Spatio-temporal study of open spaces of part of Jaipur City-Rajasthan

Open spaces in a city which includes parks, playgrounds, gardens, greenaries agricultural fields and other vacant land, are decreasing very fast. They are being utilised to provide the new space for growing population of the city. Certain amount of open spaces in the city as well as at the out skirt of the city is necessary for healthy breathing and for various civic facilities to the city dwellers and to maintain the ecological balance in the city. Spatio-Temporal study of open spaces shows the trend of growth of the city as well as social changes and economic development of the city dwellers which helps the planners and administrators to exercise better planning and environmental control on the city. This paper intended to describe how and upto what extent the use of Remote Sensing techniques (Air Photos) could be made for extracting information for analysis of the open spaces and their densification. This has been explained with reference to a case study undertaken by author for part of Jaipur City (Rajasthan).     

复合Simpson公式在线路中边桩坐标计算中的应用

基于线路线任一点切线方位角计算通式，推出了线路中边桩坐标计算的积分通用公式；借助于复合Simpson公式，给出了线路中边桩坐标计算的通用数值模型，并详细讨论了积分区间等分数n的取值问题。通用模型的建立，为线路中边桩的极坐标设法奠定了坚实的基础。     

木卫三的动力学参数

木卫三是太阳系中最大的一颗天然卫星。当伽利略飞船于1996年6月和9月两次飞经木卫三时,定出了二阶带谐和扇谐Stokes系数J2和C22。本文利用最新的木卫三的物理参数,首先建立了一组内部结构模型,然后估算出木卫三的若干动力学参数,并与月球的相应值进行比较,结果表明这两个天然卫星最显著的不同是,木卫三满足静力学平衡条件,而月球偏离了静力学平衡条件。     

Variation of Snowline and Mass Balance of Glaciers of Warwan and Bhut Basins of Western Himalaya Using Remote Sensing Technique

Glaciers are natural reservoirs of fresh water in frozen state and sensitive indicators of climate change. Among all the mountainous glaciated regions, glaciers of Himalayas form one of the largest concentrations of ice outside the Polar Regions. Almost all the major rivers of northern India originate from these glaciers and sustain perennial flow. Therefore, in view of the importance and role of the glaciers in sustaining the life on the Earth, monitoring the health of glaciers is necessary. Glacier??s health is monitored in two ways (i) by mapping the change in extent of glaciers (ii) by finding variation in the annual mass balance. This paper has been discussed the later approach for monitoring the health of glaciers of Warwan and Bhut basins. Mass balance of glaciers of these two basins was determined based on the extraction of snow line at the end of ablation season. A series of satellite images of AWiFS sensor were analysed for extraction of snowline on the glaciers for the period of 2005, 2006 and 2007. The snow line at the end of ablation season is used to compute accumulation area ratio (AAR = Accumulation area/Glacier area) for each glacier of basins. An approach based on relationship of AAR to specific mass balance (computed in field) for glaciers of Basapa basin was employed in the present study. Mean of specific mass balance of individual glacier for the year 2005, 2006 and 2007 of Warwan basin was found to be ?ve 0.19?m, ?ve 0.27?m and ?ve 0.2?m respectively. It is 0.05?m, ?ve 0.11?m and ?ve 0.19?m for Bhut basin. The analysis suggests a loss of 4.3 and 0.83?km3 of glacier in the monitoring period of 3?years for Warwan and Bhut basins respectively. The overall results suggest that the glaciers of Warwan basin and Bhut basins have suffered more loss of ice than gain in the monitoring period of 3?years.     

地面站点观测数据代表性评价方法研究进展

在遥感产品真实性检验中,地面站点网络的连续观测数据是进行算法及产品验证的重要数据来源。通常站点观测的空间范围有限,测量数据直接与产品像元值比较会存在尺度误差。因此,分析与评价站点观测在多大尺度上具有代表性,对有效利用观测数据进行算法与产品精度评价具有重要意义。目前全球地面观测站点类型繁多,虽有一定的代表性评价方法,但各类方法的优缺点及适用参数、适用条件各异。因此,为使站点观测代表性评价方法广泛的应用于地面站点观测,进而开展更加有效的遥感产品真实性检验,有必要对当前站点代表性评价方法进行系统的综述及梳理。本文首先阐述遥感产品真实性检验对站点连续观测数据的需求以及站点观测代表性评价的必要性。其次,分析站点观测代表性的评价指标特征,包含点面特征比较以及空间异质性两种评价指标。基于不同评价指标,综述了各种研究方法在站点观测数据代表性评价中的应用,即对点面特征比较评价的物理模型法、站点与区域分布图统计评价法和多站点多时相联合评价法,以及对空间异质性进行评价的一阶统计法和半方差函数法,总结不同代表性评价方法的原理及优缺点。然后,介绍了目前站点数据及代表性评价方法在蒸散、反照率和地表温度等遥感产品真实性检验中的应用,并且以黑河中游农田区观测LAI为例,分析了基于不同评价指标的不同评价方法的特点。最后,针对当前观测代表性评价方法面临的问题提出了下一步的研究方向。     

地图复制原图版面编排软件的设计与实现

版面编排是地图快速复制预处理过程中的一个重要问题．本文提出了一种基于组件技术的通用架构，实现了地图复制原图直观、灵活的版面编排，文中简要介绍了实现地图复制原图版面编排软件的技术途径。     

基于粗集的多尺度空间拓扑关系不确定性定量评价模型

空间拓扑关系不确定性的定量评价可为多尺度拓扑关系一致性的自动评价、空间推理与空间查询等应用的可靠性提供依据。定义了基于几何度量的拓扑距离,构建了拓扑关系不确定性的粗集表达模型;提出了不确定性粗集表达中拓扑距离的量化方法;进而提出了基于粗集的多尺度空间拓扑关系不确定性度量指标。实例研究证明了本文提出模型的科学性与合理性,该方法可用于多尺度表达过程中引起的拓扑关系不确定性的定量评价。     

Application of gis,MASMAP in particular,in the study of urban areas — A case study of Rohini,West of Delhi

The increasing awareness in computer aided technology for mapping and analysis is advancing in developing countries. There are many systems available in this field which links graphical data and attribute data using relational data base management system to meet the needs of various users. MASMAP/MIMER is one such system of fourth generation for rapid mapping and designing. Taking into account the MASMAP as a tool for the application in management of sewerage network, a case study of Rohini, located in west of Delhi, has been discussed in this paper.     

地性线的山地区域的卫星影像几何精纠正

提出了一种山地区域基于DEM地性线的控制纠正新方法,该方法以数字地形模型DEM为无几何变形的控制基准纠正卫星影像。阐述了提取沟谷、山脊、山峰和凹地区域的地性线的原理和算法,给出了山地区域基于地性线进行卫星图像几何精纠正实施步骤,进一步讨论了地性线提取、控制点采集存在的问题,以及解决问题的途径。实验结果表明,对于山地区域,地性线的空间数量数倍于水系、道路等常规地图层;地性线来源于DEM,其空间稳定性和可靠性更高,可以用于山地区域的卫星影像的严格控制纠正。用该方法进行几何纠正处理,几何误差能控制在一个像元的水平上。     

不同地表覆盖下SPOT-7影像大气校正方法研究

针对不同的地物覆盖类型,分析和评价了适用于SPOT-7卫星数据的大气校正方法,为其遥感定量研究和应用提供思路和参考.在河南省嵩山地区进行了同步观测实验,获取了SPOT-7卫星影像并进行大气校正处理,地面同步测量了大气光学特性和典型地物样区光谱,计算了地物样区在影像上的反射率和植被指数,分析了不同地物覆盖类型下大气校正模...     

A comparison of aspects of the US and UK censuses of population

Census data, and its underlying geographical framework, is a fundamental resource for social, demographic, and economic applications of GIS. The US and UK censuses have many similarities, but their differences are instructive. This paper examines the constitutional basis of the censuses and the contrasts in the way they are administered. In particular the geographical base used for each census is examined. These issues have a major impact on the products that are made available from each census and the way in which results are disseminated. In particular the US census is taken, and used, for electoral re-districting to a greater extent than the UK census. The free availability of US data does, however, appear to mitigate against good co-ordination of census users both in local government and in academe and results in a much more fragmented user community. The paper concludes with an assessment of the similarities and the contrasts between the two censuses.     

On-line detection of abrupt changes in the carrier-phase measurements of GPS

The detection of cycle slips in carrier-phase data, outliers in phase rate or in code ranges, or any other type of disorder in the measurements of the GPS system, is one of the major quality-control problems that needs to be addressed, especially where GPS is used for real-time applications or for those applications that require continuous and reliable positioning results. This study is concerned with designing algorithms to detect failures or changes of small magnitude, in order to monitor and control the quality of GPS measurements for critical real-time and/or deformation applications. In this regard, the statistical technique known as the cumulative-sum test is described for the detection of abrupt changes in the GPS carrier-phase measurements. Real GPS data have been used to test and evaluate the algorithm. Received: 27 August 1996 / Accepted: 26 February 1997     

An Analysis of Texture Measures in PCA-Based Unsupervised Classification of SAR Images

In single-band single-polarized SAR images, intensity and texture are the information source available for unsupervised land cover classification. Every textural feature measure identifies texture patterns by different approaches. For efficient land cover classification, textural measures have to be chosen suitably. Therefore, in this letter, the role of various intensity and textural measures is analyzed for their discriminative ability for unsupervised SAR image classification into various land cover types like water, urban, and vegetation areas. To make the algorithm adaptable, these textural features are fused using principal component analysis (PCA), and principal components are used for classification purposes. To highlight the effectiveness of PCA, the difference between PCA- and non-PCA-based classifications is also analyzed. Analysis of the role of texture measures for unsupervised classification of real-world SAR data with application of PCA is presented in this letter. The analysis of how every individual feature measure contributes for classification process is presented, and then, textural measures for a feature set are chosen according to their role in improving classification accuracy. By analysis, it is observed that the feature set comprising mean, variance, wavelet components, semivariogram, lacunarity, and weighted rank fill ratio provides good classification accuracy of up to 90.4% than by using individual textural measures, and this increased accuracy justifies the complexity involved in the process.     

导航卫星原子钟频率漂移特性分析

介绍了原子钟频漂定义,总结了频率漂移率测试评定方法,比较分析了不同噪声情况下的频率漂移率估计方法,并用实验室真空状态铷钟的频率偏差数据和GPS卫星钟的精密星历数据进行了计算分析,表明铷钟都有明显频漂,GPSIIR铷钟的日漂移率在10^-15。量级,而铯钟频漂不是很明显。研究了频漂对原子钟时域稳定性影响规律,还利用模拟数据进行了计算分析。验证了方法的有效性．     

On the determination of the effect of horizontal ionospheric gradients on ranging errors in GNSS positioning

An alternative approach to the traditionally employed method is proposed for treating the ionospheric range errors in transionospheric propagation such as for GNSS positioning or satellite-borne SAR. It enables the effects due to horizontal gradients of electron density (as well as vertical gradients) in the ionosphere to be explicitly accounted for. By contrast with many previous treatments, where the expansion of the solution for the phase advance is represented as the series in the inverse frequency powers and the main term of the expansion corresponds to the true line-of-sight distance from the transmitter to the receiver, in the alternative technique the zero-order term is the rigorous solution for a spherically layered ionosphere with any given vertical electron density profile. The first-order term represents the effects due to the horizontal gradients of the electron density of the ionosphere, and the second-order correction appears to be negligibly small for any reasonable parameters of the path of propagation and its geometry for VHF/UHF frequencies. Additionally, an “effective” spherically symmetric model of the ionosphere has been introduced, which accounts for the major contribution of the horizontal gradients of the ionosphere and provides very high accuracy in calculations of the phase advance.     

Mapping of wastelands of Kolar district using false colour composites of thematic mapper (TM) data

This study deals with the technique of remote sensing for identifying and deliniating wastelands in Kolar district of Karnataka. False colour composites of thematic mapper (TM) data supplemented by aerial photographs and toposheets wrere utiliesd for mapping wastelands. A map showing the geographic distribution of the wastelands in the districts was prepared on 1∶250,000 scales by compiling the individual wasteland sheets of 1∶50,000 scale. The seven different catagories of wastelands identified and mapped cover about 11.7% of the area in the district. A procedure for mapping wastelands has been worked out based on the experience gained in Kolar district which is a three phase system comprising image intrepretation of false colour composite of TM data, aerial photo interpretation and limited ground truth verification in the selected doubtful areas. This procedure was found to be adequate enough for mapping wastelands accurately in the shortest possible time with least expense and as such are recommended for mapping wastelands in other districts of the country.     

Use of photo interpretation technique for survey of highway material resources

In advanced countries, the survey of gravel deposits and soil for road construction is being increasingly conducted through aerial photographs as the process is expeditious and economical. However, no Air photo Interpretation technique had been developed to locate hiddenKankar deposits and other low grade aggregates met with in India. In view of this, research was undertaken at the Central Road Research Institute for the establishment of new Air Photo Patterns which enable the location of sources of these construction materials in the country. Since shortage of road aggregates both in the alluvial plains as well as desert areas is very acute andkankar is known to occur under an overburden of 2 to 4 ft. of soil, attempt were made for the formulation of Air Photo Patterns for the identification of such deposite. The investigation covered an area of about 4,500 sq. miles. (12,000 sq. kms.) in U.P. and 5,000 sq miles (13,000 sq kms.) in western Rajasthan and comprised a study of aerial photographs of the area in conjunction with ground survey. As a result of this study, well defined and distinct Air Photo Patterns for the location ofKankar deposits in both the above mentioned regions have been established. The accuracy of interpretation has been experienced to be of the order of about 75 to 80 per cent. Recently Air Photo Patterns for the indentification of hidden gravel deposits have also been confirmed by carrying out interpretation and survey in an area of about 300 sq miles (800 sq kms.) around Chandigarh. Since the country is embarking on big projects of road construction in the Five Year Plans, the utilisation of this technique for rapid survey of highway materials and the timely information about the location of such deposits, will go a long way in economising the cost of road construction. The Paper discusses the techniques of Air Photo Interpretation developed for hidden aggregate deposits and soils which would enable the indentification and location of potential natural resources, for future programme of the road construction.     

深圳市数字化城市管理模式纵览

近两年试点实践表明,数字化城市管理新模式完全适合深圳市的城市管理实际,迎合了深圳建设国际化城市的现实需求。该模式的实施大幅度提升了深圳的城市管理信息化、精细化、规范化水平,取得了显著的社会效益和经济效益。     

Processing of Laser Scanner Data and Extraction of Structure Lines Using Methods of the Image Processing

激光扫描数据提供了一种新的手段用于获取高精度的数字地形表面模型. 原始的航空激光扫描数据表达的是一些非规则分布的"点云", 这些非规则分布的点需要进行有效的事后处理. 这种事后处理有2个目的:一是将那些分布在地表面上的点(即地面点)与分布在非地表面上的点(譬如树木、房屋或汽车上的点, 即非地面点)进行有效的分离;二是从分离后的地面点中提取结构线, 用于建立高精度的数字地面模型. 作者发展了一系列的基于数字形态学理论和稳健参数估计理论的方法用于分离和探测地面点. 这里所介绍和开发的提取结构线的算法建立在数字图像处理和表面曲率理论的基础上. 这些算法同样可以扩展地用于其他领域. 所介绍的基于数字图像处理理论处理原始的航空激光扫瞄数据和提取结构线的方法取得了很好的结果. 这一结论可以在本文中通过一系列的插图得到有力的证明.     

非规则采矿工作面积分区间确定方法

针对工作面形状多种多样的特点,本文采用二次曲线描述工作面水平投影边界,并且利用分段积分的方法处理更加复杂的工作面形状,合理地解决了非规则采矿工作面积分区间的划分问题;同时,给出了工作面形状系数的计算公式,整个计算过程利用计算机技术实现自动解算,避免了对任意曲边形工作面采用矩形分割的近似处理方法,提高了地面沉陷预计精度。最后,用实例说明了本文提供的对非规则采矿工作面的处理方法比现行处理方法具有更高的