黏粒含量对粉土液化后特性影响的试验研究

设计了分析粉土液化后单调荷载下剪切强度的三轴试验。对粉土施加动荷载使其发生液化后,在不排水条件下施加单调静荷载,直至土体达到强度稳定停止试验。试验结果表明,不同初始有效固结压力、初始孔隙比对液化后土体不排水剪切强度影响较大;液化后粉土表现出明显的剪胀特性,颗粒结构重组,孔压在不排水条件下逐渐消散,土体强度则逐渐增加并最终趋于某一稳定值;剪切强度与初始有效固结压力呈线性关系;孔隙比越小,其液化后剪切强度越大。     

河流沉积相土层结构对砂土液化的影响研究

目前相关规范主要依据工程场地单点的测试数据进行砂土液化判别,而实际的三维土层结构可能非常复杂。研究土层结构对砂土液化的影响机制,有利于提高砂土液化判别结果准确度。分析2008 年5 月28 日发生的松原M_S地震和2010—2011 年新西兰坎特伯雷地震序列中砂土液化点的分布,结果显示:砂土液化点主要位于高弯度河流的沉积相地层,凹岸侧蚀、凸岸沉积形成的边滩具有典型的二元结构,其顶部分布的黏土类不透水层有利于下伏饱和粉细砂等易液化土层的超孔隙水压累积;而辫状河流沉积相中,上覆黏土类不透水层间断分布特征明显。针对河流不同沉积相的土层结构建立简化场地模型,使用FLAC3D 进行砂土液化数值模拟,揭示出不同土层结构中超孔隙水压力的累积、消散和渗流过程机制,结果表明,河流沉积相土层结构对砂土液化场点的分布和地表变形具有显著影响。在合理的工程地质分区基础上,现有的液化判别方法有必要考虑场地的土层结构的影响。      

包括震后固结沉降在内的多层结构物基础抗震性分析

以一多层框架结构停车场的地基基础为研究对象,分析其在将来可能发生大地震中的动力特性。除地基可能出现的液化,还包括地震中的瞬时沉降及地震后地基长期固结沉降,尤其是不均匀沉降。采用水土耦合2维有限元分析法,对研究领域的地基基础及上部结构进行整体建模。计算中采用的地震波为一三连动人工地震波,最大加速度为182gal,主震持续150s。为比较不同的基础形式对地基液化和沉降的影响,对采用长桩和密集型短柱两种基础形式做分析比较。有限元计算中,采用能反映其地层土交变移动特性的弹塑性本构模型来描述土的动力学特性,桩基础和上部框架结构采用梁单元模型,密集型短柱基础采用弹性单元模型。结果表明,除地震中地基的液化,震后随着超孔隙水压的消散,地基基础长期不均匀沉降也是不可忽略的重要问题。     

波浪作用下可液化海床最大液化深度

较大的风浪会使海床发生液化,波浪引起的海床液化问题是海岸及近海工程必须考虑的关键问题之一.基于Biot固结理论,同时考虑了振荡孔隙水压力和残余孔隙水压力的液化准则,作者推出了波浪作用下可液化海床最大液化深度的解析表达式.同时分别采用解析表达式和FLAC数值模拟求解了相应的例子,两者得出的液化深度均和例子的基本相等.且从FLAC的结果可看出,加载波浪力时孔隙水压力开始累积,土体有效应力逐渐下降,当有效应力降到零时,海床土层液化,海床土颗粒重组后下沉压实,之后残余孔隙水压力开始消散,土层有效应力逐渐恢复.最后还就不同波高、波长和水深进行了解析解和数值解的对比,两者得出的结果比较吻合,并能较好地反映海床液化深度变化规律.     

包裹碎石桩加固的砂土液化机理试验研究

通过分别开展包裹碎石桩加固、碎石桩加固以及未加固的饱和砂土液化振动台试验,对比分析不同加固类型下的抗液化性能,重点剖析包裹碎石桩加固的砂土液化机理。试验表明:振动加载过程中,包裹碎石桩始终保持桩体的完整性与良好的排水性能且其加固模型地基的总沉降量相较于未加固模型地基减少了50%,相较于碎石桩加固模型地基减少了31.8%。包裹碎石桩加固模型排出水量较未加固模型地基提高了33.3%,较碎石桩加固模型地基提高了16.6%;包裹碎石桩加固模型地基的超静孔压值下降显著且地基下层砂土出现未液化的现象;并进一步发现包裹碎石桩的排水加固作用沿土层竖向深度呈递增趋势。因此,可以发现包裹碎石桩加固砂土液化的抗震性能优于碎石桩。     

2005年江西九江—瑞昌M_S5.7地震破裂参数及余震静态应力触发研究

根据地震破裂过程中的多普勒效应,利用多台波谱参数推算九江-瑞昌Ms5.7地震的震源破裂参数,得到主震的破裂方位角ψ0≈319.6°,破裂速度约为2.3 km/s,用最小二乘法拟合的相关系数极值约为0.80.在此基础上,分别计算了主震在4.8级强余震的两个节面上的静态库仑应力变化量,结果显示:主震在4.8级余震节面Ⅰ、Ⅱ上的静态库仑应力变化均为正值,分别为0.48 MPa和0.02 MPa.主震在节面Ⅰ、Ⅱ上产生的静态库仑应力的变化十分接近.应力增加的区域主要位于主震断层的右侧,应力减小的区域主要分布在震中南部.统计显示:绝大部分余震均发生在静态库仑应力增加的区域内,尤其是在节面Ⅰ上,表明主震破裂产生的库仑破裂应力变化对4.8级余震的发生有重要的触发作用,同时也有利于大多数余震的发生.     

轮胎加筋砂垫层抗液化性能振动台试验研究

将废弃橡胶轮胎内填充散体材料形成加筋土结构,已被应用于地基、挡土墙和边坡加固等工程,表现出较好的减震隔振效果,而轮胎加筋土的抗液化性能尚缺乏研究。开展3组小型振动台试验,通过改变轮胎垫层的排水条件,验证轮胎加筋砂垫层的抗液化效果。结果表明:轮胎加筋砂垫层具有良好的抗液化效果,与刚性垫层相比,超静孔压比峰值差值范围在0.01~0.19,残余超静孔压比差值范围在0.08~0.16,轮胎加筋砂垫层提供的排水通道具有抑制超静孔隙水压力发展和加速超静孔隙水消散的作用,孔隙水会沿着轮胎与下部土体的界面以及胎间的排水通道排出;采用量测侧向动土压力的方法,定义土体液化程度量化指标,进一步验证轮胎加筋砂垫层抗液化效果;振动过程中轮胎加筋垫层表面沉降范围为11.3~15.7 mm,表现出较好的变形协调性能。     

中国大陆中强地震余震序列的部分统计特征

依据1970年以来记录相对完整的294次50级以上地震序列资料,研究中国大陆中强地震余震序列统计特征,探讨序列类型、最大余震震级、强余震活动持续时间等与主震震级及主震断层性质之间的关系.中国大陆孤立型、主余型及多震型地震余震序列分别约占23%、59%及18%.其中走滑型、具有倾滑分量的走滑型、具有走滑分量的倾滑型及逆冲型分别占48%、24%、17%及11%. 余震序列1年内最大余震震级与主震震级正相关,但主震震级较低时相对离散,孤立型序列离散程度较高,主余型及多震型序列线性相关性较好.绝大多数序列最大余震均发生在震后200天内,少数具有晚期强余震的序列主要属主余型序列,孤立型及多震型序列通常没有晚期强余震发生.68%的序列1年内最大余震发生在震后10天内,77%发生在震后30天之内,95%发生在震后120天之内.序列最大余震发生时间及5、6级强余震活动持续时间与序列类型及主震震级大小有关,多震型序列最大余震发生最快,孤立型次之、主余型最长.若仅就主余型序列而言,当主震震级较高时最大余震与主震间时间间隔相对较短,主震震级较低时最大余震与主震间时间间隔相对较长.     

饱和砂土液化特性的振动台试验研究

基于地震模拟振动台试验,配制3组不同平均粒径和3组不同细粒含量的6个砂土模型,通过埋置于砂土内部的传感器监测模型内部不同位置的超孔隙水压力等指标,分析砂土模型内部的超孔隙水压力时程曲线及孔压比时程曲线,归纳出地震波加载峰值、砂土平均粒径、细粒含量及埋置深度等因素对饱和砂土液化特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着地震波加载峰值的增大,砂土模型液化程度逐渐增大,液化势逐渐增大,抗液化强度逐渐减小;随着砂土埋置深度的增加,砂土细粒含量的增加,砂土平均粒径的增加,砂土模型液化程度逐渐减小,液化势逐渐减小,其抗液化强度逐渐增大。同时,试验结果还表明,砂土液化各影响因素对砂土液化的影响程度依次为地震波强度＞砂土埋置深度＞砂土平均粒径、细粒含量。试验结果可为后续数值模拟的参数选取提供支持,为研究其他因素对砂土液化的影响提供参考。     

含弱渗透性覆盖层饱和砂土地震液化特性研究

针对含弱渗透性覆盖层的饱和砂土地基进行一组离心机振动台试验,并采用OpenSees对试验模型进行数值模拟。通过模型试验与数值模拟结果对比讨论OpenSees对于饱和砂土地基地震液化模拟的精度;采用水平方向的Arias强度表示传入某一位置的地震动强度,并以液化时水平方向Arias强度作为该土层的抗液化强度;采用OpenSees计算不同地震动输入时饱和砂土的反应,以此检验Arias强度作为抗液化强度的准确性。结果表明,引起饱和砂土液化所需要的地震动强度随深度增加而增加;当传入的地震强度达到砂土发生液化所需要的地震强度时,该层砂土将会发生液化。     

兰德斯地震断层面及其附近余震产生的位移场研究

根据兰德斯(Landers)地震断层面及其附近余震目录计算这些余震产生的位移场, 并与根据兰德斯地震破裂面滑动分布计算的主震产生的位移场进行对比. 结果表明, 断层面及其附近余震产生位移场的方向与主震大体一致, 余震破裂总体来看是继承性的. 余震产生的位移场达厘米量级, 足可以被GPS观测所捕获. 在利用地震震后随时间变化位移场研究地球粘性结构、 地震震后滑动分布等地球物理问题时, 扣除余震产生的位移场可以最大限度地减小反演结果的不确定性, 得到符合实际的结果.      

Study of the correlations between main shocks and aftershocks and aftershock synthesis method

To consider the influence of aftershocks in engineering design, the correlations between main shocks and aftershocks should be examined, and an aftershock simulation method with main shock ground motions needs to be developed. In this study, the data on the sequences of main shock-aftershock ground motions and other related parameters were collected. Using these data, correlations between the magnitude, frequency, duration and energy of the main shock-aftershock ground motions were investigated. The results showed that the magnitude of the aftershock can be larger than that of the main shock. The shapes of the Fourier amplitude spectra of main shocks and aftershocks were similar; however, the predominant frequency and high-frequency components of the aftershock tended to be larger. Considering the magnitude difference between the main shock and the aftershock, the correlation of durations was explored. Additionally, a new concept, the duration ratio, was defined to describe the concentration of seismic energy release, and main shock energy was strongly positively correlated with the energy attenuated during the main shock-aftershock sequence. Finally, based on these results regarding correlation, an aftershock synthesis using recorded main shock ground motions was constructed with the trigonometric series method for seismic design, and some examples are given to analyze the rationality of this synthetic method.

     

Analysis of the 1997 Zirkuh (Ghean-Birjand) aftershock sequence in east-central Iran

IntroductionThesouthernpartofKhorasanProvinceineast-centralIranisoneoftheseismicallyactiveregionsintheMiddleeast.Historicalreportsindicatedseveralearthquakeshavecausedseveredestructionsandhumanlossinthisregionduringthepastcenturies(Ambraseys,Melville,1982).Theinstrumentallyrecordedearthquakesaswellastheexistenceofseveralactivefaultsalsosug-gestedthattheregionhadahighpotentialofseismicactivities.OnMay10,1997at07:57:29.6GMT,12:27:29.6localtime,ashallowdestructiveearthquakewithoutanyfeltfores…     

考虑主余震作用下的核岛厂房结构易损性研究

一次强震常伴随着多次余震作用,且时间间隔较短.研究表明,主震诱发的系列余震会对原有结构造成进一步的累积损伤.核岛厂房结构作为核反应堆的最后一道防线,其在服役期间可能遭受主震和余震的累积作用.参考我国现行规范,定义了四类性能水准(PL)和三种极限状态(LS),以混凝土最大应变作为结构破坏指数(DI),以谱加速度Sa作为地...     

Study on displacement field generated by aftershocks in Landers earthquake fault zone and its adjacent areas

Introduction The displacement field produced by earthquake can be measured on the Earth surface. The displacement field variation with time can be used to study lots of geodynamics parameters such as the Earth′s viscosity structure (Nur and Mavko, 1974; Sun et al, 1994; Deng et al, 1998), after-slip distribution (Shen et al, 1994; Reilinger et al, 2000), etc. Furthermore, earthquake also pro-duces lots of aftershocks, which have nearly the same focal mechanism as the main shock (e.g. Hard…     

Wavelet‐based simulation of spectrum‐compatible aftershock accelerograms

In damage‐based seismic design it is desirable to account for the ability of aftershocks to cause further damage to an already damaged structure due to the main shock. Availability of recorded or simulated aftershock accelerograms is a critical component in the non‐linear time‐history analyses required for this purpose, and simulation of realistic accelerograms is therefore going to be the need of the profession for a long time to come. This paper attempts wavelet‐based simulation of aftershock accelerograms for two scenarios. In the first scenario, recorded main shock and aftershock accelerograms are available along with the pseudo‐spectral acceleration (PSA) spectrum of the anticipated main shock motion, and an accelerogram has been simulated for the anticipated aftershock motion such that it incorporates temporal features of the recorded aftershock accelerogram. In the second scenario, a recorded main shock accelerogram is available along with the PSA spectrum of the anticipated main shock motion and PSA spectrum and strong motion duration of the anticipated aftershock motion. Here, the accelerogram for the anticipated aftershock motion has been simulated assuming that temporal features of the main shock accelerogram are replicated in the aftershock accelerograms at the same site. The proposed algorithms have been illustrated with the help of the main shock and aftershock accelerograms recorded for the 1999 Chi–Chi earthquake. It has been shown that the proposed algorithm for the second scenario leads to useful results even when the main shock and aftershock accelerograms do not share the same temporal features, as long as strong motion duration of the anticipated aftershock motion is properly estimated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Centrifuge modeling of the seismic responses of sand deposits with an intra-silt layer

Three dynamic centrifuge model tests were conducted at an acceleration of 80g to simulate the seismic responses of level sand deposits: an intra-silt layer was embedded in two of these sand deposits at different depths. The effects of a low-permeability intra-silt layer on the build-up and dissipation of excess pore-water pressure, surface settlement, and the related liquefaction mechanism were investigated. An intra-silt layer modifies the seismic response of the sand deposit, reduces the extent of liquefaction, and thus decreases surface settlement. The depth of the intra-silt layer is one of the factors influencing the seismic responses of the sand deposits. The magnitude of the surface settlement is proportional to the degree of liquefaction in the sand deposit. The high positive hydraulic gradients appearing in both the intra-silt layer and in the sand deposit lying on the intra-silt layer can break a thinner or weaker top layer and result in sand boiling. Our visual animation of the ratio of the excess pore-water pressure and the lateral displacement revealed that the liquefaction front travels upward during shaking and the solidification front travels upward after shaking.     

1970年通海7.7级大地震强余震触发

1970年1月5日云南通海发生了M_S7.7地震, 震后发生了多次M_S＞5.0的强余震。 文中计算了1970年通海7.7级大地震后, 主震分别在5次强余震破裂面上诱发的库仑破裂应力变化(ΔCFS)。 结果表明, 有4次强余震发生在库仑破裂应力增加(ΔCFS＞0)的地区, 增加的范围为10^-2～10^-1 MPa; 有1次强余震按2种震源机制解结果给出的破裂面计算, 得到2种结果, 分别发生在库仑破裂应力变化为正和在库仑破裂应力变化为负的地区。 研究结果表明, 主震位错产生的库仑破裂应力变化可能是1970年通海7.7级大地震强余震活动的重要原因。     

Forecasting Aftershock Activity: 3. Båth’s Dynamic Law

In seismology according to Båth’s well-known law, the magnitude of the strongest aftershock is on average by unity lower than the magnitude of the main shock. At the same time, most of the strongest aftershocks typically occur within a few hours after the main shock. From the practical standpoint, this activity is quite naturally perceived as a direct continuation of the main earthquake. The subsequent strong aftershocks occur against the rarer background shocks, are less expected, and therefore constitute a separate hazard. The average difference in magnitudes between the main shock and the strongest aftershock that occurs a certain time after the main shock gradually increases. In this work, we consider the problem of estimating the magnitudes of the strongest future aftershock at the successive instants of time after the main shock without taking into account the information about the aftershocks that have already occurred before a given time. For these estimates, we construct the theoretical distributions whose shape proves to be independent of time, whereas the time dependence of the shift in the magnitude proves to be known a priori. The predetermination of these dependences at the moment of the strong earthquake gives us grounds to characterize the constructed theoretical model as Båth’s dynamic law.     

余震序列的时空特征ht

研究我国东部9次余震序列的总体特征得到:余震频度符合 n=n1t-h关系;频度和强度随时间衰减较慢;最大地震后3、4天内发生的余震所勾划的余震区常常比最终余震区小;多数余震分布在地壳中5至10公里的深度上.一些强余震前的中小余震时空分布有下述特征:（1）强余震前几天至十几天,余震序列的频度偏离正常衰减值;（2）强余震前有中小余震震中向下一次强余震的震中附近扩展或形成空区的现象;（3）强余震前震级序列出现缺震现象;（4）余震序列有准周期性.上述特性预示其后将发生强余震,同时表明强余震有类似于大地震的孕震过程.种种现象还表明余震序列在时间和空间上可能是由主震的直接余震和强余震的次级余震相互叠加所组成的.最后将某些特性和岩石试验结果进行了比较和讨论.