多视线向InSAR形变场约束的改则地震滑动分布反演

利用3种不同视线向LOS(Line Of Sight)的ENVISAT ASAR数据进行干涉处理,提取多视线向(Multi-LOS)的同震形变场;结合同震形变场特征与震源机制解,构建了改则地震双断层破裂模型;利用四叉树采样后的多视线向同震形变场进行约束,通过梯度下降法(Steepest Descent Method,SDM)与Crust2.0地壳分层模型反演了改则地震的同震滑动分布特征。结果表明:反演的形变残差得到有效控制,基本介于0±10 cm之间;主震断层的滑动量主要位于断层面2—16 km深部,最大滑动量可达1.34 m,位于断层面6.4 km深处;余震断层滑动量主要位于断层面2—6 km深部,最大滑动量可达0.90 m,位于断层面3.52 km深处;主震断层与余震断层均以正断为主,但主震断层还具有一定的左旋走滑分量,而余震断层的左旋走滑不明显;当剪切模量μ取3.2×1010Pa时,反演获得的主震与余震地震矩M0分别为6.34×1018N·M与1.20×1018N·M,分别相当于矩震级MW6.47与MW5.98。     

门源Mw5.9级地震形变InSAR观测及区域断裂带深部几何形态

利用Sentinel-1A卫星升轨、降轨合成孔径雷达影像数据,提取了2016年门源Mw5.9级地震的高精度合成孔径雷达干涉同震形变场,利用单纯形法和非负最小二乘法反演确定了地震断层几何和滑动分布,并构建了区域断裂带的深部几何形态模型。结果表明,门源Mw5.9级地震同震形变以地表抬升为主,沿升轨、降轨视线向的最大值分别为5.3 cm、7.1 cm;地震断层走向、倾角分别为133°、43°;地震滑动以逆冲为主,主要发生在地下6.14~12.28 km处,最大滑动量约0.5 m,平均滑动角为66.85°,地震矩为1.0×1018 N·m（Mw5.94）;形变观测拟合残差均方根为0.36 cm;区域断裂带的深部几何形态以花状构造为特征,整体倾向南西,门源地震发震断裂为花状构造中未出露地表的盲断层。相关成果能够为研究区域地壳运动与变形、活动断裂与地震孕育发生等提供参考。     

利用断层自动剖分技术的2008年青海大柴旦Mw6．3级地震InSAR反演研究

2008-11-10青海大柴旦地区发生了Mw6．3级地震,其发震断层位于青藏高原东北缘的大柴旦一宗务隆山断裂带。利用欧空局Envisat／ASAR卫星雷达影像数据,采用二通差分干涉技术获得了地震的同震地表形变场,基于1D协方差函数估计InSAR同震形变场的中误差为0．52cm,方差一协方差衰减距离为5．9km。在此基础上,采用弹性半空间矩形位错模型进行断层几何参数反演,并利用断层自动剖分技术确定了地震的最佳同震滑动分布模型。结果表明,该地震的震源机制解为走向107．19°,倾角56．57°,以逆冲为主兼具少量右旋走滑分量;滑动分布主要发生在10-20km深度范围内,最大滑动量为0．51m,释放的能量为4．3×10^18Nm。     

联合地震位错模型和InSAR数据构建2017年九寨沟Mw 6.5地震同震三维形变场

利用哨兵（Sentinel）-1A卫星升、降轨影像,在地震位错模型约束下获取了2017年九寨沟Mw 6.5地震的高质量三维形变场。首先,利用合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术（interferometric synthetic aperture radar,InSAR）提取九寨沟地震升、降轨同震形变场;然后,通过“两步法”反演获取该地震发震断层的几何参数和分布式滑动模型,以此为约束,采用方差分量估计算法联合解算九寨沟地震三维形变场。结果表明,九寨沟地震同震三维形变场以水平位移为主,垂向形变较弱;南北向形变呈拉张趋势,断层上盘向南、下盘向北滑动,最大位移分别为－19.81 cm和14.38 cm;东西向形变不对称性明显,断层上盘西北部向东水平运动,最大位移为18.37 cm,下盘东南部向西运动,最大位移不足8 cm。将南北、东西向形变与6个全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）台站观测数据进行比较,两者一致性较好且均方根误差较小,分别为1.44 cm和1.77 cm,表明联合升、降轨InSAR观测和地震位错模型约束构建同震三维形变场方法具有较高可行性,显著降低了大地测量数据不足、InSAR观测对南北向形变不敏感等问题的影响。     

InSAR数据约束下2016年和2022年青海门源地震震源参数及其滑动分布

中国青海省门源县于2016年和2022年分别发生了Mw 5.9和Mw 6.7地震,相距不足40 km。利用欧洲空间局Sentinel-1A升降轨雷达影像,采用合成孔径雷达干涉测量(interferometric synthetic aperture radar, InSAR)技术分别获取两次地震的同震地表形变场,进而利用弹性半空间的位错模型确定上述事件的震源参数,基于分布式滑动模型反演确定两次地震断层面上的滑动分布,并探讨2016年门源地震对2022年门源地震的发震影响及触发机制。结果表明,2016年门源地震为逆冲型地震,并未破裂到地表,升、降轨同震形变场沿视线向的最大形变量分别为6.7 cm和7.0 cm,断层的最大滑动量为0.53 m,主要集中在地下4~12 km区域滑动。2022年门源地震同震形变场沿NWW-SEE向破裂,降轨影像最大视线向地表形变量为78 cm,断层的最大滑动值达到3.5 m,处于地下4 km左右,断层滑动分布模型揭示此次地震为左旋走滑型地震;结合冷龙岭断裂的运动性质和几何特征,可初步判定发震断层主要为冷龙岭断裂的西段、且极有可能破裂到了其西北端西侧的托莱山断裂。静态库仑应力触发关系显示,2016年门源地震对2022年门源地震的发生有一定的促进作用。     

2008年大柴旦M_w6.3级地震的InSAR同震形变观测及断层参数反演

2008年11月10日,青海省大柴旦地区发生了Mw6.3级地震。本文利用EnviSat卫星升降轨SAR数据和差分干涉测量技术提取了同震形变场,基于均匀位错模型反演确定了地震断层参数,然后利用格网迭代搜索法确定了较优断层倾角,同时基于非均匀位错模型获得了精细滑动分布。结果表明,地震使得上盘区域沿降轨、升轨视线向分别产生最大约8.5cm、10cm的抬升;较优断层倾角为47.9°;地震滑动未延伸至地表,主要发生在地下8.2~23.7km深度范围内,最大和平均滑动量为0.5m和0.19m,平均滑动角为104.9°。反演的地震矩为3.74×1018 N·m,矩震级为Mw6.35。     

Sentinel-1 observations of the 2016 Menyuan earthquake: A buried reverse event linked to the left-lateral Haiyuan fault

Knowledge on the interaction of active structures is essential to understand mechanics of continental deformation and estimate the earthquake potential in complex tectonic settings. Here we use Sentinel-1A radar imagery to investigate coseismic deformation associated with the 2016 Menyuan (Qinghai) earthquake, which occurred in the vicinity of the left-lateral Haiyuan fault. The ascending and descending interferograms indicate thrust-dominated slip, with the maximum line-of-sight displacements of 58 and 68 mm, respectively. The InSAR observations fit well with the uniform-slip dislocation models except for a larger slip-to-width ratio than that predicted by the empirical scaling law. We suggest that geometric complexities near the Leng Long Ling restraining bend confine rupture propagation, resulting in high slip occurred within a small area and much higher stress drop than global estimates. Although InSAR observations cannot distinguish the primary plane, we prefer the west-dipping solution considering aftershocks distribution and the general tectonic context. Both InSAR modelling and aftershock locations indicate that the rupture plane linked to the Haiyuan fault at 10 km depth, a typical seismogenic depth in Tibet. We suggest that the earthquake more likely occurred on a secondary branch at a restraining bend of the Haiyuan fault, even though we cannot completely rule out the possibility of it being on a splay of the North Qilian Shan thrusts.     

喜马拉雅主逆冲断层闭锁程度与滑动亏损特征研究

基于融合的GPS速度场结果,使用DEFNODE负位错反演程序估算了喜马拉雅主逆冲断层（the main Himalayan thrust,MHT）的闭锁程度和滑动亏损空间分布,并结合剖面结果分析了断层远、近场的运动特征。结果表明,MHT的闭锁深度基本达到18~24 km,断层面闭锁宽度达到102~136 km,两次历史大地震破裂区域之间的未破裂段落和未发生大地震的段落闭锁深度更深,闭锁断层面更宽,2015年尼泊尔Mw7.8大地震就发生在两次大地震破裂区域之间的段落;MHT总滑动亏损速率和垂直断层挤压滑动亏损速率自东向西逐渐减小,平行断层右旋滑动亏损速率则基本上自东向西逐渐增加;MHT 3条剖面拟合结果也反映出其存在很强的闭锁。根据估算的此次Mw7.8地震的复发周期230年和最近500多年发生的大地震分布,认为MHT整条段落尤其是尼泊尔西部与印度接壤处和可能还没有破裂的不丹地区依然有发生8级大地震的危险。     

哨兵-2号光学影像地表形变监测:以2016年Mw7.8新西兰凯库拉地震为例

光学影像已经广泛地应用于地表形变监测研究。哨兵-2号光学影像作为一种新的对地观测数据,具有重访周期短、空间分辨率高、影像覆盖范围大以及数据免费等优点,因此该数据在地表形变监测上有广泛的应用潜力。本文以COSI-Corr软件包为数据处理平台,基于亚像素的频率域相关性匹配技术,处理多时相的哨兵-2号数据获取地表形变。本文选取2016年M_w7.8新西兰凯库拉（Kaikoura）地震覆盖区域为例,对哨兵-2号影像地表形变中存在的各种系统误差源进行了系统分析和改正,并提出了改进的均值相减法去除形变场中的卫星姿态角误差。另外,还对哨兵-2号4个10 m空间分辨率的波段（Band 2/3/4/8）中可用于地表形变监测的最佳波段进行了分析,统计结果显示Band8的地表形变监测效果最好。最后,利用哨兵-2号光学影像获取了2016年11月14日M_w7.8新西兰凯库拉地震的同震形变场;分析了沿地震主要断层的滑移分布,结果表明最大水平滑移量达10 m;并与同期Landsat8全色影像的同震形变监测结果进行对比分析,结果表明哨兵-2号结果精度更高。本文的研究成果可以为哨兵-2号光学影像的应用提供参考。     

基于多源SAR数据的2022年门源Ms 6.9地震同震破裂模型反演研究

2022年1月8日青海省海北州门源县发生Ms 6.9地震,震中位于青藏高原东北缘祁连-海原断裂中段,属历史地震空区,基于多源合成孔径雷达（synthetic aperture radar,SAR）遥感数据研究该地震的破裂模式对理解青藏高原东北缘构造变形机制、应变释放过程以及地震危险性评估具有重要意义。首先利用Sentinel-1数据和合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量（differential interferometry synthetic aperture radar,D-InSAR）技术获取了门源地震的同震形变场,视线（line of sight,LOS）向形变场显示此次地震造成了约20 km长的地表破裂,最大形变约0.75 m;然后基于Sentinel-2卫星数据,利用光学影像配准和相关技术获取了本次地震的东西向同震形变场,最大同震位移达2.5 m;最后基于均匀弹性半无限位错模型,以LOS向形变场为约束反演了断层的滑动分布模型。结果显示,门源地震是一次典型的左旋走滑型地震,地震破裂主要集中在0~10 km深度范围,最大滑动量3.25 m,滑动角10.44°,对应深度4.89 km;反演给出的矩震量为1.07×1019 N·m,对应矩震级Mw 6.6。结合野外考察和地质资料,初步判定发震断裂为冷龙岭断裂,并引起托莱山断裂发生同震滑动。同震库仑应力结果显示,冷龙岭断裂东段和托莱山断裂西段应力状态为加载,未来具有发生强震的风险。     

2022年泸定Mw 6.6地震InSAR同震形变与滑动分布

2022-09-05,青藏高原东缘的鲜水河断裂上发生了泸定Mw 6.6地震,该地震是鲜水河断裂上40年来发生的最大地震,研究该地震的运动学和同震破裂模式对理解青藏高原东缘构造形变机制和评估鲜水河断裂以及安宁河断裂的地震危险性具有重要意义。利用Sentinel-1和ALOS-2卫星雷达影像,采用合成孔径雷达干涉技术获取了泸定地震的同震形变场,进而基于弹性半空间的位错模型,确定了本次地震发震断层的几何参数和滑动分布。结果表明,泸定地震是一次典型的左旋走滑事件,发震断层西倾,倾角约为72°,走向沿NNW-SSE方向,约为167°;断层破裂主要集中在0~10 km深度,最大滑动发生在约5.8 km深度,约为2.23 m;同震释放的地震矩约为8.74×1018 N·m,相当于矩震级Mw 6.59。通过对震后光学影像解译,发现此次地震诱发的滑坡多集中分布在发震断层西侧,该现象与余震主要集中在断层西侧的结果相一致,可认为是地震上盘效应的体现。     

唐山7.8级地震三维地表形变和断层运动特征

通过系统收集整理1976年唐山7.8级地震前后区域水准和边角网观测资料,在研究发展动态平差程序的基础上,解算得到了唐山地震震前和同震三维形变定量结果与误差分布,并反演得到了断层面同震滑动分布。结果显示,震前阶段丰润-唐山-唐海-昌黎-迁安一带整体隆升,隆升高值区位于唐山附近,震中区的水平形变量不大,唐山菱形地块相对于周围地块逆时针扭转;同震阶段唐山断裂以右旋错动为主,并呈现西升东降的垂向变形特征;反演结果表明多段断层参与了唐山7.8级地震的应变释放,主震发震断层的南段破裂主要发生在深度约6~18 km、长轴约50 km范围,北段破裂主要发生在深度约7~17 km、长轴约30 km范围,滦县地震断层也发生了少量滑动;主震断层最大水平位错为7.82 m、最大垂直位错为2.04 m,等效震级为Mw 7.58。挖掘得到的唐山震前和同震三维形变场定量结果为深入研究该地震的孕育发生机制及地震影响提供了珍贵资料。     

九寨沟Ms7.0地震的同震形变场误差研究及断层滑动分布反演

北京时间2017年8月8日四川省九寨沟发生Ms7.0级地震。为了提高断层滑动分布反演的可靠性,本文利用升降轨InSAR数据联合反演断层滑动分布,再根据模拟形变值二次反演,对比反演结果来探讨升降轨形变场误差和确定断层滑动分布的结果。结果表明,九寨沟升轨同震形变场的质量较好,降轨形变场受余震、震后粘弹性松弛效应影响明显,利用模拟形变值二次反演确定的断层滑动分布可靠性更高。     

Gravity changes before large earthquakes in China: 1998–2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2005 at stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC) and examined gravity changes be-fore the occurrence of nine large (Ms≥6.8) earthquakes that ruptured within or near mainland China and Taiwan from November 2001 to August 2008. Results from this analysis show that significant gravity changes occurred across a large region before each of these nine large earthquakes, and these changes were detected by repeated ground gravity surveys through CMONOC. Although these gravity changes were significant, more research is needed to investigate whether these gravity changes could be viewed as precursors of large earthquakes. Limitations and uncertainties in the data include sparseness of the gravity monitoring network, long time intervals between consecutive gravity surveys, inevitable measurement errors, hydrological effects on gravity, and effects of vertical crustal movements on gravity. Based on these observations, we make several recommendations about possible future direc-tions in earthquake-related research using gravity monitoring data.     

Use of remote sensing in lineament analysis for tectonic evolution and resource study of a part of Vindhyan Basin,Jhalawar area,India

Synoptivity and the exemplified fracture systems exhibited by the space borne imagery data has helped in solving many of the geological enigma in various parts of the world. The study conducted, using such remotly sensed data, in Jhalawar anticline, part of Proterozoic Cratonic Vindhyan Basin, Rajasthan, India, led to infer the history of tectonic evolution of peribasinal deformation which has been a matter of controversy for a century and more. In Landsat MSS data the Jhalawar region displays a panorama of lineaments and their analysis through azimuthal frequency diagrams, isofracture, lineament incidence and lineament intersection incidence density maps shows that the mean orientation of the lineaments fall in NW-SE and NE-SW and the shape of the various lineament density contours also show NE-SW and NW-SE orientations. In aerial photographs the area exhibits four sets of lineaments in NE-SW, NW-SE, N-S and E-W directions. Amongst these the former two sets are expressed as wide open master fracture systems with prolific vegetation fills along them and the latter two sets are characteristically observed as thin vegetation linears with frequent strike slip faulting along them. The further analysis of these fracture/lineament systems derived from multi-level remote sensing data shows that the Jhalawar anticline, which followed the pattern of flexural slip fold mechanism, was evolved by horizontally disposed σ1 (greatest principal stress) and 3σ (least principal stress) with the former oriented in NE-SW and the latter aligned in NW-SE directions with vertically disposed 2σ. The inference of such palaeostress environment of the Jhalawar region lead in the identification of a buried rigid basement high southwest of Jhalawar anticline, beneath the Deccan pile and loci of ground water, silica sand and probable igneous plug.     

昆仑8.1级地震对青藏块体东北缘地壳水平运动的影响初探

为了探讨昆仑8.1级地震引起的同震形变是否影响了青藏块体东北缘的地壳水平运动,以震后GPS观测资料为数据源,依Okada位错模型原理,计算了地震引起的同震水平位移场,分析了地震对区域地壳水平运动的影响。结果表明:垂直于断层沿震中方向的GPS点受地震影响大,远离断层的测点的同震位移受断层位错的影响小。     

Surface deformation associated with the 2008 Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake from ALOS L-band SAR interferometry

The Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake (in China) occurred on 12 May 2008 as a result of slip on the northeastern-striking Longmen Shan (LMS) faults beneath the rugged margin between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin. The catastrophic event caused significant surface ruptures and permanent ground displacement in a wide area. This paper concentrates on mapping surface deformation caused by the main shock with the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technology. The coseismic interferogram covering an area of over 83,000 km² is computed with use of 46 SAR images that were collected along 6 adjacent ascending orbits by the L-band SAR sensor onboard the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS). The displacements measured at 16 GPS sites are used to check the accuracy of the InSAR deformation measurements. The radar coherence is computed and analyzed in relation to the topography and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) estimated from the Landsat-7 imagery. The results show that the coseismic surface deformation can be mapped up to a centimeter-accuracy level even over the highly mountainous and heavily vegetated area with the L-band interferometer. It is also demonstrated that the L-band interferograms with time interval of months to years can still maintain acceptable radar coherence for deformation extraction over the area under the extreme conditions. The extracted InSAR deformation measurements show that the lands in the Sichuan Basin had moved 0.1–1.3 m toward the satellite along the radar line of sight (LOS) direction with an azimuth of 349.8° and an elevation angle of 51.3°, while the lands in the LMS area had moved 1.4 m at most away from the satellite.     

The spatial response pattern of coseismic landslides induced by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake to the surface deformation and Coulomb stress change revealed from InSAR observations

The 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake triggered plenty of coseismic giant landslides, which resulted in almost one third of total fatalities and economic losses during the event. Previous studies investigated the spatial relations between landslide distribution and topographic and seismic factors such as elevation, slope aspect, distance from rupture trace and seismic intensity. However, few studies are performed exploring the effects of coseismic surface deformation and Coulomb stress change on triggering landslides due to lack of adequate deformation observation data and stress calculation model for slope failure. In this study, we develop an envelope method to map an entire coseismic deformation field in both near- and far-field areas of seismic faults through the data fusion from InSAR and pixel offset-tracking (POT) techniques. The change in static Coulomb stress (SCS) acting on coseismic landsliding surface caused by the event is determined using the faulting model derived from the joint inversion of InSAR and GPS data, and also with the use of the elastic half-space dislocation theory and the generalized Hook’s law. The analysis suggests the spatial response pattern of seismic landslides to the coseismic ground motion and stress change, especially in the vicinity of fault rupture trace. The landslide density dramatically rises with the stress increase within the range from Yingxiu to Beichuan areas along the major surface rupture. Moving further and eastward along the fault strike, most of large landslides are triggered as the zone of positive SCS change narrows. Moreover, the high-magnitude surface displacements are possibly responsible for the giant landsliding events in the easternmost section. From the analysis of the stress transfer, the occurrence of landslides in the study area is largely controlled by the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault with overwhelming rupture length and fault slip, yet the Pengguan fault indeed shows dominance in the area between the two faults. The results show that coseismic surface deformation (derived from InSAR data in this study) and static Coulomb stress change can serve as two significant controlling factors on seismic landslide distribution and that the stress factor seems more significant in the vicinity of surface rupture.     

尼泊尔Mw 7.9级地震同震垂直位移与断层运动模型

2015年4月25日尼泊尔地区发生了Mw 7.9级地震,发震断层位于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞边界带,此次地震是一次典型的板块逆冲型事件。利用中国境内加密的GPS同震观测资料,融合ALOS-2卫星L波段的InSAR（interferometric synthetic aperture radar）同震形变数据,基于最小二乘方法获得了此次地震的同震垂直位移场。同震垂直位移结果表明,此次地震造成尼泊尔加德满都地区抬升约0.95 m,珠穆朗玛峰地区受地震的影响有所下降,其主峰的沉降量为2~3 cm,中国境内的希夏邦马主峰沉降约为20 cm。地区利用改进的二维弹性半空间位错模型反演了发震断层运动参数,本文模型显示此次地震的断层面破裂宽度约为60 km,平均滑动量达到4 m,相当于Mw 7.89级。     

台湾集集大地震断层非均匀滑动分布的反演

利用台湾1999集集大地震前后GPS测量获得的地表位移数据,反演断层面上的非均匀滑动分布.反演中采用二次样条函数作为滑动分布的基函数,通过引入阿卡克贝叶斯准则,获得了反演问题的惟一解.反演得到的地表位移与实测位移的差在几个厘米,较好地解释了观测到的GPS位移.另一方面,用反演结果计算得到的地表形变场同INSAR得到的地表实测位移场较相近.