Dehydration reactions and micro/nanostructures in experimentally-deformed serpentinites

High-T torsion experiments on lizardite + chrysotile serpentinites produced mineralogical and micro/nanostructural changes, with important implications in rheological properties. High-resolution TEM showed that specimens underwent ductile [by microkinking and (001) interlayer glide] and brittle deformation (by microfracturing), together with dehydration and break-down reactions. Lizardite is affected by polytypic disorder and microkinking [kink axial planes at high angle with respect to (001) planes], that were not present in the initial ordered 1T-lizardite. Chrysotile fibres are deformed, resulting in elliptical cross-sections, with strong loss of interlayer cohesion. Both lizardite and chrysotile break down to a fine intergrowth of olivine (up to 200 nm), talc (up to 30 nm) and poorly-crystalline material. Lizardite-out reaction preferentially occurs at kink axial planes, representing sites of preferential strain and enhanced reactivity; conversely, chrysotile break-down is a bulk process, resulting in large healed olivine aggregates, up to micrometric in size. Overall observations suggest that dehydration and break-down reactions are more advanced in chrysotile than in lizardite.     

Supra-subduction affinity in the Neoproterozoic serpentinites in the Eastern Desert, Egypt: Evidence from mineral composition

Serpentinites in the Eastern Desert (ED) of Egypt represent integral components of the ophiolites. Metamorphic textures of the serpentinites preserve the complex mineralogical evolution from primary peridotite through metamorphism, and late-stage hydrothermal alteration. Two textural types are distinguished in the olivines of the present serpentinized peridotites, namely (a) highly-strained olivine grains with kink bands, as in the deformed mantle tectonites from ophiolites, and (b) non-strained grains. The latter may represent recrystallized crystals during later thermal metamorphic events due to the intrusion of granite. On the basis of X-ray diffraction analysis, antigorite is the main serpentine minerals with lesser chrysotile and lizardite which indicates that serpentinites were formed under prograde metamorphism. Relict primary minerals of the serpentinites are Cr-spinel, olivine and pyroxene. Chrome spinel relicts have high Cr# (0.60–0.80), whereas primary olivines are Mg-rich nature (Fo = 89–96). Geochemical compositions of serpentinites indicate that they formed not at mid-ocean ridges but at spreading centers associated with subduction zones and this could have happened in a supra-subduction zone either in the fore-arc or back-arc environments. Mineral compositions of primary chrome spinels and olivines are similar to those of modern fore-arcs. High Cr# in the relict chrome spinels and Fo in the primary olivines of serpentinites indicate that they are residual after extensive partial melting and originated by sea-floor spreading during subduction initiation.     

蛇纹石化和俯冲带蛇纹岩变质脱水过程中流体活动性元素的行为

蛇纹石是大洋岩石圈和俯冲带内水和流体活动性元素最重要的载体之一。研究蛇纹石化和蛇纹岩变质脱水过程中流体活动性元素的行为是认识俯冲带元素地球化学循环的关键。蛇纹岩是指主要由蛇纹石类矿物构成的岩石,包括利蛇纹石、纤蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。蛇纹石化过程中会造成流体活动性元素(B、Li、As、Sb、Pb、Cs、U、Sr和Ba等)的显著富集,并且由于原岩性质、流体成分和氧逸度等条件的不同,大洋岩石圈蛇纹岩和弧前蛇纹岩的特征也略有不同。例如,弧前蛇纹岩具有相对高的As、Sb、B和相对低的U,这反映了俯冲沉积物来源流体的贡献。在俯冲带蛇纹岩的变质脱水过程中,利蛇纹石向叶蛇纹石的转变伴随着矿物内超过50%F和Cl的释放,以及一些流体活动性元素(如B和Li)的迁出;此外,蛇纹石分解形成的变质橄榄石中的流体包裹体指示,蛇纹石脱水分解所产生的流体具有高于原始地幔几个数量级的Cl、Cs、Pb、As、Sb、Ba、Rb、B、Sr、Li和U含量。由于利蛇纹石中的Fe~(3+)含量较叶蛇纹石高,这种矿物相转变过程中也伴随着俯冲通道内的一系列氧化还原过程,从而影响流体性质和新形成的叶蛇纹石的成分。蛇纹岩与岛弧岩浆在流体活动性元素富集规律上的相似性说明蛇纹岩在俯冲带元素循环中扮演着重要的角色。此外,蛇纹石矿物相转变过程中F、Cl、B等元素的释放,可能对于斑岩型金矿、蛇绿岩中的金矿和某些蛇纹岩作为赋矿围岩的硼矿的形成起到重要的作用。     

Temperature mapping,thermal diffusivity and subsoil heat flux at Kariavattom of Kerala

We have studied the soil and air temperature characteristics over a period of one year at Kariavattom of Kerala. Thermal diffusivity(k _s) of the soil has been calculated by range and lag methods and also from amplitudes and phase angles of first and second harmonics. The two methods lead to similar results. Diurnal soil heat flux and soil temperatures at different depths are modelled and found to be comparable with observations.     

Temperature dependence of the relationship of thermal diffusivity versus thermal conductivity for crystalline rocks

Thermal diffusivity governs the transient heat transport equation. Thus, a realistic characterisation of this parameter and its temperature dependence is crucial for geothermal modelling. Due to sparse information from boreholes, lack of samples, and elaborate measurement procedures, there is often insufficient data on thermal diffusivity at elevated temperatures. We make use of existing data on crystalline (metamorphic and magmatic) rock samples from the Kola Peninsula and the Eastern Alps and develop a general relationship for the temperature dependence of thermal diffusivity up to 300°C. The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity is parameterised itself, using an empirical relationship which is set up for both data sets as well. Hence, only thermal conductivity at ambient temperatures is required for determining the temperature dependence of thermal diffusivity. We obtain different coefficients for both data sets which can be explained by different geological settings, and therefore different mineral compositions and internal structures. Comparisons with other expressions for these rock physical parameters show a good agreement at ambient conditions. General relations for thermal diffusivity at elevated temperatures are rare. A comparison of our results with data from two crystalline samples from the KTB and data from the Southern Indian Granulite Province highlights the need for further data, which will help to quantify uncertainties.     

Sources and extractibility of chromium and nickel in soil profiles developed on Czech serpentinites

Soil profiles developed on serpentinites from several localities in the Czech Republic were investigated by a combination of geochemical and mineralogical methods (selective extractions, XRD, SEM/EDS) to determine the partitioning and mobility of chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni). Whereas Cr is released from pyroxenes, amphiboles and Cr-spinels present in the bedrock, Ni is primarily mobilized from olivines and small Fe-Ni sulphide inclusions. The results of extraction methods indicated significant differences in the availability and mobility of Cr and Ni in soils. Chromium is almost not phytoavailable, as indicated by the DTPA extractions. The selective extractions showed that Cr is tightly bound to well-crystallised Fe-oxides and primary rock-derived phases. In contrast, Ni is substantially more mobile in soil, being mainly controlled by Mn-oxides and amorphous/less crystallised Fe-oxides. The DTPA extraction indicated that up to 10% of total Ni might be phytoavailable.     

Soil thermal properties at Kalpakkam in coastal South India

Time series of soil surface and subsurface temperatures, soil heat flux, net radiation, air temperature and wind speed were measured at two locations in Kalpakkam, coastal southeast India. The data were analysed to estimate soil thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and soil heat flux. This paper describes the results and discusses their implications.     

Heat flow and thermal modeling of the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea

Geothermal gradients are estimated to vary from 31 to 43 °C/km in the Yinggehai Basin based on 99 temperature data sets compiled from oil well data. Thirty-seven thermal conductivity measurements on core samples were made and the effects of porosity and water saturation were corrected. Thermal conductivities of mudstone and sandstone range from 1.2 to 2.7 W/m K, with a mean of 2.0±0.5 W/m K after approximate correction. Heat flow at six sites in the Yinggehai Basin range from 69 to 86 mW/m², with a mean value of 79±7 mW/m². Thick sediments and high sedimentation rates resulted in a considerable radiogenic contribution, but also depressed the heat flow. Measurements indicate the radiogenic heat production in the sediment is 1.28 μW/m³, which contributes 20% to the surface heat flow. After subtracting radiogenic heat contribution of the sediment, and sedimentation correction, the average basal heat flow from basement is about 86 mW/m².Three stages of extension are recognized in the subsidence history, and a kinematic model is used to study the thermal evolution of the basin since the Cenozoic era. Model results show that the peak value of basal heat flow was getting higher and higher through the Cenozoic. The maximum basal heat flow increased from 65 mW/m² in the first stage to 75 mW/m² in the second stage, and then 90 mW/m² in the third stage. The present temperature field of the lithosphere of the Yinggehai Basin, which is still transient, is the result of the multistage extension, but was primarily associated with the Pliocene extension.     

Geochemistry of Khor Um-Safi ophiolitic serpentinites,central Eastern desert,Egypt: Implications for neoproterozoic arc-basin system in the Arabian-Nubian shield

Serpentinites in the Eastern Desert of Egypt are the most distinctive lithological unit in the Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) ophiolite sequence which associated with major suture zones. Khor Um-Safi (KUS) serpentinites represent dismembered fragments of ophiolitic rocks located in the central Eastern Desert (CED) of Egypt.KUS serpentinites exhibit affinity to the typical metamorphic peridotites with harzburgitic protolith compositions. Their opaque mineral assemblage (pentlandite, heazlewoodite and magnetite) is similar to that observed in oceanic serpentinites and implies serpentinization under highly reducing conditions. They have refractory major element compositions with Al₂O₃ contents comparable to oceanic and active margin peridotites as well as Pan-African serpentinites. The Cr and TiO₂ contents reflect evolution within a supra-subduction zone (SSZ) environment. This implication is confirmed by the Al₂O₃/SiO₂ and MgO/SiO₂ ratios which akin to ANS ophiolitic peridotites in fore-arc setting. Their enrichment in compatible trace elements (Cr, Ni and Co) reveals a depleted mantle peridotite protolith.Modelling trace elements indicates that they represent the mantle residues from 15 to 20 % melting of spinel peridotite at oxygen fugacity conditions of the QFM + 1 buffer. This range of melt extraction is consistent with the typical range of SSZ peridotite. Oxygen fugacity estimation suggests evolution under more oxidizing regime similar to modern fore-arc basin system. Moreover, this implication indicates that the KUS mantle represents arc lithosphere interacted with arc melt.     

衬垫中污染物运移的一维概率分析

衬垫中污染物的运移分析一般采用确定性方法。为了研究渗透系数变异性对污染物运移的影响,基于土层剖面随机场理论,将渗透系数模拟成服从对数正态分布的空间随机场,利用Monte-Carlo和数值积分两种方法进行分析。两种方法得到的结果有很好的一致性。衬垫渗透系数的空间变异性对污染物运移有重要影响。变异系数较大时,衬垫失效概率在前期较大而后期较小,但衬垫底部出现高浓度(相对浓度0.9～1.0)的几率也较高。衬垫的可靠性要综合考虑渗透系数的变异性和渗透系数数值范围的影响。     

Thermal diffusivity of natural and synthetic garnet solid solution series

Knowledge of heat transport properties as a function of mineral- and rock-composition and temperature is of major relevance to understand and model heat transfer in the Earth’s interior. A systematic study on 13 natural and 4 synthetic garnets was carried out in an attempt to obtain a better systematic understanding of the processes that affect the heat transport in minerals, especially the effect of chemical substitution in solid solution series. It is found that substitution significantly lowers the thermal diffusivity from end-member values for both synthetic and natural garnets with a minimum of thermal diffusivity at an intermediate composition. The thermal diffusivity as a function of the degree of substitution can be described by the approach of Padture and Klemens (J Am Ceram Soc 80 (4):1018–1020, 1997). With increasing temperature the thermal diffusivity decreases due to phonon-phonon-scattering effects. A quantitative analysis of the high-temperature behaviour was carried out by using the model of Roufosse and Klemens (J Geophys Res 79 (5):703–705, 1974), which takes a lower limit of thermal diffusivity at elevated temperatures into account. The model allows for an extrapolation of the deduced room temperature thermal diffusivities to higher temperatures. Furthermore, the model was modified to determine the high temperature limit of the thermal diffusivity for all investigated natural garnets D _min to be 0.64 ± 0.03 mm²/s.     

砂岩热物理性质的温度作用效应试验研究

高温作用会导致岩石内部结构发生变化,并对其热物理性质有着显著影响。因此,研究高温作用后岩石热物理性质的变化规律对地热系统及存在热流传播问题的地下工程具有指导意义。试验利用高温炉和Hot Disk热常数分析仪研究了高温作用后砂岩热物理性质的变化特征。研究表明:砂岩的热导率、比热、热扩散率随温度整体呈下降趋势,可分为25℃~100℃,100℃~400℃,400℃~600℃,600℃~900℃四个阶段;25℃~100℃,砂岩热导率、比热、热扩散率因附着水蒸发急剧减小;100℃~400℃,砂岩热导率、热扩散率变化平缓,比热因含水量的降低减小得较快;400℃~600℃,砂岩中结晶水、结构水的蒸发及石英的相变导致微裂隙发育、延伸,进而引起热导率、比热、热扩散率持续下降;600℃~900℃,砂岩中矿物发生分解、熔融破裂,热破裂进一步增加与扩展,这个阶段内热导率、比热迅速下降,但热扩散率基本稳定。     

准噶尔盆地地温分布特征

据盆地大量的钻孔测温资料和实测岩石热导率、放射性生热率等岩石热物理性质参数,分析了准噶尔盆地的地温分布状况,表明盆地现今是一个相对较冷的盆地,平均地温梯度为22.6℃/km.由热传导理论计算了盆地深部和无钻井区的地温,并编制了盆地3 000～6 000 m深温度分布图和盆地东西、南北向的温度分布剖面图,分析了盆地深浅地温的关系.     

土壤中热量传输计算的研究进展与展望

土壤中热量传输计算的研究分为土壤热通量计算方法和土壤导温率计算方法两方面的成果. 目前已有土壤热通量的计算方法, 在土壤表层可以得到较好结果, 但在土壤深层的适用性无法确定. 多孔介质模型和考虑水的渗流造成的影响, 是多年冻土区土壤导温率的计算方法的研究方面新的进展. 为研究青藏铁路沿线冻土演化趋势找到合适的土壤热量传输计算方案, 应是今后工作的一个重点.     

江西芦溪县南部大地热流特征

江西省芦溪县南部地区地热资源丰富, 但地热地质研究程度较低, 大地热流测量工作进行的较少, 制约着区域地热资源勘查开发。本文以芦溪县南部的新泉和石溪为研究区, 结合钻孔岩心热物性测试和地温测井等分析了研究区岩石热导率、地温场、热源机制的特征。研究区岩石热导率平均值为 2.063~6.176 W/(m·K), 热导率最高的为硅质石英岩, 可作为良好的导热岩体。大地热流平均值为 76.39 mW/m2, 远高于中国大陆地区的平均值62.5 mW/m2, 该地区具有较高的热背景值。花岗岩放射性生热率平均值为2.16 μW/m3, 不属于高产热型岩体, 放射性生热对地表热流贡献较小, 热源来源为地壳深部供热。研究区构造活动强烈, 深大断裂和次级断裂发育, 为地下热水的深部循环提供了良好的导热和导水通道。本研究可为武功山地区的地热资源开发提供重要启示。     

应用水热运移数值模拟优化地下水源热泵系统抽灌井布局

合理布局抽水井和回灌井是地下水源热泵系统长期有效运行的关键因素。以郑州市郑东新区为例,利用HST3D软件建立水热运移数值模型,优化设计地下水源热泵系统抽灌水井布局,预测地下水源热泵系统长期运行后对含水层的水热影响。结果表明:介质比热容及渗透率分别对含水层温度及水位影响显著,是较敏感的参数。方案3(3个回灌井垂直天然流向分布且位于抽水井下游)为最佳布井方式。抽灌量900,1 200,1 500及2 000m3/d所对应的合理布井间距分别为50,65,70及75m。相应布井方案的水源热泵系统运行20a,对含水层温度场的影响仅限于200m×200m的范围,抽水井温度变化小于1℃。     

铜陵地区硫化物矿床成矿过程的热传导和物质输运动力学

根据热传导和热致流体流动以及化学物质输运动力学原理，模拟和分析了铜陵地区铜金硫化物矿床成矿过程的温度场和流体动场。根据矿区温度空间分布模式和流体流线的展布模式，可以预测矿床的溶解地段和成矿物质的堆积场所。研究表明：（1）能量流和物质流是热液成矿的关键因素，而岩浆侵位带进的热是驱动流体流动的原动力；（2）侵入体的产状、不同化学性质围岩的空间分布的组合方式、围岩的孔隙度和渗透率差异等因素共同限定了成矿物质的沉淀堆积场所；（3）矿区中铁和硫主要来自五通组高孔隙度的含黄铁矿砂岩。在砂岩和灰岩之间的白云岩层强烈碎裂形成有利的成矿空间，白云岩与砂岩之间的化学位差是构成成矿化学反应发生的动力。     

含水率和添加剂对膨润土导热性能影响的研究

膨润土的热学性能是评价膨润土作为高放废物深地质处置库缓冲/回填材料的重要参数。高庙子膨润土矿床初步确定为我国缓冲/回填材料的供应基地,本研究以石英砂作为添加剂,通过实验获得了高庙子膨润土在不同含水率和不同砂含量时所对应的导热系数。结果表明,在相同压实条件下,导热系数随着含水率、石英砂含量的增加而增加。     

农安油页岩热重及热物理性质试验研究

对吉林农安油页岩进行了TG分析,发现在N_2气氛下其热失重可分为低温失重段(30℃~300℃)、中温失重段(300℃~540℃)和高温失重段(540℃~800℃),且中温失重段为主要失重阶段。对农安油页岩进行了热物理性质试验,发现其热物理性质具有各向异性,且水平层理方向的热物理性质系数更大;导热系数和体积比热容随温度升高变化趋势一致,而热扩散系数随温度升高变化不大。