The FCC-Regulation of the marine radio service

The regulation of the national marine radio service is performed by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This paper discusses the evolution of the Commission, the impact of national and international factors on regulatory matters, and the administration processes which describe the procedures for promulgating rules and regulations. The competitive pressures for the available radio spectrum, effects of existing precedents, and the impact of new technology on the rule making process is described with particular emphasis on automated VHF radiotelephone systems being developed for maritime use. The introduction of this service is considered in terms of the problems posed vis-a-vis compatibility requirements, signaling techniques, frequency utilization, impact on existing stations, and system considerations.     

Radiophysical investigations of sea roughness (radiooceanography) at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences

Experiments on the scattering of radio waves in the range 200 m to 3 cm from a rough sea surface are described. Amplitude, frequency, and space-time characteristics of scattered radio signals at different states of the sea surface are presented. It is shown that the problem of the short and medium wave scattering from the sea can be solved by the perturbance method. In this case the mechanism of scattering is of "resonant" character. The intensity of the backscatter signals is proportional to the density of the spatial spectrum on the half-length of the radio waves. The high frequency radio wave scattering is well described by a two-scale model of the scattering surface, "ripple on the large wave." The intensity of scattered radio signals is also proportional to the spectrum density of "ripples" whose length is approximately equal to half a radio wave. The effect of the large waves is to modulate the amplitude of a scattered radio signal and to broaden its frequency spectrum. Methods of solution of the reverse problem were considered. This allowed determination of parameters of sea roughness by characteristics of scattered radio signals. The principles of design of the corresponding equipment are described.     

HF radar data quality requirements for wave measurement

HF radar wave measurements are presented focussing on theoretical limitations, and thus radar operating parameters, and quality control requirements to ensure robust measurements across a range of sea states. Data from three radar deployments, off the west coast of Norway, Celtic Sea and Liverpool Bay using two different radar systems, WERA and Pisces, and different radio frequency ranges, are used to demonstrate the wave measurement capability of HF radar and to illustrate the points made. Aspects of the measurements that require further improvements are identified. These include modifications to the underlying theory particularly in high sea states, identification and removal of ships and interference from the radar signals before wave processing and/or intelligent partitioning to remove these from the wave spectrum. The need to match the radio frequency to the expected wave peak frequency and waveheight range, with lower radio frequencies performing better at higher waveheights and lower peak frequencies and vice versa, is demonstrated. For operations across a wide range of oceanographic conditions a radar able to operate at more than one frequency is recommended for robust wave measurement. Careful quality control is needed to ensure accurate wave measurements.     

The US freedom of navigation program preserving the law of the sea

The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea prescribed extensive rules of behavior for the international community in the oceanic regime. Some of the most important provisions of the Convention are those regarding the freedom of navigation and overflight in various maritime zones, i.e. territorial seas, international straits, archipelagos, exclusive economic zones and the high seas.While most coastal nations are complying with the navigation and overflight provisos of the Convention, some are not. Where excessive maritime claims exist, the US has evolved an ambitious Freedom of Navigation (FON) Program which challenges these excessive claims. This Program was initiated under the Carter Administration in 1979 and has continued, unabated, ever since.As the international community prepares for the day when the 1982 Convention becomes universally-recognized international law, there are likely to be periodic excessive maritime claims. In cases where the Convention's dispute settlement provisos fail to resolve excessive claims, the community of nations may find it useful to use the US FON Program as an example for the enforcement of maritime rules.     

Maritime satellite requirements and utilization

The basic purpose of this paper is to identify the potential requirements for maritime satellite communication and position fixing as it relates to both present and future operational systems (e.g., MARISAT, INMARSAT, etc.). Particular emphasis is given to the need for position fixing and ship terminal equipment utilization in national waters, as well as other major aspects. Present MARISAT operation and industry evaluation activities are briefly discussed, highlighting a few major programs and some of the potential benefit area thus far generally identified by the users of MARISAT. A comparison is made between satellite communication and the existing MF/HF system, including direct-printing radio telegraph (marine radio telex). From various standpoints, it appears that maritime satellite systems are more desirable than conventional (nontelex) marine telegraph/telephone. In addition, the improved performance, capability, and potential of satellites could outweigh the slightly lower annual traffic and equipment cost for HF marine telex.     

Asia and IMO technical cooperation

Asia is an important maritime region and plays a key role in international shipping. However, its countries vary significantly in terms of maritime infrastructure, management and resources, and needs external assistance to overcome obstacles to meet global technical requirements and standards. This paper discusses the assistance provided by the International Maritime Organization in support of the efforts of developing countries to strengthen the reliability and performance of their maritime activities.     

The Portuguese maritime spatial plan

Numerous national governments and supranational organizations such as the OSPAR Commission, the European Union and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) have underlined the importance of maritime spatial planning (MSP) for balancing and solving conflicts between the needs of different sectors and conservation in the marine space. In the last decade, many maritime spatial plans have been developed around the world. The drivers to develop these plans and the approaches to find solutions for the particular problems differ significantly. The Portuguese national marine jurisdiction is one of the largest in Europe. For the continental part, a maritime spatial plan was initiated in 2009, and entered in 2010 in the final stage of approval. One of the driving forces for this MSP initiative was the claim to extend its continental shelf. The development process was led by a multidisciplinary team. Despite the challenges, the existing as well as potential future marine resources and activities were characterized, mapped and categorized. To overcome conflicts resulting from the many overlapping uses and to assure sustainable development of all sectors, a conflict analysis and evaluation of potential future uses were necessary. The applied zoning scheme represented an exercise of conflict solving and proved to be a powerful tool to promote discussion and participation among stakeholders. The successful implementation of Portuguese MSP will rely largely on its ability to provide efficient management, financial and legal mechanisms to achieve the integration of all strategies and spaces under the Portuguese maritime jurisdiction.     

Maritime security in Indonesia: Towards a comprehensive agenda?

Against the backdrop of Indonesian President Widodo's expressed intention to turn his country in to a maritime nation again, this article examines the way in which the Indonesian state understands and utilises the concept of maritime security. The article achieves this aim by discussing the results of a Training Needs Analysis of key Indonesian state maritime security actors, conducted as part of the first phase of a multi-stakeholder project examining how Indonesia's maritime security capacity can be improved.The article illustrates how key maritime actors within the Indonesian state demonstrate a diverse understanding of what maritime security is, and argues that there is a demonstrable willingness on their part to look beyond a narrow conceptualisation of security in the maritime domain, which is solely focused on military threats and the defence of the state, towards something more comprehensive. Here the Indonesian approach to maritime security mirrors in practice conceptual trends encapsulated in the emergence of maritime security studies. The article concludes that there is the potential for a more comprehensive maritime security agenda to take hold in Indonesia but that this will require continued strategic and policy focus on the maritime domain within the country, alongside an emphasis on partnership building both within the state and between the state and non-state actors.Consistent dialogue around how maritime security is conceptualised would be helpful in supporting these two conditions the article posits, elaborating the value of the human security lens for those interested in a more comprehensive approach to maritime security.     

Forecasting geopolitical risks: Oceans as source of instability

The publication of reports on geo-political risks in the world sponsored by intelligence agencies, university institutes and think tanks are valuable instruments in societies that are being increasingly exposed to the effects of globalisation. Although all express mention of geo-political risks of a maritime nature is absent from these documents, it is an interesting exercise to determine: i) Which geo-political risks or threats have a maritime dimension or imply derivations whose occurrence may be linked to maritime space? ii) Which processes or tendencies in the use, occupation and governance of maritime space can fall into the category of geo-political risk? The basic aim is to address the forms that instability and geo-political risks take in the ocean world. If the risks stated in the chosen literature are examined from the maritime perspective, it is possible to perceive ‘secondary’ risks whose size and reach can become major contingencies for international stability. They therefore should not be ignored in the prognosis and evaluation of geo-political risks. In as much as societies' political organisation continues to rest on the nation-State, the dominance of the maritime component in the territorial basis is a permanent source of tensions and conflicts. In parallel with this, the displacement of economic expectations and the supply of traditional and new resources to the marine environment broadens the spectrum of risks and threats.     

The strength of Malaysian maritime cluster: The development of maritime policy

A comprehensive maritime industry policy that can be adequately monitored to achieve a competitive advantage is important. The Malaysian maritime industry comprises multifaceted sectors that are governed by fragmented governmental agencies. In this research, we investigated the Malaysian maritime industry cluster comprising three main sectors: Shipping, Ship Industry, Ports and Terminals. The Strength Indicator Model has been developed to reveals the maritime industry cluster. We find that the Competitions, Locations, Connections, Government and Chances factors affect the capability of the Malaysian maritime industry cluster. The result of this study will give a framework for Regulatory bodies and the various stakeholders to support the Malaysia maritime industry progressing toward a more competitive and sustainable development of the industry with the aim to become the developed maritime nation.     

船舶航行安全信息可视化关键技术研究

针对当前NAVTEX和EGC接收机无法实现船舶航行安全信息可视化的问题,提出一种基于电子海图显示与信息系统的船舶航行安全信息可视化方法,研究并解决涉及的若干关键技术。经实践应用表明,该方法可有效解决报文信息存在的效能低、标绘难、非图形化显示等弊端,同时可推动海岸电台进一步发展基于新型通信手段的海上安全信息播发业务。     

Estimation of Wind Wave Frequency Spectra by Use of the Arcsine Law

In the present study,the surface elevation of wind waves oberved in laboratory and in the Bohai Sea are adopted for the estimation of the wind wave frequency spectrum by use of the method of the arcsine law(MAL).The traditional method uses the surface elevation to calculate the correlation and then estimate the frequency spectrum while the MAL,presented by Yu and Lan(1979),uses the time sequence of zero-crossing points of surface elevation rather than directly the surface elevation to calculate the correlation.66 sets of wind wave data obtained in laboratory and 420 sets of data observed in the Bohai Sea are adopted for the examination of the method introduced by Yu and Lan.Results show that the MAL can give reliable estimation of wind wave spectra.Correlation and form of spectra estimated by the MAL are similar to those estimated by the traditional method.The peak frequency and the spectral density in peak frequency by the MAL are close to those obtained by the traditional method.     

海洋雷达探测技术综述

通过简要回顾半个世纪以来海洋雷达技术发展历程的特点和规律,结合海洋雷达技术发展现状,介绍海洋雷达涉及的关键技术并进行应用场景分析。总结我国海洋雷达技术近30 a来的发展及其与国际水平的主要差距,提出"十三五"期间我国海洋雷达技术优先发展项目的建议,即超视距雷达广域海洋监测技术、浮动/机动平台高分辨率海洋雷达技术、新体制微波海洋雷达技术以及海洋雷达数据管理与应用技术等。     

Navies — the decisions ahead

This article introduces a new feature in MARINE POLICY. The aim of the series is to present the views of specialists on questions of maritime strategy and naval policy. Future articles will focus on three broad areas: the major political and technical issues involved in framing future naval strategy; analyses of individual states' strategic outlooks and naval procurement policies; and surveys of the arenas of potential maritime conflict. Professor Peter Nailor of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, UK, begins the series with a wide-ranging consideration of the issues confronting naval powers in the development of future maritime strategy and defence policies.     

Measuring the maritime economy: Spain in the European Atlantic Arc

Despite the importance of the socio-economic dimension of the use of marine waters, there has been little research in the field until recently, when interest has grown in the concept of ‘blue growth'. This paper aims to contribute to filling this gap with a socio-economic assessment of the main maritime sectors, focused on the Spanish part of the European Atlantic Arc. To this end, it first proposes a theoretical structure for the maritime economy and then collects and classifies comparable and reliable maritime socio-economic indicators. The data obtained allows us to assess the size of the Spanish maritime sector and the position of the Spanish Maritime Cluster in the wider context of the maritime economy of the European Atlantic, as well as discuss the appropriateness of a strategy of forming clusters at the national level vs. a transnational approach. The results indicate differences between regions in the European Atlantic Arc that complicate the development of integrated policies to stimulate blue growth. Extending our knowledge of the maritime economy of the European Atlantic Arc will make it possible to design strategies that address the real issues, increasing the likelihood of these being effective.     

Anomalous Decimeter Radio Noise from the Region of the Atmospheric Front: II. On the Nonthermal Mechanism of UHF Noise

The intensity and spectrum of nonthermal radiation from a cloud of oppositely charged drops as a possible explanation for the anomalous UHF radio noise originating from frontal clouds have been considered. It has been shown that the noise intensity is determined by the dimensions of charged particles and the particle electrification rate, which must equal 0.1–0.3 C/s km³. The radiation spectrum in the UHF range strongly depends on the resistance of microdischarge channels between drops. The frequency dependence of the radiation agrees with experimental data if R ≤ 377 Ω, i.e., if oscillations of the discharge current appear.     

Training for marine planners: Present and future needs

Marine planning presents considerable new challenges and opportunities for those responsible for managing the marine environment. In the UK, the Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) provides a statutory framework for marine planning and has created a new administration responsible for its implementation. If marine planning is to be effective and achieve its stated goals it will require a pool of trained individuals who will be responsible for or will participate in marine planning. Based on data gathered during the development and delivery of an intensive professional course and a masters level programme, this paper explores the key elements of education and training required by marine planners. These include a knowledge of planning processes and national and international laws and conventions; an understanding of how marine plans can integrate with existing terrestrial and coastal plans and other management requirements; and an understanding of the marine and maritime environment, including the human activities and natural features. It concludes with a discussion of the different roles individuals may play in the planning process and thus their different training needs.     

国际海洋划界技术发展与探讨

国际海洋划界的地理环境复杂，涉及学科多，既有法律问题也有技术方法问题。适用于海域划界的国际法原则有多种，在这些海域划界原则指手下涉及了多种因素，并形成了多种划界方法，这样必将使划界工作变得异常复杂。GIS、决策支持系统等技术的应用将在国际海洋划界的管理方面提供强有力的支持，并成为重要的决策工具。     

The Spanish approach to marine spatial planning. Marine Strategy Framework Directive vs. EU Integrated Maritime Policy

The coming into effect of the Directive 2008/56/EC (Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD)) will induce European Union member States to create mechanisms for managing maritime space in order to comply with the goals set out in this binding legislation. This leads one to think that marine spatial planning in various countries in the EU will be directed at complying with the Directive's environmental goals, as is the case in Spain, rather than undertaking proactive planning for developing the maritime sectors. To put the case of Spain into perspective, a review is conducted of the initiatives taken, especially in Europe and the European Union, exploring the correlations between the main focuses of the maritime sectors and the planning systems. The analysis of the Spanish initiative demonstrates how the maritime economy model and geopolitical factors explain the planning options for the marine environment. In other respects, with the coming into effect of the MSFD, a dual institutional course for marine spatial planning seems to be opening up in the EU: Integrated Maritime Policy vs. the Marine Strategy Framework Directive.     

面向海洋综合观测的一种新型安全警戒浮标

面向未来海洋综合观测网络的建设需求,本文提出一种新型安全警戒浮标方案,介绍了其结构组成、关键系统及设计特点,并针对浮标的工作模式框架进行了分析.该警戒浮标立足于国家海域管理和海洋防务能力的建设,为未来海洋立体化监测的建设提供参考.