北京西山下苇甸中上寒武统风暴沉积特征及模式

通过对北京西山下苇甸剖面中典型风暴成因竹叶状灰岩的野外实测和镜下薄片分析，明确了59套风暴沉积特征，确定了风暴沉积序列并建立了陆表海风暴作用沉积模式，主要取得如下认识：(1)北京西山下苇甸寒武系共有泥晶灰岩相、含砾屑泥晶灰岩相、颗粒泥晶灰岩相和泥晶颗粒灰岩相4种岩相类型。(2)鲕粒灰岩-砾屑灰岩型序列发育原地型风暴岩，泥岩和粉砂岩-砾屑灰岩型序列发育近源型风暴岩，泥晶灰岩-砾屑灰岩型序列发育远源型风暴岩。(3)原地型风暴岩发育侵蚀面，砾屑含量高，长短轴比大；近源型风暴岩砾屑定向性好，可见递变层理；远源型风暴岩基质含量高。(4)竹叶状灰岩沉积在陆表海背景下的潮下带，原地型、近源型和远源型风暴岩沉积范围以正常浪基面和风暴浪基面为界，距风暴中心距离和搬运距离依次增加。本次研究不仅补充了下苇甸寒武系的风暴沉积记录，而且为该时期的古环境研究提供了证据。     

新疆库鲁克塔格地区寒武系莫合尔山组风暴岩特征及其对海平面变化的响应

新疆库鲁克塔格地区寒武系莫合尔山组的风暴沉积可以划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个不同级别的周期.3个Ⅱ级风暴沉积周期构成一个Ⅰ级风暴沉积周期,同时每一个Ⅱ级风暴沉积周期由几个Ⅲ级风暴沉积周期组成.发育的风暴岩类型有原地型风暴粗颗粒灰岩、异地型风暴粗颗粒灰岩、丘状交错层理灰岩和风暴浊积灰岩.在各个级别沉积周期内风暴沉积特征差异及其类型组合规律的变化,可以反映出沉积环境的变化,进而反映出各个级别风暴沉积周期对应的海平面变化.     

鄂东黄石地区中上寒武统风暴岩的发现及意义

鄂东黄石地区中上寒武统中下部发育一套典型的白云质风暴岩.该风暴沉积的底面侵蚀构造清楚,长条形白云质灰岩砾屑具放射状构造或叠瓦状构造,并发育渠铸模、粒序层理和小型波状层理等沉积构造,为典型的浅水风暴岩.该风暴沉积具有原地或近原地特点.根据其中的叠层石和无明显泥裂构造,推测为潮间带-局限潮下带沉积环境.该风暴岩的发现对重建鄂东黄石地区中晚寒武世古地理及区域地层对比具有重要意义.     

湖北兴山古洞口剖面中—上寒武统白云岩特征及其古环境意义*

华南上扬子区中部中—上寒武统白云岩大量发育,形成于特殊的古气候、古海洋环境,但其沉积环境和成因上存在争论。基于细致的野外和室内沉积学研究,湖北兴山古洞口剖面中—上寒武统覃家庙群、三游洞群划分出8个岩相类型和3种沉积旋回类型,主要沉积于浅海碳酸盐岩台地潮下带和页岩盆地环境。采用沉积旋回叠置方式和Fischer图解方法,分析了上扬子区中—晚寒武世可容纳空间的变化历史,识别出18个四级旋回和7个三级旋回,并初步建立了高频海平面变化曲线。中—晚寒武世沉积相的时空间展布规律表明,扬子台地相对海平面逐渐降低,经历了从页岩盆地（或深潮下带）到浅潮下带环境的演变,沉积类型从较深水的陆源碎屑与碳酸盐的混合沉积变化为较浅水碳酸盐沉积。中、晚寒武世扬子台地碳酸盐岩沉积与全球性沉积特征表现一致,反映了该时期独特的全球“超暖期”气候和台地内部较高盐度的古海洋条件。     

欧龙布鲁克地块古生代风暴沉积特征及地质意义

为进一步研究欧龙布鲁克地块古生界频繁发育的风暴沉积所暗含的地质信息,探讨风暴频发型古气候对柴北缘地区古生代沉积的影响,对研究区古生界各剖面进行了详细的野外勘察及室内实验等综合分析,以底面侵蚀构造、砾屑结构、化石滞留层、丘状交错层理以及同沉积涡流侵蚀构造等作为典型的沉积构造标志,识别出包括风暴高峰期、原地卸载期、回流期、涡流期以及停息期等风暴作用不同阶段产物。根据不同阶段风暴产物的组合形式,将出露的多套风暴沉积划分为代表不同沉积环境下的风暴序列类型,其中早古生代发育5种原地或近源型风暴沉积序列,晚古生代则发育对应原地搅动型、近源型以及深水缓坡型风暴沉积的风暴沉积序列。再综合研究区各古生界剖面的岩性等特征,印证了欧龙布鲁克地块早古生代为持续海侵的浅海环境,而晚古生代则整体处于陆表海环境下海陆过渡相沉积的环境变化特征。     

鄂尔多斯盆地徐庄组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积发育特征及其地质意义

鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系徐庄组发育碳酸盐岩风暴沉积现象。风暴沉积主要包括侵蚀底面、风暴砾屑层、丘状和洼状层理等沉积构造。沉积构造在不同的条件下会形成不同的沉积序列,理想的沉积序列包括5个沉积单元,从下到上依次为：A侵蚀底面及砾屑段,代表风暴高峰期和衰减期的沉积作用,底面有突变的底界及特殊的沉积构造;B粒序段,为风暴减弱时沉积物从下向上变细的层段;C平行纹层段;D丘状纹层段,为风暴衰减期流体性质逐渐由密度流变为牵引流时形成的产物;E水平层理泥岩和泥晶灰岩段,为风暴停息期晴天条件下的产物。经野外考察发现研究区共可识别出5种不同类型的沉积序列组合,每种序列组合有不同的沉积特点,代表的沉积环境也不同。研究区寒武系徐庄组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积的发现和研究,对于古板块演化与古纬度恢复、鄂尔多斯盆地古地理研究具有重要的意义。     

柯坪地区肖尔布拉克寒武系层序及沉积演化

实测肖尔布拉克寒武系剖面,其厚度达870.9m.在对剖面寒武系沉积相、露头层序地层学等方面分析的基础上认为,该剖面由下至上可以识别出9个三级层序,每个层序均由海侵体系域和高水位体系域构成,由于寒武系时期研究区处于碳酸盐台地环境,缺少低水位体系域.该剖面主要发育碳酸盐台地沉积体系.海平面的升降变化是控制该区沉积相发育和分...     

山东杨庄地区寒武系风暴沉积特征及沉积模式

山东杨庄地区寒武系发育大量风暴沉积及相关沉积构造。以沉积学理论为指导,通过详细的野外踏勘,结合室内资料综合分析,识别研究区典型的风暴沉积构造并划分风暴沉积序列,并建立风暴沉积模式。结果表明:杨庄地区发育风暴侵蚀构造、砾屑段、丘状构造及粒序层理4种沉积构造。根据风暴岩垂向组合特征及沉积构造差异,进一步划分出三种风暴沉积序列,分别对应潮坪、台缘滩台地和前缘斜坡。在风暴沉积垂向演化研究的基础上,建立了研究区风暴沉积模式。风暴岩的发现指示寒武纪杨庄地区位于低纬度热带区域,对早古生代华北东部古环境及古地理恢复具有重要意义。     

中韩寒武系地层对比——以北京西山和韩国太白地区为例

韩国太白地区位于朝鲜半岛中东部,包含一套古生代地层,发育有下古生界寒武系地层,露头良好,易于观察。北京西山地区与韩国太白地区寒武系地层在岩性、沉积环境演化方面具有一定的可对比性。通过研究北京西山地区与韩国太白盆地上寒武统地层的岩性、沉积环境和古生物群特征,得出两者在构造演化之间的联系。     

洛阳龙门地区寒武系第三统张夏组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积类型及遗迹化石特征

洛阳龙门地区出露连续的寒武系第三统张夏组碳酸盐岩,层内发育大量的风暴沉积构造,是研究碳酸盐岩风暴沉积的良好剖面。研究区发育了6种典型的风暴相关沉积构造,根据风暴岩的沉积序列,识别出5种风暴沉积岩;研究了该区风暴沉积中遗迹化石,依据遗迹化石的分布特征以及镜下特征,划分出了3个风暴沉积序列层段,识别出6个遗迹属,建立了研究区遗迹化石的风暴沉积分布模式图,得出了研究区沉积环境演化规律。     

华北地台晚寒武世层序地层及其与北美地台海平面变化的对比

华北地台在晚寒武世为一个较为典型的缓坡型台地。在其北部地层中,以发育风暴砾屑灰岩及生物丘灰岩闻名,包括崮山组、长山组和凤山组。在该套地层中,深缓坡相泥岩和泥灰岩与浅缓坡相颗粒灰岩和泥粒灰岩一起构成若干潮下型碳酸盐米级旋回,这些米级旋回本身即为有序的异成因岩相序列而成为基本工作单元。在长周期三级层序中,米级旋回形成有序垂直叠加形式,反映了三级层序本身是一个与三级相对海平面变化相关的、环境加深和变浅过程中所形成的沉积相序列。根据这些特征,在华北地台北部晚寒武世地层中可识别出4个三级层序。从北向南,相变为一套白云岩,其中三级层序的高水位体系域则发育较多的潮坪相白云岩以及由其构成的环潮坪型米级旋回。这些层序的典型特征是:层序界面为淹没不整合面,层序的相序序列以"深缓坡相-浅缓坡相"为特征,从而构成特殊的"CS(?)+HST"序列;而在华北地台南部,层序界面多为暴露间断面,层序的相序组构多以"缓坡相-潮坪相"为特征。从北向南的变化,形成了一个富有规律性的层序地层格架。从旋回到层序、从岩相序列到沉积相序列的层序地层研究表明:作为基本工作单元,米级旋回实际上是由"间断-加积作用"旋回机制所形成的岩相序列,由米级旋回的有序叠加形式所构成的三级层序则是一个沉积相序列。由各剖面点的古水深变化曲线,可以定性地综合出华北地台晚寒武世的海平面变化曲线。与北美晚寒武世海平面变化曲线相对比,既存在相似性更存在差异性,说明了长周期海平面变化既受全球性海平面变化的控制,同时也受区域因素的影响。     

From Cycles to Sequences:Sequence Stratigraphy and Relative Sea Level Change for the Late Cambrian of the North China Platform

In the Late Cambrian, the North China Platform was a typical carbonate ramp platform. The Upper Cambrian of the northern part of the North China Platform is famous for the development of bioherm limestones and storm calcirudites and can be divided from bottom to top into the Gushan, Changshan and Fengshan formations. In this set of strata, the deep-ramp mudstone and marls and the shallow-ramp packstones and grainstones constitute many carbonate meter-scale cycles of subtidal type. More tidal-flat dolomites axe developed in the Upper Cambrian of the southern margin of the North China platform, in which limestone and dolomite beds also constitute many carbonate meter-scale cycles of the peritidal type. These cycles are marked by a variety of litho-facies successions. There are regularly vertical stacking patterns of meter-scale cycles in long-term third-order sequences, which is the key to discerning such sequences. Third-order sequence is marked by a particular sedimentary-facies succession that is the result of the environment-changing process of deepening and shoaling, which is genetically related to third-order sea level changes. Furthermore, four third-order sequences can be grouped in the Upper Cambrian of the North China Platform. The main features of these four third-order sequences in the northern part of the platform can be summarized as follows: firstly, sequence-boundaries are characterized by drowning unconformities; secondly, the sedimentary-facies succession is generally constituted by one from deep-ramp facies to shallow-ramp facies; thirdly, a succession of “CS (?) HST” (i.e., “condensed section and highstand system”) forms these four third-order sequences. The chief features for the third-order sequences in the southern part of the North China Platform comprises: more dolomites are developed in the HSTs of third-order sequences and also developed more carbonate meter-scale cycles of peritidal types; the sedimentary-facies succession of the third-order sequences is marked by “shallow ramp-tidal flat”; the sequence boundaries are characterized by exposure punctuated surfaces. According to the changes for the third-order sequences from the north to the south, a regular sequence-stratigraphic framework can be established. From cycles to sequences, the study of sequence stratigraphy from litho-facies successions to sedimentary-facies successions exposes that as follows: meter-scale cycles that are used as the basic working unit actually are litho-facies successions formed by the mechanism of a punctuated aggradational cycle, and third-order sequences that are constituted by regularly vertical stacking patterns of meter-scale cycles are marked by sedimentary-facies successions. On the basis of the changing curve of water depth at each section, the curve of the relative third-order sea level changes in the late Cambrian of the North China Platform can be integrated qualitatively from changing curve of water depth. The correlation of Late Cambrian long-term sea level changes between North China and North America demonstrates that there are not only similarities but also differences, reflecting control of long-term sea level changes both by global eustacy and by regional factors.     

山东省中部上寒武统碳酸盐风暴沉积的综合模式

我国的碳酸盐风暴岩丰富多样,但前人对不同环境风暴岩的沉积作用、沉积序列和沉积模式的总结还不够完善.山东省中部上寒武统炒米店组碳酸盐风暴岩发育频繁,分布广,提供了全面分析风暴沉积作用的理想场所.基于该区详实的露头观察,可识别出冲刷面、渠模、丘状交错层理等典型的风暴沉积构造,以及砾屑灰岩、递变层理含砾砂屑灰岩-砂屑灰岩、纹层状粉-砂屑灰岩等风暴岩类型.根据砾屑颜色、磨圆度、排列方式、支撑结构、充填物等岩石学特征,研究区首要发育的砾屑灰岩可被细分为紧密堆积棱角状砾屑灰岩、基质支撑砾屑灰岩、砂屑支撑砾屑灰岩、水平-叠瓦状砾屑灰岩和放射状排列砾屑灰岩5种岩相类型,其分别归属于台前缓坡带原地-近源堆积、碎屑流、高密度-低密度浊流、风暴砾滩和风暴涡流沉积.对台前缓坡、台地边缘和开阔台地等不同环境的风暴沉积序列进行了归纳,建立了缓坡型碳酸盐台地风暴沉积的综合模式,并指出研究区频繁的风暴作用与全球气候变暖、海平面上升以及地震活动存在密切联系.研究表明较多台地边缘发育的大型渠模构造,其充填砾屑呈放射状排列,指示了渠模的风暴涡流成因      

河南省寒武系研究进展

河南省寒武系分布广泛,层序齐全,具有不同类型的沉积和古生物群。根据大地构造单元、沉积特征、古生物群面貌,地层发育及出露情况,可将地层区系划分为华北区及秦岭区,进而又可进一步划出分区及小区。     

山东省唐王寨上寒武统崮山组沉积环境及竹叶状灰岩的多成因分析

华北地台上寒武统崮山组出现了大量的竹叶状灰岩。通过对山东唐王寨剖面崮山组的系统研究,识别出页岩、疙瘩状泥晶灰岩、泥质条带泥晶灰岩、薄层状泥晶灰岩、生物扰动泥晶灰岩、颗粒质（生物碎屑）泥岩-泥质颗粒岩、含交错层理鲕粒灰岩及竹叶状灰岩8种岩石类型,这些岩石类型组成了页岩盆地、深潮下带及浅潮下带岩石组合。竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质的特征及其沉积序列,表明砾屑和基质的来源多样并且在不同的沉积环境中其成因具有多样性。据此总结出崮山组竹叶状灰岩具有4种可能的成因类型：1）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质可能均为原地形成或者仅有短距离的搬运过程;2）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑和基质可能均为近岸形成并经历了长距离的搬运过程,或者竹叶状灰岩的沉积环境经历了海平面的突然升高;3）竹叶状灰岩中基质可能来源于近岸未固结的鲕粒和生物碎屑及原地的灰泥,与原地破碎生成的砾屑和灰泥等混合沉积;4）竹叶状灰岩中砾屑可能来源于远岸的固结的泥晶灰岩,并经搬运作用与原地未固结的灰泥及骨架颗粒等基质混合沉积。     

试论华北板块寒武纪地层的穿时性

华北板块寒武系馒头组和毛庄组,徐庄组和张夏组,崮山组、长山组和凤山组分别以紫红色泥质白云岩及页岩、鲕粒灰岩和竹叶状灰岩为特征,依次形成于湖—塞卜哈、鲕滩和滩外斜坡环境。若按传统的时代划分,必然得出互相矛盾的古地理解释。按Walther相律,应有大量的紫红色泥质白云岩和页岩,鲕粒灰岩与竹叶状灰岩是同时形成的。无论泥质白云岩和页岩,鲕粒灰岩还是竹叶状灰岩都是随着海侵、相迁移而一个地区,一个地区依次形成,并且它们都是穿时的。     

Cross-platform architecture of a sequence boundary in mixed siliciclastic-carbonate lithofacies, Middle Cambrian, southern Great Basin, USA

Stratigraphic analysis of mixed siliciclastic-carbonate lithofacies within the Middle Cambrian Bonanza King Formation of the southern Great Basin reveals three distinct facies associations that record a range of depositional environments from semi-arid tidal flats to deeper subtidal, restricted lagoons. Stratigraphic trends, cross-platform facies variations and correlation of individual surfaces across 250 km of the study area suggest that these mixed lithofacies were deposited in three temporally distinct phases. (1) Extensive progradation of mixed peritidal environments culminated in a prolonged episode of subaerial exposure marked by an areally extensive intraclast breccia (0·5–1·2 m thick) that we interpret to be a major Type 1 sequence-bounding disconformity. (2) Abrupt flooding of the exposed platform resulted in the deposition of mixed deeper subtidal lithofacies, including a condensed interval of fissile, fossiliferous shale. (3) Progressive shallowing and aggradational accumulation was accompanied by a decrease in siliciclastics and a shift to pure carbonate deposition. Deep-water siliciclastics and megabreccias record deposition along the base-of-slope off the Middle Cambrian shelf-edge, and are interpreted to represent lowstand deposits emplaced during the prolonged episode of subaerial exposure of the shallow shelf. The presence of fine siliciclastics in both peritidal facies and sharply overlying deeper subtidal facies of the study interval within the Bonanza King suggests a variable, but relatively continuous, influx of terrigenous material throughout an extended period of accommodation change, apparently asynchronous with respect to the predictive model of reciprocal sedimentation. We suggest that the primary siliciclastic source changed with relative sea-level position. During lowered sea level, aeolian processes acting upon the unvegetated Cambrian craton transported fine siliciclastics onto peritidal and shallow-subtidal environments. During higher sea level, coastal siliciclastic reservoirs supplied sediment that was transported for long distances by geostrophic currents flowing along the submerged platform. As opposed to many Cambro-Ordovician grand cycles that are commonly interpreted to consist of a transgressive shaly half-cycle grading upward into a regressive carbonate half-cycle, the sequence boundary within this Middle Cambrian succession occurs within siliciclastic-rich, mixed lithofacies rather than in adjoining purer carbonates, implying that some ‘grand cycles’ should not be considered synonymous with ‘sequences’. Interbasinal correlations of the Type 1 sequence boundary within the mixed unit are speculative, primarily because of the inherent imprecision of available trilobite biostratigraphy. However, there is evidence that an extended episode of subaerial exposure may have been continent-wide during the Ehmaniella trilobite biochron.     

Porosity distribution in cyclic dolomites of the Lower Qiulitag Group (Upper Cambrian) in northwestern Tarim Basin,China

Increasing interests in hydrocarbon resources at depths have drawn greater attentions to the deeply-buried carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin in China. In this study, the cyclic dolomite rocks of Upper Cambrian Lower Qiulitag Group from four outcrop sections in northwestern Tarim Basin were selected to investigate and evaluate the petrophysical properties in relation to depositional facies and cyclicity. The Lower Qiulitag Group includes ten lithofacies, which were deposited in intermediate to shallow subtidal, restricted shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments on a carbonate ramp system. These lithofacies are vertically stacked into repeated shallowing-upward, meter-scale cycles which are further grouped into six third-order depositional sequences (Sq1 to Sq6). There are variable types of pore spaces in the Lower Qiulitag Group dolomite rocks, including interparticle, intraparticle, and fenestral pores of primary origin, inter crystal, and vuggy pores of late diagenetic modification. The porosity in the dolomites is generally facies-selective as that the microbially-originated thrombolites and stromatolites generally yield a relatively high porosity. In contrast, the high-energy ooidal grainstones generally have very low porosity. In this case, the microbialite-based peritidal cycles and peritidal cycle-dominated highstand (or regressive) successions have relatively high volumes of pore spaces, although highly fluctuating (or vertical inhomogeneous). Accordingly, the grainstone-based subtidal cycles and subtidal cycle-dominated transgressive successions generally yield extremely low porosity. This scenario indicates that porosity development and preservation in the thick dolomite successions are primarily controlled by depositional facies which were influenced by sea-level fluctuations of different orders and later diagenetic overprinting.