中国东北和朝鲜半岛地区地壳Lg波宽频带衰减模型

利用1996年10月至2016年10月间发生在中国东北、朝鲜半岛和日本南部的113个壳内地震在602个宽频带地震台站观测到的波形资料,建立Lg波衰减成像数据集.根据22,551条垂直分量波形,计算Lg波振幅谱,提取单台、双台和双事件数据,采用区域Q值、震源函数和台基响应联合反演方法,建立中国东北和朝鲜半岛地区0.05~10.0 Hz的宽频带衰减模型.模型显示火山岩山脉地区如大兴安岭和长白山具有弱衰减特征,沉积盆地衰减相对较强,海水覆盖区域如渤海、黄海和日本海等衰减最强.日本海具有较薄的海洋地壳,对地壳Lg波传播有阻挡作用.通过较大地震事件的跨海记录调查Lg波的传播,强衰减特征最为显著.     

Lg波Q值随震源深度的变化作为地壳本征衰减深度的判据

Lg波的Q_Lg值是描述区域地壳结构及介质衰减特性的重要参数之一,Q_Lg层析成像被广泛应用于地壳衰减结构横向不均匀性的研究中.但是,对Q_Lg在垂直方向上的不均匀性的研究较少.当发现一个地区发生Q_Lg值低时,我们希望进一步了解这种介质衰减深度.本文通过数值模拟合成地震图的方法,通过分析不同震源深度和介质模型计算Q_Lg,判断Lg波发生主要衰减的深度.研究结果显示：（1）当震源深度浅时,上地壳介质衰减对于Lg波Q值的影响明显比下地壳的影响更大.而震源深度深时,两者贡献基本相当;（2）如果上地壳介质衰减强,则随着震源深度的增加,η值逐渐减小;如果下地壳介质衰减强,η值先增大后减小;但如果下地壳存在低速层,则η值持续增大;（3）如果上地壳介质衰减强,则随着震源深度的增加,Q₀逐渐增大;反之如果下地壳介质衰减强,则Q₀逐渐减小.因此,我们可以通过调查某一区域不同深度地震的Lg波衰减规律,来判断这一地区的地壳介质衰减情况.     

基于理论地震图方法的波导结构对 地下核爆炸Lg波传播特性研究

基于频率-波数域算法的理论地震波形图方法, 可以数值模拟频率达到10 Hz、 震中距达1000 km的区域理论地震波形图. 该算法适用于计算大量分层地壳结构中激发的导波Lg波. 本文在前苏联东哈萨克斯坦地下核试验场至我国乌鲁木齐台站间的地球介质速度模型中, 引入速度梯度结构、 速度扰动分布的薄叠加层结构、 降低Q值结构以及速度扰动与Q值变化的综合结构来模拟实际地壳波导结构, 较好地模拟出东哈萨克斯坦地下核爆炸地震在乌鲁木齐台站记录的宽频带地震波形图, 模拟出完整的Lg波序列, 该序列符合Lg波能量分布特征, 且能够解释Lg波波尾的特征. 结果表明, Lg波的形状和峰值结构均依赖于地壳的不同波导结构.      

Response spectral relationships for rock sites derived from the component attenuation model

The seismological model was developed initially from the fundamental relationship between earthquake ground motion properties and the seismic moment generated at the source of the earthquake. Following two decades of continuous seismological research in the United States, seismological models which realistically account for both the source and path effects on the seismic shear waves have been developed and their accuracy rigorously verified (particularly in the long and medium period ranges). An important finding from the seismological research by Atkinson and Boore and their co‐investigators is the similarity of the average frequency characteristics of seismic waves generated at the source between the seemingly very different seismic environments of Eastern and Western North America (ENA and WNA, respectively). A generic definition of the average source properties of earthquakes has therefore been postulated, referred to herein as the generic source model. Further, the generic ‘hard rock’ crustal model which is characteristic of ENA and the generic ‘rock’ crustal model characteristic of WNA have been developed to combine with the generic source model, hence enabling simulations to be made of the important path‐related modifications to ground motions arising from different types of crustal rock materials. It has been found that the anelastic contribution to whole path attenuation is consistent between the ENA and WNA models, for earthquake ground motions (response spectral velocities and displacements) in the near and medium fields, indicating that differences in the ENA and WNA motions arise principally from the other forms of path‐related modifications, namely the mid‐crust amplification and the combined effect of the upper‐crust amplification and attenuation, both of which are significant only for the generic WNA ‘rock’ earthquake ground motions. This paper aims to demonstrate the effective utilization of the latest seismological model, comprising the generic source and crustal models, to develop a response spectral attenuation model for direct engineering applications. The developed attenuation model also comprises a source factor and several crustal (wave‐path modification) component factors, and thus has also been termed herein the component attenuation model (CAM). Generic attenuation relationships in CAM, which embrace both ENA and WNA conditions, have been developed using stochastic simulations. The crustal classification of a region outside North America can be based upon regional seismological and geological information. CAM is particularly useful for areas where local strong motion data are lacking for satisfactory empirical modelling. In the companion paper entitled ‘response spectrum modelling for rock sites in low and moderate seismicity regions combining velocity, displacement and acceleration predictions’, the CAM procedure has been incorporated into a response spectrum model which can be used to effectively define the seismic hazard of bedrock sites in low and moderate seismicity regions. This paper and the companion paper constitute the basis of a long‐term objective of the authors, to develop and effectively utilize the seismological model for engineering applications worldwide.     

不同模型下爆炸源和层裂源的 Lg波特性研究

地下核爆炸区域及远区地震波信号中,有二次源即层裂源的贡献,其对区域震相Lg波具有调制作用.本文利用理论地震图数值模拟方法,分析爆炸源和层裂源在3种典型介质速度模型下的区域震相特征,得到了爆炸源和层裂源所激发的Lg波与介质速度模型的关系,并结合CLVD源所激发的S波随震中距的演化过程,对Lg波的形成机制进行了阐述.结果表明,CLVD源是激发地下核爆炸低频Lg波的主要因素.      

Anelastic structure of the upper mantle beneath the northern Philippine Sea

We investigated the upper mantle anelastic structure beneath the northern Philippine Sea region, including the Izu-Bonin subduction zone and the Shikoku Basin. We used regional waveform data from 69 events in the Pacific and the Philippine Sea slabs, recorded on F-net and J-array network broadband stations in western Japan. Using the S–P phase pair method, we obtained differential attenuation factors, δt^*, which represent the relative whole path Q. We conducted a tomographic inversion using 978 δt^* values to invert for a fine-scale (50–100 km) three-dimensional anelastic structure.

The results shows two high-Q regions (Q_P>1000) which are consistent with the locations of the Pacific and the Philippine Sea slabs. Also there is a low-Q (Q_P110) area extending to the deeper parts (350–400 km) of the model just beneath the old spreading center and the Kinan Seamount Chain in the Shikoku Basin. A small depth dependence of the laterally averaged Q_P was found, with values of 266 (0–250 km), 301 (250–400 km), and 413 (400–500 km).     

宁夏地区Lg波衰减及场地响应特征

本文采用2008—2017年宁夏及邻区内15个数字地震台站记录的131次地震的波形资料,基于地震波衰减与场地响应联合反演方法,分析频率介于1—7 Hz之间的Lg波衰减及场地响应。采用2.2—3.6 km/s的速度窗截取了1 069条Lg波,计算得到Lg波各分量的地震波衰减品质因子Q（ f ）与频率f之间的关系。结果显示:Lg波垂直、东西及南北向各分量的Q₀分别为237.1,201.8及245.9;Q（ f ）对f的依赖性指数分别为0.44,0.52及0.44,该结果与全球其它地震活跃地区的相应研究结果相一致。对Q（ f ）在时间域的分析结果表明,研究时段内该地区地壳介质的衰减属性并未改变,15个台站的最大场地响应幅值不大于6。      

Lower crustal attenuation in northeastern Tibetan Plateau from ML amplitude

This study investigated the crustal attenuation structures of Sg and Lg waves of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. We collected M_L amplitude data recorded at 168 permanent stations between 1985 and 2016 and 11 temporary broadband stations between 2014 and 2016. Detailed Q₀ variation maps of Sg and Lg waves were obtained by applying M_L amplitude tomography. The average Q₀ values of the Sg and Lg wave were 440 and 220, respectively. Relatively high attenuation anomalies of both waves appeared in the central and eastern regions of the Bayan Har Block and the east edge of the Qiangtang Block, which may be related to partial melting, high geotemperature, and strong tectonic processes. High attenuation anomalies were also found in the Qilian Orogenic Belt and Hetao Graben, which may be related to their active tectonic behavior and densely distributed faults. The relatively low attenuation anomalies of both waves were revealed in the Alax and Ordos blocks, Qaidam, Tarim, Qinghai Lake, and Gonghe basins, which can be explained by the tectonically stable properties and ancient composition of geological elements. These results indicate that the path between the highly attenuated lower crust of the Bayan Har Block and the Qilian Orogenic Belt is obstructed by three adjacent low attenuated areas (i.e., the Qilian, Qinghai Lake, and Gonghe basins); thus, it appears unlikely that a crustal flow channel from the interior of the Tibetan Plateau to the Qilian Orogenic Belt will form.     

山东地区中小地震概率预测实践

基于时间相依的地震复发间隔混合概率模型,开展山东地区中、短期尺度上的中小地震的概率预测实践,1年的检验结果显示,3、4级中小地震基本发生在此前给出的地震危险性高概率区。研究认为,该方法在日常地震会商中应用效果较好,并有望为破坏性地震的概率预测提供参考。     

用瑞利波研究新疆塔里木盆地地壳分层结构及QR值

利用新疆塔里木盆地附近喀什和高台地震台所记录到的天然地震面波资料,研究了该地区的地壳结构,并测定了瑞利波Q_R值。 结果表明:塔里木盆地地壳为多层结构,地壳厚度约60公里,其中沉积层厚度约为10公里,是造成塔里木盆地的面波群速度异常低的主要因素。同时,地壳中部有一低速层;长周期瑞利波Q_R值偏低,反映了地震波在该区的地壳下部和上地幔的强衰减。     

云南地区Lg波衰减成像研究

收集了云南省及周边121个固定台站于2014年5月—2019年5月记录到的470次M≥4.0宽频带地震记录,利用反双台法处理了6 976条垂直向波形数据,通过LSQR方法反演得到了云南地区的空间分辨率小于100 km的1 Hz下Lg波衰减成像。反演结果表明,云南地区地壳Lg波的Q₀值介于60—300,整体为低Q₀背景,横向不均匀性变化显著。云南地区低Q₀值的分布特点,反映了Lg波在云南地区衰减强烈。红河断裂西侧Q₀值较低,在50—160之间,东侧Q₀值较高,在120—200之间,分布特征与沉积层厚度分布一致,松散的沉积层可能是造成东侧地区Lg波高衰减的主要原因。云南地区地壳Lg波Q₀值呈现出了与地表热流值分布相似的差异化分布特征,这可能与频繁的地震、长期强烈的构造运动以及深部物质随火山活动上涌有关。      

川滇地区Lg波Q值层析成像

利用云南和四川数字地震观测台网记录的数字化地震资料,开展了川滇地区不同频率的Q_Lg层析成像研究,反演结果的空间分辨率小于100 km.反演结果表明,川滇地区介质的横向不均匀性强烈,Q_Lg高低值差异显著.川滇地区显著的高衰减区有川滇菱形块体的东南边界（即沿鲜水河至安宁河以及思茅—澜沧—普洱区）,滇西北地区、龙门山断裂以西松潘—茂文地区、巴塘及理塘强震区等,Lg波高衰减区的分布与构造活动强烈、强震活动或大震破裂造成介质破碎区、低速区等相关,表明构造活动强烈或大震破裂造成的介质破碎、热物质沿活动断裂上涌等可能是川滇地区低Q_Lg的主要成因.显著的低衰减区有川东盆地、滇东南地区以及金沙江、怒江断裂的中段区域,滇中块体内部也呈现出相对的低衰减特征.Lg波低衰减区与地震活动性弱、速度正异常等相关,表明川滇地区Lg波的低衰减区与地壳变形、地震活动性及水热活动弱、块体稳定等有关.     

Lg波衰减模型中建模误差的定量评估

对Lg波衰减模型中建模误差的统计特征进行了系统研究,并建立了地壳二维Lg波衰减模型。由于Lg波振幅可能受到几何扩散函数的强烈影响,合理评估反演过程的误差对于能否使用最小二乘意义下的反演非常重要。通过在川滇及其邻近地区收集的建模误差样本,使用K-S数值检验方法、Q-Q图和正态分布图形检验方法对Lg波衰减层析成像反演的输入数据中建模误差的分布特征进行了统计分析。采用奇异值分解(SVD)和反投影方法,分别获得了川滇地区的Q_Lg模型,定量计算模型的协方差矩阵和分辨率矩阵,定量评估了Q_Lg模型中每个格点的分辨率和误差。结果表明：在一阶近似条件下建模误差服从正态分布;通过开发的数据筛选程序,可以产生一个接近完美正态分布的数据集;与反投影方法相比,利用SVD方法获得的地壳Q值的分辨率更高;在射线覆盖较好的区域,Q_Lg模型的分辨率达到100 km,相对误差小于3%。     

新疆和周边地区地壳厚度和Vp/Vs比值变化的接收函数约束

我们用修订后的接收函数H-K叠加算法估计了新疆和周边地区90个地震台站下的地壳厚度和波速比Vp/Vs.该地区平均地壳厚度约为52 km,变化范围约为33～79 km.最厚地壳位于西昆仑山的TAG台站,最薄地壳在塔拉斯-费尔干那断层附近的NRN台站.对每个台站的点地壳厚度估计结果进行了线性各向同性变差模型的标准克里金空间...     

山东乳山震群重复地震P波频散衰减特征分析

利用波形互相关方法识别乳山震群中的重复地震,挑选一组在时间上跨越2015年5月22日M_L 5.0地震的重复地震序列（repeating earthquake sequences,RES）,利用测算单台直达P波第一个周期信号频散衰减特性的方法,估算乳山震群震源区介质品质因子,结果显示,不同路径下Q_m值随时间的变化形态基本一致,即此次M_L 5.0地震前Q_m值升高,临震及震后Q_m值下降并恢复至震前水平。同时,通过对震源区近场及远场应力状态的相关性分析,认为此次M_L 5.0地震发生在远场作用下区域构造应力状态调整过程中,与区域构造的介质状态、断层分布、速度结构密切相关。     

南北地震带南段水平向地震动衰减特征

地震动衰减关系作为抗震救灾的重要依据,一直都是现代地震学研究的重点之一.本研究使用南北地震带南段区域2009—2016年共217个地震事件获得随震中距变化的水平向地震动峰值速度(PGV)和地震动峰值加速度(PGA)经验衰减关系,并计算场地响应.研究结果显示PGV衰减关系的拟合效果较PGA更好,两者的距离衰减系数会随事件矩震级增大呈线性减小;相较于大矩震级事件,中矩震级事件在近场可能产生较衰减关系理论值更大的PGV和PGA,同时衰减关系的拟合标准差会随事件矩震级的增大而减小.进行场地响应校正后的PGV和PGA更加符合经验衰减关系,PGA的场地响应影响较PGV更强但两者的趋势一致,并与该区域前人计算得到的地壳Qs值分布对应,表明地壳介质放大或压制地震波振幅和其传递地震波能量的能力是相关联的.本文结果一定程度上揭示了南北地震带南段的地震动强度衰减特征,为未来中国西南部的抗震减灾工作提供了重要的参考.     

利用ML振幅研究地壳横波Q值Ⅱ:Q横向变化特征

利用中国地震年报(1984～2004年)测定M_L所用的54000余条区域地震最大振幅数据,采用二维层析成像方法反演中国大陆地壳介质品质因子Q₀结构.反演结果表明,中国大陆地壳介质品质因子Q₀平均为370,Q₀横向变化量可达±200.在整个研究区解的分辨率能够达到3°×3°,大部分地区能够达到2°×2°.Q₀的变化显示出与地质构造分区相关的特征：低衰减 (高Q₀值) 异常区主要分布在塔里木盆地、四川盆地、鄂尔多斯高原及华南地区,鄂尔多斯高原北部Q₀值最高;高衰减异常区(低Q₀值)主要分布在青藏高原以东的川滇地区、华北平原、渤海湾,最低Q₀值在渤海湾地区,天山、祁连山和汾渭地堑Q₀也呈较低异常变化.总体看来,构造上稳定的克拉通地台的介质品质因子Q₀较高,而构造上活动的地区往往Q₀较低,显现出区域的衰减变化特征与地壳结构和区域构造之间的密切关系.     

QLg tomography in Gujarat,Western India

We propose a novel Lg attenuation tomography model (Q_Lg tomography) for the state of Gujarat, Western India, using earthquake data recorded by the Gujarat Seismic Network, operated by the Institute of Seismological Research in Gandhinagar. The waveform dataset consist of 400 3-component recordings, produced by 60 earthquakes with magnitude (M_L) spanning from 3.6 to 5.1, recorded at 60 seismic stations having epicentral distances spanning between 200 and 500 km. Spectral amplitude decays for Lg wave displacement were obtained by generalized inversion at 17 frequencies spanning between 0.9 and 9 Hz. Lg wave propagation efficiency was measured by Lg/Pn spectral ratio categorizing as efficient ratio ≥6 for 86%, intermediate ratio of 3–6 for 10% and inefficient ratio <3 for 4% paths of total 400 ray paths. The earthquake size and quality of waveform recorded at dense network found sufficient to resolve lateral variation of Q_Lg in Gujarat.Average power-law attenuation relationship obtained for Gujarat as Q_Lg(f) = 234f^0.64, which corresponds to high attenuation in comparison to peninsular India shield region and other several regions around the world. Q_Lg tomography resolves the highly attenuating crust of extremely fractured Saurashtra region and tectonically active Kachchh region. The Gujarat average attenuation is also lying in between them. The low attenuation in Cambay and Narmada rift basins and extremely low attenuation in patch of Surendranagar area is identified. This study is the first attempt and can be utilized as pivotal criteria for scenario hazard assessment, as maximum hazard has been reported in highly attenuating tectonically active Kachchh region and in low attenuating Cambay, Narmada and Surendranagar regions. The site and source terms are also obtained along with the Q_Lg inversion. The estimated site responses are comparable with observed local geological condition and agree with the previously reported site amplifications at the same sites. The source terms are comparable with local magnitude estimated from Network. The M_w (Lg) is nearly equivalent to M_L (GSN) and the slight differences are noted for larger magnitude events.     

利用接收函数方法研究中国东北东南部地区不同构造体的地壳特征

基于我们布设的探测深俯冲的中国东北地震台阵NECsaids台阵和固定地震台长时段的观测记录及NECESSArray流动台阵共计152个台站数据提取得到的33752条P波接收函数,采用H-κ叠加分析和共转换点（CCP）叠加成像等方法进行统一分析处理,并汇集他人接收函数研究结果得到中国东北东南部地区迄今为止最高分辨率的地壳厚度和平均波速比分布图像.对中国东北东南部地区不同构造体的地壳特征综合分析研究表明：研究区不同陆块的地壳属性存在明显差别,张广才岭地块中南部的地壳厚度和波速比与华北克拉通东北缘相当,地壳厚度同地表地形之间显示有明显的正相关关系;松辽地块东南缘地壳最薄、波速比最高,地壳厚度同壳内波速比之间显示出明显的负相关关系;兴凯地块西部地区的地壳结构表现为稍厚的地壳厚度和研究区内最低的壳内波速比,其地壳厚度同壳内波速比之间亦显示出明显的负相关关系;佳木斯地块西南缘在具有"正常"的壳内波速比同时地壳最厚.研究区内的郯庐断裂带北延段在切穿其下Moho面的同时表现出南北分段的特征：北段（44.4°N—47°N）两分支之下的Moho面整体下凹,而南段（41.5°N—43.3°N）两分支之下的Moho面则整体上隆.长白山天池火山下方表现为Moho面下凹沉落及高壳内波速比特征,推测其壳内岩浆囊很可能存在于火山口东北隅至少10 km的范围内.     

Elastic and anelastic anomalies in (Ca,Sr)TiO3 perovskites: Analogue behaviour for silicate perovskites

Values of bulk modulus (K), shear modulus (G) and mechanical quality factor (Q) have been determined for polycrystalline samples across the CaTiO₃ (CST0)–SrTiO₃ (CST100) solid solution by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. Because of similarities with low frequency elastic and anelastic anomalies due to twin wall motion reported in previous studies, a working hypothesis is developed in which dissipation processes are interpreted in terms of twin wall displacements. At high temperatures in CST50 the stability field of the I4/mcm structure is marked by the disappearance of all resonance peaks (superattenuation). This is attributed to anelastic domain wall sliding. At room temperature the I4/mcm phase of CST70 and CST80 has values of G which are lower than those of cubic or orthorhombic phases, and a concomitant drop in Q is interpreted as implying that the domain wall pinning process reported elsewhere to occur below 400–450 K is only partial. A similar drop in G and Q was found in CST95 below the transition at 238 K. The I4/mcm ↔ Pbcm transition in CST70 at 230 K is marked by an abrupt increase in Q, suggesting that mobile twins in crystals with the I4/mcm structure become effectively immobile in antiferroelectric crystals with the Pbcm structure. The I4/mcm ↔ Pnma transition in CST50 is marked by a similarly abrupt increase in Q, consistent with twin walls becoming effectively immobile also in crystals with the Pnma structure. A fall in Q below 800 K in CST0, however, could imply that a degree of twin wall mobility might develop in Pnma crystals if the tetragonal spontaneous strain departs significantly from zero. The remarkable attenuation behaviour of crystals with the I4/mcm structure at the relatively low stress conditions which apply during resonances of a parallelepiped with edge dimensions of 2–4 mm, is consistent with the view that a characteristic signature for tetragonal CaSiO₃ in the Earth's lower mantle should be a marked attenuation of seismic waves.