虹光偏振度的计算

虹光为太阳光线射入雨滴、经两次折射和一次内反射后,观测者在最小偏向角处观测到的光色散现象。用偏振片观测,发现这种光具有明显的偏振特性,且虹圈与其周围光的偏振度有很大不同。由形成虹的物理过程可看出,其偏振产生于折、反射过程中。１虹光偏振度的计算菲涅耳公...     

两种雨滴谱仪观测对比及对雷达降水估测精度影响研究北大核心CSCD

利用广东龙门、新丰和佛冈布设的二维视频雨滴谱仪(2D-video-disdrometer,2DVD)和HY-P1000激光雨滴谱仪观测资料,分析了相同地点和相同时间两类雨滴谱仪降水滴谱观测和降水反演精度的差异。根据收集的2018年和2019年的雨滴谱观测数据,拟合了双偏振雷达定量降水估测基本关系式,并应用于S波段双偏振雷达(CINRAD/SAD)定量降水估测(quantitive precipitation estimation,QPE)优化组合方案中。结果表明:较HY-P1000雨滴谱仪而言,2DVD可观测到更多的1 mm以下的小粒子降水,但观测到的大于3.5 mm的雨滴数明显少于HY-P1000雨滴谱仪;对比由2DVD和HY-P1000观测数据计算得到的双偏振参数与CINRAD-SAD 0.5°仰角观测得到的双偏振参数,发现参数间均存在一定的差别,其中差分反射率因子差别相对较大;此外,利用2DVD观测数据可整体提升双偏振雷达QPE精度,对中雨及以下量级精度提升尤为明显。     

双基地雷达系统探测椭球雨滴群时主站仰角对探测性能的影响

为了提高双基地偏振雷达的探测精度,从旋转椭球粒子散射和衰减的理论出发,推导出基于椭球雨滴群的双基地偏振雷达方程,并利用此方程探讨了旋转椭球雨滴群一致垂直取向情况下,主站雷达发射仰角、目标粒子群位置等因素对双基地偏振雷达探测能力的影响程度.结果表明,随着仰角的抬高,几何因子值和两种偏振状态下的回波功率比均出现了高值区和低值区面积减少的变化特征;散射截面因子值也随着仰角的抬高在水平偏振时增加,垂直偏振时减少.     

雾对光偏振态影响的实验研究

测量了不同人土雾浓度下垂直偏振入射光的透射光强。利用实验数据，分析了垂直、平行方向上透射光强的变化趋势。得出平行偏振分量透射光强大致呈指数下降的趋势，垂直偏振分量透射光强先略微上升而后下降。由退偏振度随雾浓度的变化讨论了退偏产生的原因，指出雾浓度较低时，雾滴可近似视为球形。基于光的偏振特性，从理论上分析并计算得到光在雾中传输时透射、散射光强。实验结果对研究光在雾中传输及分析大气中雾对透射光偏振态的影响有一定的参考价值。     

雨滴谱数据在S波段双偏振天气雷达数据质量评估中的应用

结合T-Matrix方法和雨滴谱仪数据反演双偏振参量,设计了一种雨滴谱反演评估方法(雨滴谱法),利用其反演结果可对双偏振天气雷达数据进行评估。将此方法应用于不同类型降水过程的雷达偏振参量数据质量评估,结果表明:满足微雨条件时,雨滴谱法与传统的微雨滴法均能有效监测由雷达系统误差导致的观测偏差,且评估结果十分接近;不满足微雨条件时,雨滴谱法评估的不同类型降水过程的雷达数据质量与满足微雨条件下的评估结果十分接近,客观证明了系统调整后雷达运行良好、数据质量稳定;不同雨强(R)情况下,雨滴谱法的评估结果具有一致性。10 mm·h^-1≤R<20 mm·h^-1时,雷达观测的数据质量最为稳定。该雨滴谱法适用范围广,可动态评估双偏振雷达偏振参量质量,有助于雷达调整和数据校正。     

虹晕等几种大气光学现象的偏振

观测到虹的偏振。分析了虹、晕等现象的特点。运用菲涅耳公式给出其偏振度。结果表明 :各种现象的偏振度相差较大 ,主虹、二次虹分别为 0 .93和 0 .81 ,多次虹的偏振度也较大 ,在 0 .75以上 ;46°晕的偏振度为 0 .1 6 ,2 2°圆晕的偏振度很小 ,仅为 0 .0 4。假日环、日柱的偏振度随入射角有一定的变化范围。虹、假日环、日柱是反射式偏振 ,以垂直于入射面的振动为主 ;而 46°晕、 2 2°圆晕则是折射式偏振 ,以平行于入射面的振动为主。着重讨论了水虹和冰虹的偏振     

双基地偏振雷达探测时小旋转椭球雨滴的侧向散射特性

从旋转椭球粒子散射理论出发,给出单个小旋转椭球雨滴在入射不同偏振波时的散射函数,并对其在不同仰角情况的数学图形和物理意义做了讨论,为推导基于椭球雨滴群的双基地偏振雷达方程、研究椭球雨滴群对双基地线偏振雷达探测能力的影响、处理和分析双基地偏振雷达资料,提供了理论依据.     

广州S波段双偏振雷达数据质量初步分析

广东省已经通过新布设或对CINRAD\SA雷达的升级改造完成5部S波段双偏振雷达的业务运行。受目前双偏振雷达技术水平限制,双偏振雷达偏振量很不稳定,因此偏振雷达资料使用前需要对数据可用性、偏振量的系统偏差等进行初步分析,以保证偏振雷达后续产品的可靠性。使用广州S波段双偏振雷达稳定运行后的2016年7—8月连续观测资料,分析了噪声对零滞后相关系数ρ_HV(0)及差分反射率因子Z_DR的影响和订正效果。结果表明:当SNR小于20.0 dB时,偏振参量ρ_HV(0)和Z_DR的稳定性变差,数据不可用;噪声订正后,数据可用的SNR阈值减小为17.0 dB。进一步分析了经过噪声订正后的Z_DR和Z_H之间的关系,并与雨滴谱反演结果及理论值进行对比。结果表明:广州雷达Z_DR较雨滴谱反演值和理论值均偏小,Z_DR观测值存在系统偏差。结合广州的气候特征,对偏振量系统误差估计的微雨滴法的指数进行了调整,基于此方法分析了Z_DR、初始相位Φ_DP (0)的系统误差随方位角的变化。结果表明:Z_DR系统误差随方位角在-0.29~0.22 dB之间波动,剔除遮挡后的平均偏差为-0.09 dB,与实测Z_DR值和雨滴谱反演值及理论值对比偏小的结论一致,但偏差大小有区别;同时,Φ_DP (0)随方位角有4 °左右的波动。分析还发现Z_DR、Φ_DP (0)系统误差有随时间波动的特征。最后挑选个例对Z_DR进行噪声和系统误差订正后发现,订正后的Z_DR得到改善。这些初步分析和结果对S波段双偏振雷达数据的使用有一定的参考意义。      

一次强寒潮过程的多相态降水分析

综合利用常规观测资料、双偏振雷达和雨滴谱仪探测资料,对2020年3月28日发生在常州地区的一次罕见强寒潮引起的降雨、雨夹雪和雪不同相态降水天气进行了分析。结果表明：(1)此次3月末罕见强寒潮和降水主要是在高空槽、中低层切变线和西南急流与地面冷高压配合下,强冷平流入侵以及850 hPa明显干层的蒸发(或升华)吸热的共同作用引起的,中低层温度的急剧下降,导致降水相态发生变化。(2)双偏振雷达监测到3种降水相态呈现出不同的偏振变量特征：降雨相态向雨夹雪转变时,反射率因子Z增大,差分反射率因子Z_DR增大,相关系数C_C有明显的低值带状分布,呈现出Z>30 dBz,Z_DR>1 dB,C_C<0.95组成的雨雪相态混合区域;而纯雪则为Z>22 dBz,Z_DR<1 dB,C_C>0.98。(3)雨滴谱仪显示降雨阶段主要由高浓度小粒子构成,雨滴速度-尺度谱呈现为倾斜的带状;雨夹雪阶段数浓度减小,粒径范围较宽,质量加权平均直径明显增大,雨滴速度...     

X波段双偏振雷达反演雨滴谱方法研究

X波段双偏振雷达观测参数能够完成雨滴谱反演,但是由于X波段雷达波长较短,降水观测时存在较大的衰减,本文采用自适应约束算法进行反射率和差分反射的衰减订正。通过对雨滴模型的散射模拟以及对雨滴谱进行Gamma谱拟合,建立了雨滴谱参数与双偏振雷达目标参数之间的函数关系和雨滴谱参数相互之间的关系,用于进行雨滴谱反演。将雨衰减订正前后的雷达目标参数进行雨滴谱反演并与实测雨滴谱进行对比,结果表明,所建立的X波段双偏振雷达反演雨滴谱方法能够较好地反演雨滴谱,并且经过订正后反演得到的雨滴谱在浓度、尺度和谱形上都优于订正前的反演结果,通过对距离高度扫描和平面位置扫描数据进行雨滴谱反演,可以得到雨滴谱参数的垂直结构和水平分布,可用以进行降水分析。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.