动静组合加载下刀具破岩的力学模型

基于初始弹性和动静荷分工的假设,将动静复合加载下坚硬完整的脆性岩石的破碎过程分为弹性、损伤和断裂3阶段,综合运用弹性力学、岩石力学、损伤力学和断裂力学进行分析。由集中力作用下弹性半空间的应力场和单元体的剪切破坏,得出了岩石损伤的裂纹源和其曲线扩展路径;选定Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型裂纹作为动载冲击作用下压剪裂纹的扩展模式。提出了以冲击能（次数）来定义损伤度的方法。以相邻破碎坑的侧向裂纹扩展贯通作为岩石破碎的终点。本力学模型可以用于动静复合加载破碎岩石的系统仿真、数值模拟和机具设计。     

Propagation and Control of Crack in Rock Material under Dynamic Loading

Fracture mechanism, initiation and propagation of cracks, and the control method of cracks in rock like brittle material under dynamic load are described in this paper.     

动载作用下岩石断裂裂纹的扩展与控制

本文主要论述了动荷载作用下岩石等脆性材料的断裂破坏机理、裂纹形成与扩展以及裂纹的止裂与控制等内容。     

岩石在循环荷载作用下的强度及变形特征

本文着重研究了岩石在循环荷载作用下的强度及变形特征。实验结果表明,岩石在循环荷载作用下的强度低于其静力强度,而这个循环疲劳强度极限与振幅、频率有关;岩石在循环荷载作用下的变形特征类似于静力蠕变特征。     

Analysis of the Dynamic Performance of an Underground Excavation in Jointed Rock under Repeated Seismic Loading

Results from field observations of dynamic behaviour of an underground excavation have been compared with numerical studies of the rock deformation history. The field behaviour shows progressive accumulation of rock displacement and excavation deformation under successive episodes of dynamic loading. It is possible to reproduce the modes of rock response quite well using a Distinct Element model of the rock mass, but the way displacements develop is dependent on the joint model used in the analysis. It is suggested that, in rock masses subject to repeated dynamic loading, excavation design may need to take account of the prospect of repeated episodes of transient loading at the excavation site.     

周期荷载下岩石大型三轴试件的变形和强度特性研究

本文介绍了作者在联邦德国卡尔斯鲁厄大学土岩力学研究所利用该所研制的大型三轴试验机进行周期荷载下大型三轴试验的情况和结果。岩石为薄层灰岩,试件直径为60cm,高为120cm。整个研究工作是基于分析不可逆变形的观点来探讨变形和强度特性的。在周期荷载作用下,不可逆变形的总量随着循环次数的增加而增长;但在不同的应力水平下,不可逆变形的发展趋势具有显著的,甚至是质的差异。应力水平很低时,最初几次的循环荷载将导致产生较大的不可逆变形;随着循环次数之增加,其不可逆变形的增长率逐步衰减,最终趋向于一个比较稳定的常值。但是当应力水平达到某一“门槛”值后,情景则迥然不同;循环次数之增加将促使不可逆变形的加速增长,最终导致整个试件的破坏。试验结果表明,这一特征应力值略低于常规三轴试验中的所谓“屈服值”。研究结果表明,每一个加荷-卸荷循环过程中的不可逆变形主要发生在超过这一“门槛”值后的区段内。研究这样的特征值对于探讨周期荷载作用下岩体的力学性质是十分重要的。由试验获得的不可逆变形与循环次数的关系曲线在形态上与流变曲线十分相似。     

Study on Deformation and Strength Behavior of the Large-sized Triaxial Rock Samples under Cyclic Loading

When in Institute of Soil and Rock Mechanics, Karlsruhe University, Federal Germany, the author of this paper performed some cyclic loading tests on the large-sized triaxial testing machine developed in this institute. The rock sample used were 60cm in diameter and 120cm in height. The work mainly included the study of deformation and strength behavior of the samples and was based on the viewpoint of analyzing the irreversible deformation. Under cyclic loading, although the irreversible deformation generally increased with the n umber of cycles, the deformation trends obtained at various stress levels distinctly differed from each other. At low stress levels a comparatively large irreversible deformation arouse from the first few cycles of loading. With the increase of the number of cycles its growth decayed gradually and tended finally to a stable constant value. When the stress level reached a certain “threshold” value, the situation became entirely different. The increase of the number of cycles caused an acclecrated growth of the irreversible deformation till a complete failure of the whole sample. The test results also illustrated that this characteristic stress value was slightly lower than the so-called “yield” value. The study of such a characteristic value is of great importance for under-standing the mechanical properties of rock masses under cyclic loading. The experimental curves of irreversible deformation vs. the number of cycles show a remarkable resemblance to corresponding rheological curves, which, perhaps, may not be accidental. It is propose in this paper that the relation of the strength obtained in conventional tests, the long-term strength in rheological tests and the strength under cyclic loading should be studied. Undoubtedly, it is significant for evaluating the strength and safety factor in rock engineering problems.     

Experimental Study of Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Joints Under Cyclic Loading

Summary Evaluation of the effects of small repetitive earthquakes on the strength parameters of rock joints in active seismic zones is of interest of the designers of underground constructions. In order to evaluate these effects, it is necessary to study the behaviour of rock joints under dynamic and cyclic loadings. This paper presents the results of a systematic study on the behaviour of artificial rock joints subjected to cyclic shearing. More than 30 identical replicas have been tested using triaxial compression devices under different conditions of monotonic and cyclic loading. At the first stage a few samples have been tested in monotonic loading modes under various confining pressures and rate of displacement. In the second series of tests, small cyclic loads were applied on the samples for increasing number of cycles, frequency levels and stress amplitudes. These were then followed by monotonic loading again. The variations of maximum and residual shear strengths for each test have been studied. The results show increase of shear strength as a result of the increase in confining pressure and they display decrease of shear strength due to the increase of rate of loading, number of cycles, frequency levels and stress amplitudes.     

动,静载作用下裂纹扩展的异同点

本文通过对具有不同分布裂纹模型实验的破裂过程的描述,分析了单轴动载荷、静裁荷作用下裂纹扩展的实验研究结果,揭示了它们之间的差异和共同遵循的规律。     

冻结砂土在动荷载下的蠕变特征

通过分析不同试验条件下的蠕变过程曲线,探讨了冻结砂土在动荷载下的蠕变模型,分析了最大加载应力,温度及加载频率对冻土蠕变破坏应变,破坏时间和最小蠕变速率的影响.结果表明,当最大加载应力变大时,破坏应变增加,破坏时间缩短,最小蠕变速率变快;加载条件相同时,温度越低,破坏应变越小,破坏时间越长,最小蠕变速率越小;加载频率变化时,最小蠕变速率的变化无明显规律,都在一个量级范围内,当频率变大时,最小蠕变速率略有变小的趋势.频率增加,破坏时间缩短,破坏应变减小.频率小于7Hz时,频率对破坏应变和破坏时间影响较大,而当频率大于7Hz时,随频率加快,破坏时间和破坏应变只略有减小.     

岩体在加,卸荷条件下破坏效应的对比分析

在岩体加、卸荷试验研究的基础上，从应力－应变关系、强度特性、声发射及破坏特征等方面，对岩体在加、卸荷条件下的破坏特性进行对比分析。结果表明：同类型的岩体在相同的主差应力作用下，卸荷产生的扩容量比加荷的更大；卸荷破坏的强度比加荷的更低；卸荷产生的声发射率比加荷的更高；加荷下岩体易呈剪切破坏特征，而卸荷下岩体常呈张剪复合型破坏特征。     

差应力与岩石熔融性状关系的实验研究

为考察不同应力状态下岩石应变与岩石熔融作用的关系,利用英国Instron公司生产的电液伺服实验系统,配以围压和加温系统设计了动、静态不同条件下细粒闪长岩的对比熔融实验,力图找到差应力与岩石熔融程度及其熔体成分的关系。通过岩石动、静态熔融实验结果的对比得出：差应力的存在能够导致细粒闪长岩的熔融,随着差应力（应变速率）的增加,熔体的量增加,熔体成分向富Si、Al方向转变。     

动荷载作用下冻结兰州黄土的动应变幅变化特征研究

采用分级循环正弦荷载模拟车辆振动, 通过动三轴试验对冻土的动应变幅进行了研究. 结果表明: 对于频率为0.1 Hz的前5级加载和频率≥0.5 Hz的各级加载作用下的动应变幅, 可以采用等价应变幅描述每一级动荷载作用下的动应变幅. 存在一个临界频率(约为7 Hz), 当加载频率小于该临界频率时, 等价应变幅变化复杂; 当加载频率大于该临界频率时, 等价应变幅随加载级数基本保持不变. 当加载频率≥0.5 Hz时,不同加载级数下等价应变幅随加载频率的增大而减小. 围压对等价应变幅影响较小; 当频率≤0.5 Hz时, -0.5 ℃条件下的等价应变幅略大于-1.0 ℃条件下的等价应变幅; 当频率>0.5 Hz时, 不同温度下的等价应变幅近似相等.     

CT检测技术在岩石加卸载破坏机理研究中的应用

利用专用的与CT机配套的三轴加载实验设备,采用CT实时试验的手段, 对连续加载试验条件下和卸围压应力作用下砂岩破坏细观机理进行了对比研究. 结果表明, 岩石的卸荷损伤演化破坏具有突发性.     

动荷载作用下冻土温度变化及强度损失探讨

动荷载测温试验发现,初始温度为-6℃的冻土试样,当有循环荷载作用时,随着时间的变化即使外界恒温供冷,其中的温度仍旧会出现上升趋势,并且上升值与加载频率、动应力幅、及试样的干密度、含水率等因素有关.此外,在不同的条件下冻土强度表现出了不同程度的损失.