黄土高原红粘土与黄土古土壤粒度特征对比--红粘土风成成因的新证据

对黄土高原具有代表意义四个剖面的晚第三纪红粘土样品进行了粒度分析,并将结果与典型风成黄土古土壤样品的粒度特征进行详细对比,得到红粘土是风成成因的沉积学证据。结果表明,黄土高原红粘土与其上覆第四纪古土壤形成环境相似,红粘土是在相对于黄土堆积搬运风动力变幅小的条件下沉积的,在沉积之后受到较强的风化成壤改造作用。     

Aeolian origin and palaeoclimatic implications of the ‘red clay’ (north China) as evidenced by grain‐size distribution

The ‘Red Clay’ is an important deposit underlying the Quaternary loess–palaeosol sequence in the Chinese Loess Plateau, being regarded as an excellent record of palaeoclimate changes in the late Tertiary. Several properties of the ‘Red Clay’ have been measured previously in order to derive climatic information. However, the sedimentary processes involved and the origin of the materials remain controversial. Here we present results of grain‐size analyses of the ‘Red Clay’ from four representative sites in the Chinese Loess Plateau. In particular their grain‐size distribution is compared with that of typical Quaternary aeolian loess–palaeosol, as well as lacustrine and fluvial sediments. It appears from the sedimentological evidence that the major part of the ‘Red Clay’ is of aeolian origin. It is rather similar in some of its properties to the Quaternary loessic palaeosols. The dust forming the ‘Red Clay’ was transported by a wind system that was weaker than that involved in the accretion of the Quaternary loess. Furthermore, the ‘Red Clay’ sediment has been modified by post‐depositional weathering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Palaeoclimatic inferences from upper Palaeozoic siltstone of the Earp Formation and equivalents, Arizona-New Mexico (USA)

The Late Palaeozoic configuration of Pangaea contributed to a palaeoclimatic extreme that was characterized by both icehouse and monsoonal conditions. This study uses sedimentological, geochemical, and provenance data from silty facies of the Earp and equivalent Supai Formations (Arizona, New Mexico) to shed light on atmospheric circulation and glacial–interglacial climate change in westernmost equatorial Pangaea. Five silt‐rich facies comprise both loessite and marine and fluvially reworked loessite. An initial aeolian origin for the silt is indicated by the remarkably invariant grain size and the laterally continuous, sheet‐like geometry of beds. The silt‐rich facies occur in repetitive facies associations (1–20 m scale) that form mixed continental‐marine (loess, marine‐reworked loess), shallow‐marine, and continental (loess, palaeosol) ‘sequences’. Facies repetitions of both mixed continental‐marine and shallow‐marine sequences reflect a linked glacioeustatic–glacioclimatic control, whereas the continental (loess–palaeosol) couplets reflect a primary glacial–interglacial climatic cyclicity linked to glacioeustasy. Stratigraphic interpretations suggest that aeolian silt flux maximized during glacial to incipient interglacial stages (lowstand to early transgression), and decreased significantly or ceased during interglacials (highstand to early falling stage). Detrital‐zircon geochronological data indicate a transition from dominantly north‐easterly winds during the Middle Pennsylvanian to north‐westerly and south‐easterly winds by the Early Permian, which trend is inferred to reflect the onset of monsoonal circulation in western Pangaea. Relative grain‐size data support the detrital‐zircon data, and exhibit a significant decrease from the Sedona arch/Central Arizona shelf (north) to the Pedregosa basin (south) sections. Whole‐rock geochemical data suggest a relatively unweathered source for the silt in the north, and detrital‐zircon data indicate significant silt was derived from the local basement. These large piles of silt(stone) preserve valuable information for reconstructing both long‐term evolution in atmospheric circulation and short‐term fluctuations in glacial–interglacial climate. Many such indicators for long have been applied to ‘recent’ (Plio‐Pleistocene) loess, but are equally applicable to ‘deep‐time’ strata.     

泾川晚第三纪红粘土的磁性地层及其与灵台剖面的对比

本文对甘肃泾川的一套325m厚的黄土-红粘土序列进行了沉积学和磁性地层学研 究。泾川剖面红粘土序列的粘度特征表明,其与上覆黄土一样同为风成成因。古地磁测量结果确定该剖面的底界年龄约为8．0MaB．P．。根据野外观察,可以将泾川剖面红粘土序列从顶到底划分为6套地层。与泾川剖面相比,灵台红粘土序列保存了上部的5套地层。泾川和灵台两个红粘土剖面的地层对比表明,中国北方晚中新世以来的红粘土沉积是基本连续的。     

Origins and genesis of loess deposits in central Spain,as indicated by heavy mineral compositions and grain‐size variability

The formation of loess deposits strongly depends on the availability of deflatable dust‐sized material. Identification of source areas and mechanisms of dust production is essential for an appropriate characterization of related palaeoenvironmental conditions. So far, little research has been done on loess deposits in the Mediterranean region and information about mechanisms of dust production is very rare. In this context, it is not clear from where the loess deposits from the upper Tagus Basin in central Spain originated. The main objective of this study was to find out whether these loess deposits were formed primarily by mountain processes and fluvial comminution, or whether they have their origin in the weathering of Tertiary marls in the centre of the Madrid Basin. A further concern was to link the determined source areas with loess formation mechanisms and concomitant environmental contexts. Following a comprehensive approach using heavy minerals and grain‐size data, together with information on stratigraphic features and geomorphic positions, different local loess sources could be identified. This study shows that during the last 35 kyr a major proportion of the Tagus loess deposits was deflated from river floodplains, while the mountain region of the Iberian Range was identified as a significant source of respective floodplain sediments. Based on heavy mineral compositions and dating results, it was found that during Heinrich Stadial 3, sediment supply from the Iberian Range strongly increased, suggesting an environmental shift from initially warmer towards colder temperatures in late Marine Isotope Stage 3. Furthermore, it was found that grain‐size patterns clearly indicate maximum wind strengths during Heinrich Stadial 3, followed by Heinrich Stadial 2 and Heinrich Stadial 1. These results demonstrate that the formation of dust‐sized particles in this part of the Mediterranean operated similar to many other places in temperate and continental regions, and that weathering processes linked to hot and dry environments were only of minor importance.     

黄土高原晚上新世红粘土粒度的空间变化

对黄土高原由北到南 6个地点的晚上新世红粘土样品进行了常规粒度测量和化学提取的石英样的粒度测量。红粘土全样和石英样的平均粒径由偏北到南逐渐变细,粗颗粒含量也逐渐减少,表明红粘土可能是由偏北低空风而不是高空风搬运而来的。 3.6～ 2.6MaBP红粘土粒度与其上覆风成黄土粒度的空间变化具有可比性,但变化幅度较小.     

Æolian dust deposition rates, particle-sizes and contributions to soils along a transect in semi-arid New South Wales, Australia

The entrainment, transport and deposition of æolian dust are important processes affecting soil development at the margins of deserts. To assess accurately the impact of deposited æolian dust on soil development, it is important not only to measure total dust deposition rates, but to distinguish additions of remotely and regionally sourced dust from locally derived material as well (which should not be viewed as new soil material as it is derived from æolian re‐mobilization of an existing soil). Because of the well‐established relationship between dust particle‐size and distance travelled from source, the particle‐size distribution of deposited dusts can be used to identify the distance to probable source regions, in addition to identifying matching topsoil particle populations. Three dust traps were located along a transect of semi‐arid south‐eastern Australia, to measure æolian dust deposition rates between late 2000 and late 2001. The particle‐size distributions of selected dust deposits were measured and, with the aid of meteorological data, probable dust source regions determined. Particle‐size distributions of the topsoils at each dust trap location were also measured to determine if any dust and soil particle populations matched. Although the sampling period was relatively short, and there was relatively little dust storm activity in this part of Australia during this time, a clear pattern of diminishing total dust deposition was measured downwind along the south‐east dust path. Dust deposition rates were also moderate to low by global standards. Source regions of deposited dust were interpreted as being: (i) a combination of south‐western and local sources; (ii) a combination of north‐western and local sources; and (iii) a mixed source where dust was rained‐out. The relative importance of these sources was correlated strongly with seasonal weather conditions, although the proportion of local dust in each deposit was greater at the arid (western) end of the transect. The effects of deposited dust on soil profile development are greatest at the western and central transect locations. At the western location, a fine‐grained particle population distinctive of the south‐western and north‐western regional dusts and a coarse silt‐sized particle population characteristic of local dusts, are also present in the topsoil, altering the texture of this Arenosol derived from dune sand. At the central location, where a Calcisol has formed in lacustrine lunette sediment, local dust of the same size as the dominant silt population of the topsoil continues to be deposited, while minor topsoil populations of very fine‐grained silt match regional and long‐distance dusts deposited at the site. Deposited dust appears to have been a less important soil development factor at the more humid eastern site because of the much smaller rates of dust deposition there. Nevertheless, a minor population of very fine silt particles in the Vertisol topsoil matches long‐distance dusts deposited at the site, suggesting a small input of dust to this alluvial soil. The particle‐size methodology used here has applications in other studies of dust contributions to peri‐desert soils. In particular, particle‐size distribution ‘smoothness’ may provide an indication of whether soils have simple or complex origins.     

Geochemical and mineralogical evidence for Sahara and Sahel dust additions to Quaternary soils on Lanzarote,eastern Canary Islands,Spain

Africa is the most important source of dust in the world today, and dust storms are frequent on the nearby Canary Islands. Previous workers have inferred that the Sahara is the most important source of dust to Canary Islands soils, with little contribution from the Sahel region. Soils overlying a late Quaternary basalt flow on Lanzarote, Canary Islands, contain, in addition to volcanic minerals, quartz and mica, exotic to the island’s bedrock. Kaolinite in the soils also likely has an exotic origin. Trace‐element geochemistry shows that the soils are derived from varying proportions of locally derived basalt and African dust. Major‐element geochemistry, clay mineralogy and interpretation of satellite imagery suggest that dust additions to the Canary Islands come not only from the Sahara Desert, but also from the Sahel region.     

陇东新近纪红粘土与第四纪黄土地球化学特征及其物源和风化指示意义

甘肃省平凉市灵台县邵寨镇剖面风尘堆积底界年龄大约为5.23 Ma B.P.,通过对该剖面新近纪红粘土与第四纪黄土-古土壤序列的常量元素、 微量元素、Nd同位素的测试,分析其在物源和风化方面的指示意义,发现新近纪红粘土与第四纪黄土具有相似的常量、 微量元素UCC标准化曲线和稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线,指示二者皆来自广阔的...     

Aeolian origin of the red earth in southeast China

A clay‐like deposit known as ‘red earth’ is widely distributed over the terraces and high lands of the Yangtze River valley in southeast China. Its typical pedo‐stratigraphical features have attracted the interest of pedologists and geologists for many years, although its origin is still debated. Here we report an analyses of the grain‐size distributions, rare‐earth element (REE) patterns and upper continental crust (UCC)‐normalised major elemental composition of the red earth and compare them with those of the loess and other aeolian deposits in northern China. The results show that the red earth in southeast China has two or three end‐member grain‐size distributions, similar to the sedimentary characteristics and geochemical composition of aeolian deposits found in northern China. Together with other evidence from field observations, these results suggest that the red earth is probably of aeolian origin. On the basis of these data, we suggest that thick aeolian dusts were also deposited in the wet subtropics and that the effect of the winter monsoonal winds upon the dust transport in eastern China was more important than previously believed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

成都平原区成都粘土的粒度特征及其成因意义

对成都平原区内5个代表性的第四系剖面上的成都粘土进行了系统的粒度分析。结果表明,成都粘土以粉砂颗粒（5～50μm）为主,平均粒径约为7．1—7．3φ（7．4—6．6μm）,缺少粗尾,〉63μm颗粒的含量很少,以细颗粒物质为主,呈双峰分布。其粒度分布及粒度参数特征与北方黄土及甘孜黄土非常相似,而与河流相沉积物有很大差异,表明成都粘土属于风成堆积。根据光释光测年（OSL）结果,成都平原区的成都粘土是晚更新世中期至晚期末次冰期堆积物,其物质主体是远源的。     

黄土高原黄土和太平洋沉积物 Nd，Sr 同位素变化的比较

东亚季风环流引起的风尘物质的搬运和堆积，形成了我国的黄土高原。最近几年发表了一些对太平洋沉积物 Nd和 Sr同位素的研究结果(Asahara,1999；Asahara 等，1995；Pettke 等，2000)。由于亚洲大陆是太平洋沉积物中风尘物质的主要来源之一，所以将黄土高原研究结果和太平洋沉积物的研究结果相比较，可以得出一些有益的结论。探讨黄土的源区，采用全岩样品进行 Sr 同位素研究不适合。对黄土样品进行了一系列酸淋洗实验（盛雪芬等，2000；Yang 等，200结果证明，选用弱醋酸淋洗，可以有效地去除黄土和古土壤中的方解石，而对白云石、粘土矿物和长石等结构的破坏程度可以忽略。本次研究的灵台剖面位于黄土土高原中部甘肃省平凉地区灵台县以南约13 km 的五星塬任家坡村，它是迄今为止在黄土高原发现的厚度最大的记录最完整的风尘堆积序列之一，其最早时代可达7.8 Ma B P。灵台剖面古土壤酸不溶物的87Sr/86Sr一般高于黄土的87Sr/86Sr。此次测试的黄土、古土壤和红粘土样品分粒级实验（杨杰东等，2005）显示，小于2μm的细颗粒部分具有最高的87Sr/86Sr，而其他颗粒部分的87Sr/86Sr均较低。因此，黄土高原剖面的87Sr/86Sr与小于2μm颗粒部分的比例，或与粘土矿物的含量有关，因为在小于m的细颗粒部分中主要是粘土矿物（图。     

东天山喀尔里克山北坡淖毛湖盆地土壤粒度分布特征及成因

对东天山喀尔里克山北坡-淖毛湖盆地不同类型土壤的粒度进行分析.结果表明:研究区土壤主要由粉粒和砂粒组成,从喀尔里克山北坡、中部地区到淖毛湖盆地,土壤粒度平均值逐渐变大,颗粒分选性差,偏度多属极正偏或正偏,峰态集中在宽、中等和窄3个等级,表明其成土母质较粗、来源相对复杂.土壤的粒度参数Mz、σ、SK和KG值很好地表征了不同土地类型和植被类型及盖度对土壤粒度特征的影响.土壤粒度分维值呈现出随海拔降低逐渐减小的趋势,并且分维值与粘粒含量呈正相关关系.喀尔里克山北坡土壤中粘粒的含量高于中部地区和淖毛湖盆地的土壤,反映出不同地区土壤母质来源和沉积环境的差异.不同地带土壤概率累积曲线的空间变化及综合参数特征表现出地形和气候对颗粒运动形式有一定影响,并且不同地区土壤在成因上既有区别又有联系.     

黄土高原红粘土成因及上新世北方干旱化问题

本文通过对黄土高原第三纪红粘土的野外观察，以及沉积学和地球化学分析，得到能证明红粘土为风成沉积的新证据。另外，佳县红粘土沉积的土壤学特征表明，上新世时期的东亚夏季风强度总体强于第四纪。     

浦东新区“硬土层”的沉积物特征和成因

在浦东新区高层建筑主要桩基持力层之一的暗绿色和褐黄色硬土层系统勘察的基础上,运用沉积学的研究方法和地层对比研究,对硬土层的沉积特征作一剖析。认为该硬土层为末次冰期干冷气候条件下风成黄土沉积物经过次生变化作用演变而成。     

上海地区晚更新世晚期暗绿色硬土层风积黄土成因说

上海地区全新世沉积物之下,埋藏着一层暗绿色、黄褐色硬质粘土层,它一直被认为是全新统的基底而被作为划分全新统与更新统的重要标志层。本文认为该硬土层为晚玉木冰期晚期沉积的风尘物质经次生变化而形成;是长江三角洲西部下蜀黄土在东部平原的延续。     

黄土高原黄土和红粘土~(10)Be地球化学特征

充分认识元素和同位素在不同环境条件下的地球化学行为,是运用元素和同位素示踪环境变化的前提。对来自于黄土高原的黄土、古土壤和红粘土样品的宇宙成因核素10Be测量和化学成分分析,以及各种化学淋溶实验表明：10Be主要以吸附状态赋存于粉尘沉积物粘粒矿物的表面,部分已结合进自生的粘土矿物中;在粉尘沉积物风化过程中10BC与9Be和Al的活动性相似,基本没有发生迁移,其原因是连续沉积的粉尘含有大量的碱性物质,阻止了10Be的解吸附和淋滤;沉积和风化作用导致了10Be浓度与化学指标在黄土－古土壤和红粘土剖面中的协同变化。     

灵台黄土-红粘土序列的磁性地层及粒度记录

甘肃灵台县任家坡黄土－红粘土剖面的磁性地层学研究表明;中国北方连续的风成堆积可下推到705MdB．P。第三纪红粘土的粒度组成从上到下变化很小,与黄土－古土壤序列的粒度大幅度变化形成强烈的反差,意味着晚第三纪时期的气候总体上要比第四纪时期稳定。在705～2．6MaB．P．的红粘土沉积中,可分出的110～115个土壤B层与钙质结核层的组合,初步表明在这个时期有约110～115次气候旋回。     

长江中下游地区第四纪红土磁学特征及其环境意义

通过采集长江中下游湖南长沙(CS)、岳阳(HN)、江西南昌(NC)、新余(XY)和浙江金华高村(GC)5个剖面不同层位的红土样品,对其粒度和多种磁学参数进行测量和分析,探讨了红土剖面随深度变化的成土作用强弱以及多磁学参数在揭示我国南方红土第四纪气候演化信息的价值。结果表明:①粒度分析显示,红黄土交接带(约28°~31°N)的CS、HN、NC、GC 4个剖面的红土粒度与北方黄土和下蜀黄土有很好的可比性,具有明显的风成特性;位置更偏南的XY剖面红土颗粒较粗,10~50 μm粒组富集不明显,具有典型的冲积相特征。②各红土剖面的多磁学参数分析表明,成土过程中产生的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿和赤铁矿是红土磁性的主要载体。③同一红土剖面内,不同沉积结构的磁性矿物含量和组成具有很大差异。下部网纹红土中赤铁矿的含量较高,磁赤铁矿的含量较上覆均质红土或黄棕色土低,揭示了网纹红土形成于中国南方一个极端湿润期,长期剧烈的水分活动导致均质红土中磁赤铁矿的溶解和铁质的流失,同时较强的成土作用使强磁性的磁赤铁矿向弱磁性的赤铁矿转化,从而导致网纹红土的磁化率比上覆均质红土或黄棕色土低了一个数量级。④具有冲积相特征的XY剖面磁学特征与其他风尘成因红土(特别是NC剖面)差异甚大,可能成为它具有不同物质来源的一个佐证。     

Luminescence sensitivities of quartz grains from eolian deposits in northern China and their implications for provenance

The thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivities of quartz grains from deserts and loess–red clay sequences are used to trace eolian provenances in northern China. Our results indicate that the 110°C TL peak and OSL sensitivities of quartz grains show differences among Chinese deserts, which can be subdivided into four groups according to the spatial variations of luminescence sensitivities. Such differences are related mostly to the regional difference in rock types of mountains surrounding or adjacent to the deserts. We also examine the possible provenance changes between the Quaternary loess and the Tertiary eolian red clay, and the results indicate that the luminescence sensitivity of Tertiary red clay is higher than that of Quaternary loess (L1, L15, and L33), implying source materials of the eolian deposits changed relative to those of the Quaternary.