硼同位素及其地质应用研究

硼的两个稳定同位素（10B 和11B）相对质量差较大,因此,硼同位 素分馏较显著。由于分析测量技术方面的改进和创新, 硼同位素地球化学近年来有了长足 的发展。业已查明,自然界中δ11B值变化为 －37‰～+58‰。其中,较负的 δ11B值见于非海相蒸发硼酸盐矿物和某些电气石,而较正的δ11B值见 于某些盐湖卤水和蒸发海水。现代大洋水的δ11B值十分恒定 (+39,5‰)。原始 地幔的δ11B值估测为－10‰±2‰。陨石的δ11B值很不均一,变化 可达90‰。而月岩的δ11B值变化较小（－6‰～+4‰）。由于硼同位素存在大的 分馏和不同地质体中截然不同的δ11B值,硼同位素地质应用范围十分广泛。目 前,硼同位素在研究星云形成过程和宇宙事件,壳-幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程,判别沉积 环境,研究矿床成因,示踪古海洋和古气候条件,和判断环境污染源区等方面的研究中成效显著。     

西藏错那洞电气石花岗岩中电气石化学组成、硼同位素特征及意义

为了对西藏错那洞电气石花岗岩源区进一步约束,利用显微镜、电子探针和激光剥蚀多接收等离子质谱仪,对错那洞电气石花岗岩中电气石的形态、成分及硼同位素组成进行了研究.结果表明,错那洞电气石花岗岩中的电气石为碱族黑/铁电气石,直接结晶自富硼熔体,与熔体之间未发生明显的硼同位素分馏.电气石δ11B值主要在-6.91‰^-9.17‰之间,与大陆地壳平均δ11B值(-10‰±3‰)相近,表明错那洞电气石花岗岩主要源自变质沉积岩的部分熔融.然而,与起源于变质沉积岩的花岗岩相比,样品的δ11B值明显偏高,而与前人报道的雅拉香波淡色花岗岩(源自石榴石角闪岩部分熔融)的δ11B值相似.因此,错那洞电气石花岗岩源区中,除了变质沉积岩外,可能还混入了少量石榴石角闪岩.     

辽东宽甸地区硼酸盐矿床成矿时代的限定：来自SHRIMP锆石U Pb年代学和硼同位素地球化学的制约

辽宁宽甸地区砖庙硼矿区的硼矿体呈层状或透镜状赋存于古元古代辽河群里尔峪组火山—沉积建造下部的蛇纹石化大理岩之中。本研究对矿区内外的伟晶岩和变粒岩中的电气石进行了LA-MC-ICP-MS硼同位素微区原位测试,分析了矿床成因;同时对栾家沟矿段矿体上盘含电气石变粒岩和斜长角闪岩进行了SHRIMP锆石U-Pb定年,探讨了成矿时代。得到以下数据和认识:1矿区伟晶岩中电气石的δ11 B为10.9‰~12.7‰,变粒岩中电气石的δ11B为5.7‰~7.6‰,矿区外伟晶岩中电气石的δ11B为-9.9‰~-9.2‰,变粒岩中电气石的δ11 B为-8.3‰~-5.9‰。硼同位素组成往外降低的现象说明,围岩及侵位其中的伟晶岩的B同位素组成均受硼矿床影响,硼矿可能是海相蒸发沉积成因;2含电气石变粒岩核部岩浆锆石的207 Pb/206 Pb加权平均年龄为2174±10Ma,代表了辽吉裂谷早期的火山喷发时代,亦大致代表了初始的含硼蒸发岩的沉积时代上限,根据硼同位素研究结果,可将宽甸地区硼矿的初始沉积成矿时代限定在2.17Ga;3斜长角闪岩重结晶锆石207 Pb/206 Pb加权平均年龄为1869±28Ma,代表了吕梁运动所引起的区域构造热事件和混合岩化作用的时间。     

湘南上堡花岗岩中电气石LA-MC-ICPMS原位微区硼同位素分析及地质意义

电气石的LA—MC—ICPMS原位微区硼同位素分析方法是最近几年新兴的一种高效经济的硼同位素分析方法。对上堡晚白垩世含电气石二云母花岗岩的电气石进行LA—MC—ICPMS原位微区的硼同位素研究发现,其具有非常均一的¨B／mB比值（3．9908～3．9979）~H万¨B值（加权平均为（一12．86＋0．19）‰）。结合区域地质资料以及其他已有的硼同位素资料,提出上堡花岗岩中硼来源于沉积岩,可能的源区是邻近花岗岩体的石炭一二叠系的沉积地层或深埋在地壳中的沉积物质。在晚白垩世,华南处于伸展的背景中,幔源岩浆的底侵带来的巨大的热源使地壳中的沉积物质发生熔融,形成强过铝质的花岗质浆,在岩浆演化的晚期形成电气石。     

哀牢山构造带两侧上志留统-下泥盆统碎屑锆石年代学:物源及其构造意义

哀牢山古特提斯洋的打开时限及其缝合带的具体位置对理解哀牢山古特提斯洋构造演化具有非常重要的意义。本文采用碎屑锆石年代学方法,分析了哀牢山构造带及其两侧不同时期沉积物源的特征及其变化,解译了其物源差别所指示的哀牢山古特提斯洋盆打开时限以及缝合带的构造位置。碎屑锆石年代学显示,哀牢山构造带两侧上志留统碎屑锆石都记录一个~450 Ma的最年轻的峰值和一个格林威尔期造山事件的年龄群(1100~800 Ma),以及一个2600~2400 Ma的次峰;不同于上志留统,构造带东侧下泥盆统碎屑锆石并未出现年轻的~450 Ma峰值年龄信息,西侧U-Pb年龄分布模式与上志留统一致,记录~450 Ma峰值年龄信息,而且构造带两侧下泥盆统碎屑锆石的2600~2400 Ma的峰值明显要强于上志留统。区域上发表的碎屑锆石年代学资料,也揭示相同的年龄峰值。因此,综合区域上的其他地质资料,我们认为哀牢山古特提斯洋盆的打开时限应该在晚志留世-早泥盆世,哀牢山断裂带代表了哀牢山洋盆闭合的位置。     

壳-幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程中的硼同位素示踪

硼同位素是近年来发展起来的一门新兴的稳定同位素地球化学方法。硼有两个稳定同位素 :10 B和11B。硼同位素组成自然界变化十分大 ,δ11B值为 - 37‰～ +58‰。对地幔岩石的硼同位素研究表明 ,原始地幔的δ11B值为 - 10‰± 2‰ ,B的质量分数估算为 (0 2 5± 0 1)×10 -6。相对而言 ,地壳岩石的B含量和δ11B值均较高。由于壳、幔岩石具有不同的B含量和δ11B值 ,硼同位素已被广泛应用于研究壳幔演化和板块俯冲作用过程 ,用于示踪俯冲板块中大洋沉积物和蚀变洋壳在地幔中的循环。     

南盘江盆地中三叠统碎屑锆石地质年代学:物源及其地质意义

南盘江盆地的物源及其构造性质至今尚未取得较为一致的认识。目前主要的观点认为其物源主要来自盆地东南面的云开大山地区,盆地的性质为古太平洋板块俯冲所形成的前陆盆地。本文采用碎屑锆石年代学方法,首次报道该盆地中三叠统碎屑锆石年龄组成,分析了该盆地的沉积物源,并基于物源分析探讨了成盆机制和板块间动力学关系。该盆地中三叠统碎屑锆石年龄组成最主要的特征性的年龄分布在320～250Ma之间,此区间内存在280Ma和250Ma两个峰值。通过与相邻各块体锆石年龄谱对比,本研究认为:(1)南盘江盆地的主要物源区应为古特提斯北缘(华南一侧)的石炭-二叠纪岩浆弧,SongMa构造带可能是三叠纪的缝合线,而不是因Sibumasu板块增生到印支板块而导致的板内活化带;(2)该盆地三叠纪时为古特提斯闭合在华南形成的前陆盆地,与古特提斯沿SongMa带向北俯冲闭合有关,前人认为的南盘江盆地形成于古太平洋板块向西北俯冲作用的观点值得商榷。     

滇西点苍山变质地体三叠纪至侏罗纪沉积岩碎屑锆石源区信息及构造指示

前人通过滇西三江带内岩浆记录精细刻画了古特提斯洋分支洋——哀牢山洋的形成及演化历史,然而区域沉积记录是如何响应哀牢山洋俯冲及闭合过程的,目前仍未得到深入研究。我们通过对哀牢山构造带北段点苍山变质杂岩内三叠纪至侏罗纪3件沉积岩样品中255颗碎屑锆石进行U-Pb定年、微量元素及Hf同位素分析,结合区域已有研究,恢复哀牢山洋末期演化的区域沉积响应。结果表明,变质砂岩DC1801、片岩DC1703和碳酸盐岩DC1702中最年轻岩浆锆石群加权平均年龄分别为~180 Ma、~247 Ma和~254 Ma,结合其接触关系以及区域地层对比,约束其最大沉积年龄分别为侏罗纪早期(DC1801)和三叠纪早期(DC1702和DC1703)。不同时期碎屑沉积岩物源分析表明三叠纪碎屑沉积岩(DC1703)主要源自哀牢山构造带内部近源的多期岩浆物质(~0.8 Ga、~0.45 Ga和~0.25 Ga)、冈瓦纳裂解前印度大陆内部多期再循环的格林威尔晚期(~0.95 Ga)和泛非期(~0.6 Ga)岩浆物质贡献。侏罗纪碎屑沉积岩(DC1801)物质主要源自思茅地块内部印支期岩浆活动,而~0.45 Ga、~0.8 Ga和~0.95 Ga等时期的碎屑物质贡献比例明显降低。同一沉积盆地同时代碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩中碎屑锆石结构大体相似,但碳酸盐岩中代表多期循环的远源物质的年龄所占比例却降低。点苍山碎屑沉积岩锆石Hf同位素组成随时间变化证实了哀牢山洋闭合时间为~247 Ma,而在点苍山变质地体南段发育的海相碳酸盐岩与陆源碎屑岩(片岩)的沉积组合记录了哀牢山洋末期演化至闭合过程。碎屑锆石Eu/Eu^*异常揭示了区域地壳自~247 Ma哀牢山洋闭合至~235 Ma的加厚过程,三叠纪至侏罗纪碎屑沉积物源的转化可能与哀牢山洋闭合引发的沉积区抬升有关。     

中条山地区铜矿峪斑岩铜钼矿床电气石硼同位素特征

硼同位素由于其稳定性,可以作为很好的源区示踪工具。本次采用LA-MC-ICP-MS方法对铜矿峪变斑岩型铜钼矿床绢英岩化带中的电气石硼同位素进行了原位测试。获得δ11 B值为-21.1‰~1.1‰,数据分布显示为相对富轻硼的(-16‰~-14‰)和相对富重硼的(-1.5‰~1.5‰)两个峰值。结合前人硼同位素储库比对分析,铜矿峪铜钼矿床显示了大陆热液系统的硼同位素组成特征。铜矿峪铜钼矿床富轻硼的峰值特征很可能由火山岩围岩提供。相对富重硼峰值很可能是铜矿峪成矿花岗闪长斑岩和花岗闪长岩提供。铜矿峪铜钼矿床的电气石硼同位素特征相对于其他斑岩型铜矿床及IOCG矿床明显更富集轻硼,显示了该矿床成矿中有大量陆壳的硼加入。     

华北克拉通大青山-集宁地区古元古代变质沉积岩的锆石氧同位素组成:SHRIMP微区原位分析

在已获得锆石U-Pb年龄基础上,我们首次对孔兹岩带典型出露区大青山和集宁土贵乌拉地区古元古代变质沉积岩进行了锆石SHRIMP氧同位素研究。锆石具有复杂的内部结构和年龄分布。大青山地区古元古代早期变质沉积岩4个样品碎屑锆石的δ18O为5.52‰~7.11‰,部分重结晶锆石的δ18O为7.22‰~7.90‰,变质新生锆石的δ18O为6.37‰~8.31‰。大青山地区古元古代晚期变质沉积岩2个样品的锆石O同位素组成特征与古元古代早期的类似,另外2个样品的锆石O同位素组成与之不同,碎屑锆石、部分重结晶锆石和变质新生锆石的δ18O分别为6.26‰~10.80‰、9.00‰~11.20‰和9.66‰~11.90‰。集宁土贵乌拉地区古元古代晚期超高温变质沉积岩4个样品不存在碎屑锆石,变质锆石的δ18O变化范围为11.41‰~13.57‰。主要认识如下:1)大青山地区碎屑沉积物主要来自新太古代晚期-古元古代早期成熟度不高的TTG花岗质岩石物源区,与之相比,集宁土贵乌拉地区古元古代晚期超高温岩石的变质原岩成熟度更高;2)不同类型变质沉积岩变质新生锆石的δ18O和变质新生锆石与碎屑锆石的Δ18O存在明显区别,主要反映了岩石体系和变质流体的O同位素组成不同;3)大青山地区高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质沉积岩,重结晶锆石的O同位素完全重置,但U-Th-Pb体系未完全重置,集宁土贵乌拉地区超高温变质沉积岩的重结晶锆石O和U-Th-Pb同位素体系都完全重置。变质作用强度不同是主要原因。     

Non-destructive infrared analyses: a method for provenance analyses of sandstones

Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is commonly applied in the laboratory for mineral analyses in addition to XRD. Because such technical efforts are time and cost consuming, we present an infrared-based mobile method for non-destructive mineral and provenance analyses of sandstones. IR spectroscopy is based on activating chemical bonds. By irradiating a mineral mixture, special bonds are activated to vibrate depending on the bond energy (resonance vibration). Accordingly, the energy of the IR spectrum will be reduced thereby generating an absorption spectrum. The positions of the absorption maxima within the spectral region indicate the type of the bonds and in many cases identify minerals containing these bonds. The non-destructive reflection spectroscopy operates in the near infrared region (NIR) and can detect all common clay minerals as well as sulfates, hydroxides and carbonates. The spectra produced have been interpreted by computer using digital mineral libraries that have been especially collected for sandstones. The comparison of all results with XRD, RFA and interpretations of thin sections demonstrates impressively the accuracy and reliability of this method. Not only are different minerals detectable, but also differently ordered kaolinites and varieties of illites can be identified by the shape and size of the absorption bands. Especially clay minerals and their varieties in combination with their relative contents form the characteristic spectra of sandstones. Other components such as limonite, hematite and amorphous silica also influence the spectra. Sandstones, similar in colour and texture, often can be identified by their characteristic reflectance spectra. Reference libraries with more than 60 spectra of important German sandstones have been created to enable entirely computerized interpretations and identifications of these dimension stones. The analysis of infrared spectroscopy results is demonstrated with examples of different sandstones used as dimension stones. All analyses have been done with the “portable infrared mineral analyser” (PIMA) of Integrated Spectronics Pty Ltd. at the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe in Berlin. This spectrometer has been designed to be light, portable and easy to handle. Investigations can be performed without any sample preparation for complete buildings as well as at small samples with diameters up to about one centimeter. Analyses of pulverized samples and granules are also possible. Consequently, infrared reflectance spectroscopy provides a reliable working, non-destructive technique to identify and characterize sandstones used for buildings and monuments.     

Decline curve analyses revisited

Empiricaldecline curve forecasts of future production rates and cumulative production to be expected from certain classes of petroleum reservoirs has been a methodology practiced and relied on by petroleum geologists for many years. New ways to consider the subject are described in this paper. Thereby it is seen that these forecasts sometimes can be made even when some of the record of the past performance history is sparse (say, because it has been lost, or never recorded).SI Units D, D _i initial reference production rate,s ^–1 - n dimensionless constant [cf. Eq. (1)] - N cumulative production, m³ - Q, Q _i production rate att and initially, m³/s - R dimensionless time variable [cf. Eq. (9)] - t time, s     

Geometric interpretation of regional strain analyses

Tectonic hypotheses such as crustal shortening or large-scale diapirism in ancient orogens may be tested by reconstructing the original geometry of that deformed surface which coincides with the present topography. This task is readily accomplished if the rotational total strain is known at a sufficient number of closely spaced outcrops. Once the original geometry of a regional topographic surface has been determined, one may readily compare the length of horizontal lines through identical end points on the deformed and undeformed surfaces, and thus test the possibility of crustal shortening or large-scale diapirism. Unfortunately, natural indicators of rigid-body rotation are rarely found throughout metamorphic terrains. Given only the irrotational total strain at all points on a mega-surface through a heterogeneously deformed crustal segment, it is generally impossible to restore the predeformational configuration of that surface. This impossibility hampers the tectonic interpretation of structural data obtained throughout areas of low topographic relief, even including extensive regions in older mountain belts. The same difficulty is encountered in studies of major folds and other large structures situated in terrain with limited local relief.The problem may be solved qualitatively in orogenic regions that feature periodic structures whose paleokinematics is well understood. Here it may be possible to determine whether the present horizontal line across an orogen is a direction of overal shortening. A general understanding of periodic major structures may be gained by studying the superposition of deformation features, caused by successive incremental strains, at critical locations. Alternatively, the natural strain pattern of major structures may be understood with the aid of comparable deformation patterns on suitably oriented surfaces through tectonic models. Natural strain patterns of major structures with orthorhombic symmetry, like canoe-shaped folds, are more diagnostic than those of cylindrical structures.     

Real system analyses/natural analogues

This paper gives an overview of the behaviour of U in two natural systems, the Forsmark site (a granitic system) in Sweden and the Ruprechtov site (a Tertiary sedimentary system) in the Czech Republic, which have been investigated in the frame of the FUNMIG project. It is not a full review paper on U geochemistry. It shows how different approaches and methods have been used to derive information on U solubility and speciation, on characteristics of key processes as well as on timescales of these processes and accordingly information on the long-term stability of U phases in the natural systems. The results are set in a wider context by relation to selected results from other sites.     

Probabilistic geotechnical analyses for offshore facilities

Society requires increasingly that the hazard and risk associated with engineered constructions be quantified. The current paper presents geotechnical hazard assessment in the context of a risk framework. Concepts of uncertainties, reliability, safety and risk are briefly reviewed. The use of the approach is exemplified for offshore facilities, including piled foundations, jack-up structures, gravity foundations and underwater slopes. The applications demonstrate that probabilistic analyses complement the conventional deterministic safety factor and deformation-based analyses, and contribute to achieving a safe and optimum design. The probabilistic approach adds value to the results with a modest additional effort. The conclusions emphasize the usefulness of a risk assessment, the importance of engineering judgement in the assessment and the need for involving multi-disciplinary competences to achieve reliable estimates of hazard and risk. The profession can only gain by implementing probabilistic-based thinking and risk-based approaches more systematically than before.     

Probabilistic analyses of tunneling-induced ground movements

Tunneling-induced ground movements are investigated in this paper using both deterministic and probabilistic analyses. The deterministic model is based on three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations using the commercial code FLAC^3D. This model attempts to reproduce some major phenomena during a typical slurry-shield tunnel excavation (ground movements due to the applied face pressure, the overcutting, the shield conicity, the annular void behind the shield, and the grout injection in this void). Moreover, the model provides useful information about the nature and magnitude of the soil movements at the ground surface. A probabilistic study is then undertaken in order to evaluate the impact of the variability of several input variables on the ground movements. An efficient probabilistic method called CSRSM is used to assess this uncertainty propagation. In a last section, the output variables of the model are linked to failure criteria. This allows one to determine probabilities of failure, depending on the probabilistic properties of the input variables and on the admissible threshold of each criterion.     

Chemical analyses of ten stony meteorites

A group of stony meteorites, mainly unequilibrated chondrites ( and , 1965), has been analysed chemically. The chemical analyses of ten meteorites are given in this paper. Detailed studies of the petrology and mineralogy of these meteorites are in progress.     

Strain-path analyses for arbitrary three-dimensional penetrometers

A numerical technique has been implemented to perform strain path analyses for arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) penetrometers. The technique is based on that developed in aeronautical engineering for the calculation of incompressible potential flows about arbitrary 3D, non-lifting bodies. It uses a source-density distribution on the surface of the body and solves for the distribution necessary to make the normal component of fluid velocity zero on the boundary. The surface of a 3D body is approximated by a series of plane quadrilaterals, and the integral equation for the source density is replaced by a set of linear algebraic equations which are then solved for the source densities on the quadrilaterals. The displacements and strains are eventually derived based on these source densities. A series of strain-path analyses have been performed for cone and flat dilatometer penetrations. Results show that the soil responses to these two types of penetrometers are fundamentally different.