternoon, and an evident second peak is found in the early morning, respectively. The strengths of the early-morning peaks in the rainfall frequency are closely related to the rainfall events with different durations over the two slopes. The early-morning peak is dominant across plains with low elevations. From the mountain tops to the plains, the diurnal peaks of rainfall gradually vary from the dominant late-afternoon peak to the dominant early-morning peak with the enhanced early-morning peak in concurrent with the decreasing gauge elevation over the northeastern and southeastern slopes. Further examination indicates that the rainfall at higher elevations over the northeastern and southeastern slopes occurs more readily in the afternoon,compared to the lower elevations. This phenomenon corresponds to the result that the proportion of the rainfall frequency occurring during the early-morning period decreases with increasing elevations over the two slopes.     

中国大陆日降水峰值时间位相的区域特征分析

利用高密度的中国国家级地面气象站逐时降水数据,系统分析和比较了中国大陆地区暖季降水量、降水频次和降水强度的日变化峰值位相的整体特征、空间分布差异及典型区域平均的日变化演变特征。研究指出,中国大陆暖季降水日变化峰值时间主要表现为下午、清晨、夜间3类典型位相,且整体而言降水频次的清晨峰值更凸出,降水强度以下午峰值为主。综合考虑降水量和降水频次的日变化峰值位相,发现中国大陆地区降水日变化峰值位相在空间分布上存在7个典型区域:下午峰值区(东北至华北山区、东南内陆地区)、夜间峰值区(四川盆地西部至云贵高原东部、华北平原西部贴近山地的区域)和清晨峰值区(华北平原东部、秦巴山区至华中西南部)各两个,以及傍晚至夜间峰值位相的青藏高原区。各典型区域内部具有较一致的降水量和频次的日峰值时间位相,而区域边缘或交界处降水量和频次的峰值位相则相反,主要是降水量的下午主峰值时段与降水频次的清晨主峰值时段的错位。从降水量、降水频次和降水强度的日变化的演变特征来看,午后峰值区、夜间峰值区和青藏高原的傍晚至夜间峰值区的多数台站,都存在降水量位相滞后于降水强度而超前于降水频次的特征,这应是降水演变过程中时间演变不对称性和对流云系发展演变的具体表现。     

Calibration of TRMM rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia during 1998–2009

The short-term rainfall climatology regime over Saudi Arabia is obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data for the period 1998–2009. The TRMM rainfall amounts are calibrated with respect to the rain-gauge data recorded at 29 stations across the country. Day-to-day rainfall comparisons show that the TRMM rainfall trends are very similar to the observed data trends, even if a general overestimation in the satellite products must be highlighted. Besides, especially during the wet season, some of the TRMM algorithm runs tend to underestimate the retrieved rainfalls. The TRMM rainfall data also closely follow the observed annual cycle on a monthly scale. The correlation coefficient for rainfall between the TRMM and the rain-gauge data is about 0.90, with a 99% level of significance on the monthly scale.The spatio-temporal distributions of rainfall over Saudi Arabia are analyzed. Besides the four conventional seasons, this analysis consider the wet (November–April) and dry (June–September) seasons, based on the rainfall amounts recorded. Spring is the highest and winter is the second highest rainfall-occurring season, resulting in large amounts of rainfall during the wet season over most of the country. Regional variations in the rainfall climatology over Saudi Arabia are studied through defining four regions. The false alarm ratio, probability of detection, threat score, and skill score are calculated to evaluate the TRMM performance. The country's average annual rainfall measured by the TRMM is 89.42 mm, whereas the observed data is 82.29 mm. Thus, the rainfall in Saudi Arabia is suggested as being the TRMM value multiplied by 0.93 plus 0.04. After this calibration, the TRMM-measured rainfall is almost 100% of the observed data, thereby confirming that TRMM data may be used in a variety of water-related applications in Saudi Arabia.     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variations of Cloud Systems over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau and East China: A Cloud-resolving Model Study

The seasonal and diurnal variations of cloud systems are profoundly affected by the large-scale and local environments. In this study, a one-year-long simulation was conducted using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETP) and two subregions of Eastern China: Southern East China and Central East China. Deep convective clouds (DCCs) rarely occur in the cold season over ETP, whereas DCCs appear in Eastern China throughout the year, and the ETP DCCs are approximately 20%?30% shallower than those over Eastern China. Most strong rainfall events (precipitation intensity, PI> 2.5 mm h^?1) in Eastern China are related to warm-season DCCs with ice cloud processes. Because of the high elevation of the ETP, the warm-season freezing level is lower than in Eastern China, providing favorable conditions for ice cloud processes. DCCs are responsible for the diurnal variations of warm-season rainfall in all three regions. Warm-season DCCs over the ETP have the greatest total cloud water content and frequency in the afternoon, resulting in an afternoon rainfall peak. In addition, rainfall events in the ETP also exhibit a nocturnal peak in spring, summer, and autumn due to DCCs. Strong surface heat fluxes around noon can trigger or promote DCCs in spring, summer, and autumn over the ETP but produce only cumulus clouds in winter due to the cold and dry environment.     

西藏高原测站降水与TRMM估测降水一致性评估

利用124个测站2011—2012年6—8月逐小时降水资料,分辨率为0.25°×0.25°的TRMM估测降水和DEM 高程数据,采用相关系数、相对误差和准确性指标,分析了西藏高原TRMM估测降水整体表现能力及海拔高度对降水估测影响。结果表明：TRMM估测降水在西藏高原整体趋势较一致,降水量级偏大,次数偏多;平均无降水准确率远高于平均有降水准确率,漏测率低而空测率高,降水量大的测站TRMM估测能力相对强。西藏高原上大部分测站处于相对低洼（河谷）地带,海拔高度差较小的区域TRMM估测降水与测站降水误差小,较大的区域误差则大。     

我国东南沿岸及复杂山地后汛期降水日变化的数值研究

利用2009~2017年7~9月福建省逐小时地面加密自动站资料和2015~2017年7~9月厦门站的探空资料,通过K均值聚类法和中尺度数值模式(WRF3.9.1.1版本)理想数值模拟,分析了我国东南沿岸及复杂山地(福建)后汛期降水日变化特征,揭示了地形热力环流以及海陆风环流在热对流降水日变化形成中的作用,探讨了环境温湿廓线及风垂直廓线对热对流降水日峰值强度和日峰值出现时间的影响。结果发现:我国东南沿岸复杂山地(福建)后汛期降水日变化受地形热力环流和海陆风环流的影响和调制,白天辐射加热在复杂山地形成的局地热力环流激发出对流降雨带,午后受海风环流的影响,对流降雨带组织发展达到峰值,之后随着地形热力环流和海风环流减弱雨带逐渐减弱。武夷山及周边复杂山地的降水日变化主要受地形热力环流的影响,在午后对流降水达到峰值,夜间减弱几近消失。理想数值试验进一步证实了我国东南沿岸复杂山地地形热力环流对对流降雨的触发以及海陆风环流在山地对流雨带组织发展中的作用,环境温湿廓线以及风垂直廓线对热对流降水日峰值强度以及日峰值出现的时间具有重要影响,其中环境温湿廓线的大气抬升凝结高度、大气可降水量、大气的对流不稳定度以及大气中低层湿度分布的不同,会影响热对流降水日峰值强度,并通过影响山地热力对流触发时间,改变热对流降水日峰值时间,而环境风垂直廓线的低层气流强度和方向、中低层垂直风切变的不同,会影响地形热力对流系统的启动、组织发展和移动等特征,进而影响热对流降水日峰值强度以及热对流降水日峰值时间。     

Validation of Daily Precipitation from Two High-Resolution Satellite Precipitation Datasets over the Tibetan Plateau and the Regions to Its East

Daily precipitation amounts and frequencies from the CMORPH (Climate Prediction Center Morphing Technique) and TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) 3B42 precipitation products are validated against warm season in-situ precipitation observations from 2003 to 2008 over the Tibetan Plateau and the regions to its east. The results indicate that these two satellite datasets can better detect daily precipitation frequency than daily precipitation amount. The ability of CMORPH and TRMM 3B42 to accurately detect daily precipitation amount is dependent on the underlying terrain. Both datasets are more reliable over the relatively flat terrain of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, the Sichuan basin, and the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River than over the complex terrain of the Tibetan Plateau. Both satellite products are able to detect the occurrence of daily rainfall events; however, their performance is worse in regions of complex topography, such as the Tibetan Plateau. Regional distributions of precipitation amount by precipitation intensity based on TRMM 3B42 are close to those based on rain gauge data. By contrast, similar distributions based on CMORPH differ substantially. CMORPH overestimates the amount of rain associated with the most intense precipitation events over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River while underestimating the amount of rain associated with lighter precipitation events. CMORPH underestimates the amount of intense precipitation and overestimates the amount of lighter precipitation over the other analyzed regions. TRMM 3B42 underestimates the frequency of light precipitation over the Sichuan basin and the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River. CMORPH overestimates the frequencies of weak and intense precipitation over the mid-lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and underestimates the frequencies of moderate and heavy precipitation. CMORPH also overestimates the frequency of light precipitation and underestimates the frequency of intense precipitation over the other three regions. The TRMM 3B42 product provides better characterizations of the regional gamma distributions of daily precipitation amount than the CMORPH product, for which the cumulative distribution functions are biased toward lighter precipitation events.     

Diurnal phase of late-night against late-afternoon of stratiform and convective precipitation in summer southern contiguous China

Using the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) observations combined with the surface rain gauge data during 1998–2006, the robust diurnal features of summer stratiform and convective precipitation over the southern contiguous China are revealed by exploring the diurnal variations of rain rate and precipitation profile. The precipitation over the southern contiguous China exhibits two distinguishing diurnal phases: late-night (2200–0600 LST) and late-afternoon (1400–2200 LST), dependent on the location, precipitation type and duration time. Generally, the maximum rain rate and the highest profile of stratiform precipitation occur in the late-afternoon (late-night) over the southeastern (southwestern) China, while most of the stratiform short-duration rain rate tends to present late-afternoon peaks over the southern China. For convective precipitation, the maximum rain rate and the highest profile occur in the late-afternoon over most of the southern contiguous China, while the convective long-duration rain rate exhibits late-night peaks over the southwestern China. Without regional dependence, the convective precipitation exhibits much larger amplitude of diurnal variations in both near surface rain rate and vertical extension compared with stratiform precipitation and the convective rain top rises most rapidly between noon and afternoon. However, there are two distinctive sub-regions. The diurnal phases of precipitation there are very weakly dependent on precipitation type and duration time. Over the eastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau, the maximum rain rate and the highest profile of either convective or stratiform precipitation occur in the late-night. Over the southeastern coastal regions, both the near surface rain rate and rain top of convective and stratiform precipitation peak in the late-afternoon.     

青藏高原热力异常与华北汛期降水关系的研究

利用1980～1994年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,以及我国336个测站1956～1994年月降水量资料,通过诊断分析和数值实验,研究了夏季高原上热力异常与华北汛期降水的关系.结果表明:华北汛期干旱年,青藏高压及西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏东,华北汛期降水偏多年则相反;华北汛期旱年时,高原上升、高原东侧邻近地区下沉的垂直环流明显加强,而降水偏多年时,垂直环流减弱,华北地区为上升气流控制;夏季高原为热源和水汽汇区,它们的异常对华北地区降水有很大影响,当热源和水汽汇增强(减弱)时,华北地区降水偏少(偏多).数值试验表明,高原上潜热加热异常引起青藏高压、西太平洋副热带高压、亚洲季风以及欧亚中高纬地区环流的变化,进而影响到华北地区的降水.     

青藏高原地区TRMM PR地面降雨率的修正

为掌握并改进青藏高原地区TRMM卫星降水雷达 (precipitation radar,PR) 地面降雨率准确度,统计分析了2005—2007年TRMM PR 2A25资料和逐小时地面雨量计,结果表明:青藏高原地区TRMM PR地面降雨率在层云降水时平均偏低35%,在对流云降水时平均偏高42%。Z-R关系的适用性是PR产生偏差的原因之一,研究将TRMM PR层云降水模型中20℃层Z-R关系的初始系数A和b分别修正为0.0288和0.6752,对流云降水模型中20℃层的初始系数A和b分别修正为0.0406和0.5809,得到两类降水模型0℃层与20℃层之间不同高度Z-R关系的更新系数。检验结果表明,修正降水模型后能够提高青藏高原地面降雨率测量的准确度。     

夏季青藏高原移动性对流系统与中国东部降水的相关关系

利用国际卫星云气候计划提供的1985-2002年共18年的MCSs路径跟踪资料、 NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料和中国138个地面常规观测站资料,分析了夏季起源于青藏高原地区的移动性MCSs的主要时空分布特征,探讨了青藏高原MCSs与中国降水的关系.通过对MCSs爆发异常强弱年高度和风差值场的分析,概括出青藏高原MCSs影响中国降水的可能机制.结果表明:夏季青藏高原移动性MCSs主要生成于青藏高原东南部,其爆发时间具有明显的日变化特征,它们能够传播到我国中东部及南亚许多地区;夏季MCSs对我国降水具有重要影响,它们与中国夏季降水的相关系数分布以4条正、负相间的东西向分布带的形势存在,从南到北依次为"- - ",这与我国夏季降水带的变化形势非常一致;南亚高压、西太平洋副热带高压和东北冷涡的强度、位置变化与高原MCSs生成的多少密切相关,并通过它们对我国夏季降水带的分布造成重要影响.     

Diurnal variations of circulation and precipitation in the vicinity of the Tibetan Plateau in early summer

A regional climate model (RCM) has been applied to simulate the diurnal variations of the Asian summer monsoon during the early summer period. The ERA40 reanalysis data and the TRMM precipitation data are used to evaluate the performance of the model. The 5-year simulations show that the RCM could simulate well the diurnal cycle of the monsoon circulation over the region. A strong diurnal variation of circulation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) can be observed at the 500-hPa level, with strong convergence and upward motion in the late afternoon. The diurnal variation of the 500-hPa relative vorticity over the TP associated with the corresponding diurnal variation of convergence may lead to the formation of a prominent plateau-scale cyclonic circulation over the TP during the evening to midnight period. The simulated diurnal variation of precipitation over land is generally better than that over the ocean, particularly over the regions close to the TP such as the Bangladesh region in the southern flank of the TP, where the well-known nocturnal maximum in precipitation is well captured by the RCM. However, the late-afternoon maximum in precipitation over the Southeast Asia region is not well simulated by the RCM. The model results suggest that the diurnal variation of precipitation over the southern flank of the TP is associated with the strong diurnal variation in the circulation over the TP.     

青藏高原雨季特征及其对气候增暖的响应

利用青藏高原气象台站逐日观测资料,采用候雨量稳定通过临界阈值的方法对高原雨季起讫期进行客观定量划分,在此基础上,进一步分析增暖背景下雨季起讫期和雨季降水演变特征,并对比增暖前后高原雨季起讫期及不同等级降水的响应特征.结果表明:青藏高原雨季平均开始期为5月第3候、结束期为9月第6候、共持续28候;青藏高原雨季降水集中期为...     

云南雨季和干季小时降水的时空特性分析

利用云南省2325个国家级台站和区域自动观测站逐小时降水数据,分析了2014~2018年云南雨季和干季的降水量、降水频次和降水强度的空间分布特征以及关键区域的降水日变化演变特征。结果表明:受复杂地形影响,云南不同区域降水特征差异显著,且与我国东部地区显著不同。年均降水量大体呈西南高、西北低的分布特征。对于云南西北部的怒江河谷地区,干、雨季降水均为夜间峰值,降水频次高,但强度较弱。对于云南最西部（99°E以西）的保山德宏地区,该地区累计降水量为云南最大,这一区域各台站日变化峰值均较为一致地出现在上午,在陆地地区较为少见。相邻的普洱和元江河谷位于云南南部（23°N以南）,雨季两区域降水相当,但元江河谷在干季与雨季均为突出的夜间至清晨降水峰值,普洱地区雨季则是明显的午后降水峰值。云南中部地区降水量较周边地区明显偏小,该地区降水频次在雨季主要表现为清晨峰值,而在干季却是午后峰值更为突出,这也与我国东部地区降水日变化特征差异明显。