缝洞型底水气藏水平井水侵动态数学模型与影响因素研究

在含有底水的气藏开发过程中,随着气体的采出,气井井底压力逐渐降低,底水会发生向上锥进的现象,严重影响产气。因此若能预先求得气井水侵动态,这对于开发底水气藏具有重要的意义。同时,与常规底水气藏不同,缝洞型底水气藏呈现出三重介质的特性,溶洞和天然裂缝较发育,其非均质性较强,气体渗流的过程更为复杂。通过采用渗透率变异处理储层中裂缝、溶洞的发育,考虑到裂缝和溶洞的存在仅改变了储集层的渗透率,同时在均质底水气藏水平井水锥动态计算方法的基础上,利用渗透率变异理论建立了缝洞型底水气藏临界产量和水锥突破时间公式,并对其影响因素进行了分析。根据所得公式可以近似求解缝洞型底水气藏中水平井的临界产量、见水时间以及见水位置,可用来指导实际缝洞型储层水平井的合理开发,延缓开发过程中底水锥进,延长见水时间,同时还可以确定见水位置为后续压锥及堵水调剖的实施提供依据。通过建立的数值模拟模型以及实际生产数据,验证了本方法研究的可靠性,数值模拟结果从直观上展示了缝洞型底水气藏水平井水锥研究的正确性。     

焦石坝背斜上部气层开发特征及影响因素

为研究上部气层（⑥~⑨小层）与下部气层（①~⑤小层）气井开发效果存在明显差异的原因,结合压裂数据、现场生产动态、可采储量预测和地质分析等手段,评价上部气层和下部气层在页岩岩性、地化特征和储层物性等方面存在的差异.结合气井生产特征分析,认为上部气层可能存在烃源岩内的一次运移,导致上部气层构造高部位天然气富集程度高,这是造成上部气层评价井开发效果差异以及上部气层、下部气层页岩气井差异的主要原因.焦石坝背斜高部位为上部气层开发有利区,但受技术工艺水平和气价控制,其有效开发范围需要根据页岩气井的可采储量、经济性来圈定,结合上部气层页岩气井稳产能力及可采储量评价,认为上部气层开发应从构造高部位开始,逐步向低部位扩展.      

松辽盆地长岭断陷火山岩储层对天然气成藏的控制作用

火山岩气藏是松辽盆地长岭断陷深层重要的气藏类型。通过钻井岩芯、扫描电镜、孔渗测试及面孔率分析等资料,详细研究了火山岩储层的类型和特征;并结合地震资料和产能数据刻画了火山岩储层和气藏的空间分布特征,探索了不同类型火山岩储层对天然气成藏的控制作用。研究表明,研究区主要发育有气孔流纹岩储层、流纹质凝灰熔岩储层和块状流纹岩储层3种类型。气孔流纹岩储层以原生孔隙和微裂缝为主,属于较高-高孔,低渗-较高渗储层;流纹质凝灰熔岩储层主要发育脱玻化孔和构造裂缝,为中孔-特低渗储层;块状流纹岩储层储集空间以裂缝为主,属于特低孔-特低渗储层。气孔流纹岩型气藏的特点是多层工业气层纵向和横向叠加形成,气井产能高,含气面积大;流纹质凝灰熔岩型气藏的特点是块状气藏的气井产能中等;块状流纹岩型气藏的特点是块状气藏,气井产能小,需压裂后方能达到工业产能。     

无因次产气图版在樊庄煤层气产能预测中的应用

数值模拟方法能够较好地描述煤层气的储存特征及流动机理,是目前研究煤层气产能较为有效的方法,但该方法应用费时、复杂,实用性较差。以沁水煤层气田樊庄区块为例,基于煤层气数值模拟方法,建立樊庄无因次产气曲线,研究了13种地质、排采参数对无因次产气曲线的影响,选择影响较大的参数绘制出无因次产气图版。研究结果表明,无因次产气图版能够方便地确定已投产和未投产煤层气井产能、最大产气量及其出现时间、煤层原始含气量等重要参数。实例验证可知,使用无因次产气图版在预测煤层气井产能和确定最大产气量等参数方面,具有较高的准确性。     

土壤水分特征曲线在天然气水合物开采数值模拟中的应用探讨

在使用TOUGH+HYDRATE程序进行水合物开采数值模拟时常用van Genuchten模型计算毛管力,而毛管力大小直接影响水合物开采过程中的产气和产水,因此在数值模拟过程中正确选用模型参数尤为必要。我国某海域天然气水合物储层为未胶结泥质粉砂储层,常规的毛管力测定方法如压汞法、离心法等对该类岩心并不适用,如何测定该类岩心的毛管力并将其应用于van Genuchten模型参数选取具有重要意义。本文探讨了如何应用土壤水分特征曲线测定实验间接获取该类岩心的毛管力数据,为验证该方法的可行性,本文对参考文献[7]中公开的粉砂土壤水分特征曲线测定实验数据进行换算和拟合后得到T+H程序所需的van Genuchten模型参数,结果可为泥质粉砂储层水合物产能研究工作提供参考。     

Using time-lapse 4D seismic to monitor saturation changes in carbonate reservoirs

In the past ten years, time-lapse (4D) seismic has evolved as a standard way of monitoring reservoir performance. The method is now being used as good reservoir management practice to provide evidence of saturation changes within the reservoir at field scale. 4D provides a new piece of data describing the dynamic behavior of the reservoir fluids between the wells, often limited to small scale monitoring at the borehole scale. Thus, it provides sophisticated techniques for reservoir monitoring and management relying on the integration of geological models, static and dynamic properties of the reservoir rock, and detailed production and pressure field data.While 4D seismic data has been very successful in monitoring hydrocarbon production from clastic reservoirs, this work has focused on implementing 4D time lapse to monitor saturation changes in carbonate reservoirs and it’s capability to be used as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) tool that can help in enhancing the recovery factor for the filed and help to locate new drilling to sweep more oil out of the reservoir and locate the by-pass oil.The principal goal of this research was to detect the maximum change in seismic attributes (amplitude, acoustic impedance, travel time) that could occur as a result of oil production, water and gas injection in carbonate reservoirs by using time-lapse 4D seismic.     

页岩气藏体积压裂有效改造体积计算方法

页岩气藏矿场压裂实践表明,储层有效改造体积（effective stimulated reservoir volume,简称ESRV）是影响页岩气藏体积压裂水平井生产效果的关键因素,ESRV的准确计算对页岩气藏压裂方案评价与体积压裂水平井产量预测具有重要作用.基于页岩储层改造体积（stimulated reservoir volume,简称SRV）多尺度介质气体运移机制,建立了SRV区域正交离散裂缝耦合双重介质基质团块来表征单元体渗流模型（representation elementary volume,简称REV）,并结合北美页岩储层实例研究了次生裂缝间距、宽度等缝网参数对页岩气藏气体运移规律的影响.在此基础上根据SRV区域次生裂缝分布特征,采用分形质量维数定量表征裂缝间距分布规律,结合页岩气藏次生裂缝间距对基质团块内流体动用程度的影响规律,得到了页岩气藏体积压裂ESRV计算方法.结果表明SRV区域次生裂缝间距对基质团块内吸附及自由气影响较大,次生裂缝间距小于0.20 m时可以实现SRV区域基质团块内流体向各方向裂缝的"最短距离"渗流.选取北美典型页岩储层生产井体积压裂数据进行ESRV计算,页岩气藏目标井ESRV占体积压裂SRV的37.78%.因此ESRV受改造区域次裂缝分布规律及SRV有效裂缝间距界限的影响,是储层固有性质及人工压裂因素综合作用的结果.      

Assessment of natural gas hydrate reservoirs at Site GMGS3-W19 in the Shenhu area,South China Sea based on various well logs

To obtain the characteristics of the gas hydrate reservoirs at GMGS3-W19, extensive geophysical logging data and cores were analyzed to assess the reservoir properties. Sediment porosities were estimated from density, neutron, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logs. Both the resistivity and NMR logs were used to calculate gas hydrate saturations, the Simandoux model was employed to eliminate the effects of high clay content determined based on the ECS and core data. The density porosity was closely in agreement with the core-derived porosity, and the neutron porosity was higher while the NMR porosity was lower than the density porosity of sediments without hydrates. The resistivity log has higher vertical resolution than the NMR log and thus is more favorable for assessing gas hydrate saturation with strong heterogeneity. For the gas hydrate reservoirs at GMGS3-W19, the porosity, gas hydrate saturation and free gas saturation was 52.7%, 42.7% and 10%, on average, respectively. The various logs provide different methods for the comprehensive evaluation of hydrate reservoir, which supports the selection of candidate site for gas hydrate production testing.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

柴达木盆地涩北二号生物气田砂体产能分类评价

从柴达木盆地涩北二号气田砂泥薄互层滩坝相高孔-中低渗细粒储层特征出发,以气层产能为评价目标,在分析其内涵的基础上,选取孔隙度、渗透率、含气饱和度、有效厚度和泥质体积分数5个地质参数,厘清各参数的影响方式,并建立层次结构模型;以单砂体为基本单元,将消除生产压差影响的"视无阻流量"作为比较参数,采用相关分析结合层次分析法确定参数权重;结合现场生产实际从产能角度将气层分为3类。结果表明:气层分布特征与实际气井产能趋势吻合较好,气层产能分布不但受控于含气丰度、储层条件及原始地层压力,同时也受隔层质量及构造位置的影响。纵向上,由深至浅各气层组的气层数量逐渐增多,但高产能级别气层比例逐渐降低;气层组内部普遍具有气层下少上多,气层产能级别下高上低的特征。平面上,高产能级别气层较多分布在构造高部位即含气面中央部位,向构造边部逐渐过渡为低产能级别气层。通过评价气层产能潜力,可全面了解气层产能分布状况,便于优化调整部署方案。     

Production rate analysis of multiple-fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs by a trilinear flow model

Most multiple-fractured horizontal wells experience long-term linear flow due to the ultralow permeability of shale gas reservoirs. Considering the existence of natural fractures caused by compression and shear stresses during the process of tectonic movement or the expansion of high-pressure gas, a shale gas reservoir can be more appropriately described by dual-porosity medium. Based on the assumption of slab dual-porosity, this paper uses the trilinear flow model to simulate the transient production behavior of multiple-fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs, which takes the desorption of adsorbed gas, Knudsen diffusion and gas slippage flow in the shale matrix into consideration. Production decline curves are plotted with the Stehfest numerical inversion algorithm, and sensitivity analysis is done to identify the most influential reservoir and hydraulic fracture parameters. It was found that the density and permeability of the natural fracture network are the most important parameters affecting the production dynamics of multiple-fractured horizontal wells in shale gas reservoirs. The higher the density and permeability of the natural fractures are, the shorter the time is required to exploit the same amount of reserve, which means a faster investment payoff period. The analytical model presented in this paper can provide some insight into the reserve evaluation and production prediction for shale gas reservoirs.     

Numerical modelling of regional faults in land subsidence prediction above gas/oil reservoirs

The stress variation induced by gas/oil production may activate pre‐existing regional faults. This may enhance the expected land subsidence due to the generation of mechanically weak points close to the producing field. A class of elasto‐plastic interface elements (IE), specifically designed to address the mechanical behaviour of faults over a regional scale, is integrated into a finite element (FE) geomechanical model and used to investigate the role exerted by active faults in anthropogenic land subsidence. The importance of regional faults depends on a variety of factors including depth of the depleted reservoir, fault number, orientation and size, geomechanical properties of porous medium, pore pressure drawdown induced by fluid production, etc. With the aid of some representative examples, a useful indication is provided as to where and how fault activation may influence both magnitude and extent of the land subsidence bowl above producing gas/oil reservoirs, pointing to a generally limited impact on the ground surface. The simulation of a real faulted gas reservoir in a complex 3‐D setting shows that the proposed IE can be simply and efficiently incorporated into a FE geomechanical model, thus improving the quality of the stress and displacement prediction. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

苏里格气田东二区气水分布及产水控制因素分析

针对低孔、低渗的致密砂岩气藏高效持续开发急需解决的气水分布及产水控制因素问题,通过苏里格气田东二区气藏地质和生产动态资料的综合分析,得出以下主要认识：地质构造和生烃强度控制本区气水分布的宏观格局,高产气井绝大多数发育在近烃源岩的低洼部位或微幅构造上;储层物性参数对气水分布起着关键的控制作用,物性好的砂体毛细管阻力小,天然气更易于驱替储集条件好的砂岩储层中的地层水形成气层,研究区气层孔隙度介于7%~14%之间,渗透率为（0.50~2.00）×10^-3 μm²;泥岩隔层等因素造成气水分布的复杂化,随着下伏山1段泥岩隔层厚度的增大,对应区域盒8段日产气量减小,日产水量增加;致密砂岩气藏产能受开发方式的影响很大,在气藏合理配产过程中,需要考虑压敏及速敏效应的影响：投产时间越长、配产及生产压差越大,气井出水速率越快,出水量越大。采用水平井开发,可增加气井的泄流面积、减小生产压差、提高产能、降低水气比,可以实现延长无水或低水采气期,从而提高采收率。     

页岩气开采的相关实验、模型和环境效应

页岩气是一种重要的非常规天然气资源,正在改变世界能源、经济和政治格局。渗透率是评价页岩气藏商业开采可行性的重要参数之一,由于页岩的致密性,页岩气的流动机理不同于常规气藏,因此,页岩储层渗透率测试和页岩气流动模型已成为当前国际研究的热点课题之一。在对页岩气开采技术简单介绍的基础上,综述了页岩储层渗透率测试的试验和理论研究现状,分析了气体吸附对页岩渗透率的影响。阐述了页岩气流动模型的最新进展,分析了双重孔隙模型描述气体迁移的准确性,提出了描述均匀储层中页岩气解吸-扩散-渗流多级运移模型。评述了页岩气开采的温室效应和对地下水的影响,并简单介绍了适合页岩气开采的新技术即无水压裂开采技术,即采用CO2对页岩气藏分段压裂,同时将CO2埋存于废弃井中。最后,对页岩储层渗透率测试和页岩气流动模型研究的新发展以及无水压裂技术进行了展望。     

Hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism during natural gas hydrates production tests in the South China Sea: A review and prospect

Natural gas hydrates (NGHs) are globally recognized as an important type of strategic alternative energy due to their high combustion efficiency, cleanness, and large amounts of resources. The NGHs reservoirs in the South China Sea (SCS) mainly consist of clayey silts. NGHs reservoirs of this type boast the largest distribution range and the highest percentage of resources among NGHs reservoirs in the world. However, they are more difficult to exploit than sandy reservoirs. The China Geological Survey successfully carried out two NGHs production tests in the Shenhu Area in the northern SCS in 2017 and 2020, setting multiple world records, such as the longest gas production time, the highest total gas production, and the highest average daily gas production, as well as achieving a series of innovative theoretical results. As suggested by the in-depth research on the two production tests, key factors that restrict the gas production efficiency of hydrate dissociation include reservoir structure characterization, hydrate phase transition, multiphase seepage and permeability enhancement, and the simulation and regulation of production capacity, among which the hydrate phase transition and seepage mechanism are crucial. Study results reveal that the hydrate phase transition in the SCS is characterized by low dissociation temperature, is prone to produce secondary hydrates in the reservoirs, and is a complex process under the combined effects of the seepage, stress, temperature, and chemical fields. The multiphase seepage is controlled by multiple factors such as the physical properties of unconsolidated reservoirs, the hydrate phase transition, and exploitation methods and is characterized by strong methane adsorption, abrupt changes in absolute permeability, and the weak flow capacity of gas. To ensure the long-term, stable, and efficient NGHs exploitation in the SCS, it is necessary to further enhance the reservoir seepage capacity and increase gas production through secondary reservoir stimulation based on initial reservoir stimulation. With the constant progress in the NGHs industrialization, great efforts should be made to tackle the difficulties, such as determining the micro-change in temperature and pressure, the response mechanisms of material-energy exchange, the methods for efficient NGHs dissociation, and the boundary conditions for the formation of secondary hydrates in the large-scale, long-term gas production.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

松南气田火山岩气藏产水特征和控水策略

基于天然气单次闪蒸实验、气藏水化验分析两种方法,区分松辽盆地松南气田气井产水类型;结合气藏精细描述,分析不同气井的产水机理;进一步利用数值模拟,探索火山岩气藏控水策略。松南气田产水可分为凝析水和地层水两种类型,构造高部位火山机构气井产凝析水,构造低部位火山机构气井产地层水。断层引起的底水上窜是造成构造高部位钻井产少量地层水的主要原因。通过数值模拟发现,采气速度越高,边底水锥进越快。松南气田火山岩气藏最优采气速度约在3.6%。根据高部位高配、低部位低配的控水原则,明确了不同类型、不同构造部位火山岩气井合理产量,可有效控制火山岩气井出水,实现气藏稳产。     

Analysis and application of carbon-bearing rate of reservoirs in the Puguang gas field, northeastern Sichuan Basin

With wells Puguang 2 and 6 in the Puguang gas field as the research objects by choosing organic carbon as characterization reservoir carbon(indirectly reflecting the bitumen contents),this paper discusses the relationship between bitumen contents and lithologic characteristics,reservoir characteristics,and calculates the volume of paleo-oil and oil cracked gas.The study shows that the organic carbon contents of the reservoirs are related to lithologic characteristics.Due to variations in the particle size or structure of rocks,the porosity of the reservoirs varies,furthermore,it will influence the contents of organic carbon.And the relationship between these two parameters is positive.Based on the analysis,the relationship between total organic carbon(TOC)and the contents of reservoir bitumen also appears to be positive.The volume of paleo-oil and cracked gas of the Changxing-Feixian’guan Formation are respectively 495 million tons and 360.4 billion m3 through the calculation of reservoir’s organic carbon.Therefore,the relationship between carbon-bearing rate and characteristics of the reservoirs can be used to indirectly evaluate reservoir types.Besides,the carbon-bearing rate of the reservoirs also reflects the contents of reservoir bitumen,paleo-oil as well as natural gas.It makes a new approach for the study of the types of reservoirs and the amounts of paleo-oil and oil cracked gas in northeastern Sichuan Basin.     

Effect of hydrocarbon production on reflection amplitude properties of reservoirs—a case study of Kov Field,Niger Delta,Nigeria

A better understanding of how hydrocarbons and other fluids such as brine move in the reservoirs within the Kov Field will enable the improved application of secondary recovery methods such as water and gas injections and also highlight areas within the field that have remaining hydrocarbons. This work focuses on the two major sandstone reservoir intervals, the AG-I and the AG-II all within the Agbada Formation, since they showed prominent amplitude changes. In the AG-I Formation, the results obtained from the production data and rock physics modeling show an increase in the amplitude impedance (AI) contrast around injection wells and a decrease in AI contrast around production wells due to fluid replacement, and it also deals with the pressure changes in correlation to the water injection performed to maintain the reservoir pressure, while in the AG-II Formation, the effect of hydrocarbon production serves to visualize and map the oil-water contact (OWC) as it evolves with the production time; the OWC is not observable on later seismic vintages because the reservoir drops below the OWC. Conclusively, the effect of hydrocarbon production throughout the reservoir and across the entire Field would be beneficial in mapping fluid changes in the Kov Field, which can be utilized for enhanced oil recovery and improved reservoir management.     

基于煤层气井排采数据的储层含气量动态反演研究

煤储层含气量是煤层气开发的核心参数,但实测煤储层含气量与煤储层的真实含气量之间往往存在误差。基于窑街矿区海石湾井田煤层气井不同时段的产气量,以煤储层含气量“定体积”降低为基础,反演煤储层实时含气量,研究煤层气井排采过程煤储层实时含气量的变化规律。结果表明:煤储层含气量随排采时间呈线性下降趋势,不同步长煤层气井产气量与煤储层含气量降低幅度一致,遵循“定体积”产气特征,即煤层气单井产气量是煤基质“定体积”产出;煤层气井的产气量与含气量降低速率有关,而与煤储层原始含气量无关。煤储层为隔水层,水力压裂难以改变煤基微孔隙通道的结合水状态,CH₄产出过程受水–煤界面作用控制,煤层气产出是“CH₄·煤·水”三相界面传质作用的结果,水–煤界面作用中水的湍动提供并传递能量,激励块煤中CH₄解吸与产出。      

Relative permeability of CBM reservoirs: Controls on curve shape

Relative permeability to gas and water for 2-phase flow coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs has long been known to exhibit a strong control on (gas and water) production profile characteristics. Despite its important control on both primary and enhanced recovery of CBM for coal seams that have not been fully dewatered, relative permeability in coal has received little attention in the literature in the past decade. There are few published laboratory-derived curves; these studies and their resulting data represent a small subset of the commercial CBM reservoirs and do not allow for a systematic investigation of the physical controls on relative permeability curve shape. Other methods for estimation of relative permeability curves include derivation from simulation history-matching, and production data analysis. Both of these methods will yield pseudo-relative permeability curves whose shapes could be affected by several dynamic CBM reservoir and operating characteristics.The purpose of the current work is to perform a systematic investigation of the controls on CBM relative permeability curve shape, including non-static fracture permeability and porosity, multi-layer effects and transient flow. To derive the relative permeability curves, effective permeability to gas and water are obtained from flow equations, flow rates and pressure data. Simulated cases are analyzed so that derived and input curves may be compared allowing for investigation of CBM reservoir properties on curve shape. One set of relative permeability curves that were input into the simulator were obtained from pore-scale modeling. Field cases from two basins are also examined and controls on derived relative permeability curve shape inferred. The results of this work should be useful for future CBM development and greenhouse gas sequestration studies, and it is hoped that it will spark additional research of this critical CBM flow property.     

古岩溶油气储层研究进展

古岩溶对可溶性岩石的改造作用表现为形成溶蚀孔洞等储集空间,特别是对于碳酸盐岩地层,古岩溶发育会极大地改善了地层的储集性能,形成具有良好孔渗性的岩溶储层。作为碳酸盐岩地层中重要储层类型之一,岩溶储层的发育与分布对于碳酸盐岩油气藏的形成具有重要意义。文章系统地总结了前人在不同类型岩溶储层以及断溶体等方面的研究成果,并对古岩溶油气储层研究的最新进展进行了梳理归纳,这对于认识我国含油气盆地中岩溶储层的发育与分布具有重要参考价值。总结认为古岩溶油气储层研究主要存在以下问题：（1）早成岩岩溶储层研究实例较少,且利用测井、地震资料对该类型储层的分布进行预测缺少相应实践;（2）表生岩溶储层的研究主要集中于古地貌恢复以及垂向分带方面。但目前的古地貌恢复方法,均具有一定的局限性,无法对古地貌实现定量恢复。垂向分带的方案众多,尚未形成一个统一的分类方案,且在垂向上带与带之间的界线不明确,无法进行准确地划分;（3）埋藏岩溶储层的研究主要集中在硫酸盐热还原作用以及热液溶蚀方面,对于受有机酸影响的埋藏岩溶储层缺少相应的研究;（4）断溶体的识别、刻画与预测主要依赖于地震资料,受地震资料分辨率影响显著;（5）岩溶储层发育的影响因素众多,仅靠单一地质或者地震资料无法实现对岩溶储层的精准预测。