中国黄土研究进展

1ThedistributionandpaleoenvironmentsignificanceofloessinChinaIn the world, the loess in China has most extensive distribution, the largest thickness and the most complete times. The distribution area is over 448,000 km2 (Liu, 1985), the thickness is about 505 m (Lei, 1995) and the times began from the Tertiary (Zhao, 1989; Ding etal, 2000; Guo etal., 2002). The loess in China is mainly distributed in the middle reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River, and concentrated in the east of Gansu p…     

Engineering properties of loess in Libya

A 1928 study of Tripolitania, indicated clearly the presence of loess-like deposits and described their nature, pointing out that 90% of the granular material was greater than 100 μm in diameter. Some authors suggest that there is a region of Peri-Sahara loess, although earlier observations indicate quite clearly that the Sahara region is free of loess. The proposed loess in North Africa, represented by soil samples from Libya, has been investigated. Undisturbed and remoulded soil samples representing two different types of loess have been collected from various locations in Libya. Samples represent Tripoli loess from the Jefara plain in the north west and Ghat loess from the Tahala region in the south west. The specific gravity, Atterberg Limits, grain size distribution and dry density were determined according to British Standard procedures (BSI, 1975). Grain size analysis for particles passing the No. 200 sieve (63 microns) was conducted using the Sedigraph technique. Geometrical characteristics of loess particles passing the 63 microns sieve were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique. The hydrocollapsibility properties, with particular reference to their response to wetting under different stress levels, have been measured in single- and double-oedometer tests. The results of this investigation indicated that the Libyan loess has index properties and hydrocollapse behaviour similar to those of loess from many parts of the world, and that the material can be classified as silty loess in the Tripoli region and clayey loess in the Ghat area. The large particle sizes described in the 1928 study were not found. The Scheidig classification of the North Libya loess ‘Nachgewiesen definite’ is justified.     

Progress of loess research in China

Progress in Chinese loess research made in recent 15 years was introduced in this paper, including mainly distribution and paleoenvironment significance of Chinese loess, new development of loess formation age, red-brown paleosol types and environmental change, loess-paleosol sequence and climate cycles, monsoon strength change during last interglacial and last glacial periods in the Loess Plateau, climate events, and source areas of loess and material.     

Laboratory investigation on the mechanical behavior of ice-saturated frozen loess

To investigate the mechanical properties of ice-saturated frozen soil, a series of triaxial tests under various confining pressures（0.5 to 9.0 MPa） on ice-saturated frozen loess with ice content of 23.7% were carried out at a temperature-6 °C, and at 1.25 mm/min of loading rate. The triaxial tests include two loading modes, one with monotonic loading（i.e., triaxial compression）, and another with static cycle loading. The test results under triaxial compression show that the strength and deformation behaviors of ice-saturated frozen loess are affected by confining pressure. According to the test results of triaxial loading-unloading cycle test, the elastic modulus evolution with the number of cycles under different confining pressures are analyzed.     

山东青州黄土的地层年代及其物质来源研究

为探讨山东青州黄土的地层年代,对傅家庄黄土剖面进行了系统的磁性地层学研究,并对剖面上部进行了光释光测年和粘土矿物分析。结果表明:青州黄土发育的年代未达到布容/松山界限,结合光释光测年推断,其底界年龄大致在500 ka前后,与长江下游地区的下蜀黄土起源时代接近,均对应于中更新世全球急剧变冷的时期;粘土矿物的分析结果进一步支持青州黄土主要来源于冰期裸露的渤海湾陆架和黄泛平原的松散堆积物。上述结果表明,青州黄土的起源时代不仅与区域性环境条件有关,而且与中更新世以来全球环境变化的背景具有密切联系。     

新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读问题

新疆的黄土地貌及其遥感判读具有不同于我国黄土高原地区的一些特点。根据参与“中国1∶1 000 000数字地貌制图（新疆片）”项目工作的实践和体会,从黄土地貌区的位置、色调与色彩、大小、形状、阴影、水系和纹理、植被和土壤、相关体、相关资料和野外经验等方面总结了7项关于新疆黄土地貌的遥感判读依据,并归纳了新疆黄土地貌与风沙、干燥、流水、冰缘、雅丹等地貌类型之间以及与部分特殊情况之间的一些鉴别特征。结果可为新疆未来的地貌制图及相关的科研与教学工作提供参考。     

Size and spatial distribution of loess slides on the Chinese Loess Plateau

ABSTRACT

The size and spatial distribution of loess slides are important for estimating the yield of eroded materials and determining the landslide risk. While previous studies have investigated landslide size distributions, the spatial distribution pattern of landslides at different spatial scales is poorly understood. The results indicate that the loess slide distribution exhibits a power-law scaling across a range of the size distribution. The mean landslide size and size distribution in the different geomorphic types are different. The double Pareto and inverse gamma functions can coincide well with the empirical probability distribution of the loess slide areas and can quantitatively reveal the rollover location, maximum probability, and scaling exponents. The frequency of loess slides increases with mean monthly precipitation. Moreover, point distance analysis showed that > 80% of landslides are located < 3 km from other loess slides. We found that the loess slides at the two study sites (Zhidan and Luochuan County) in northern Shaanxi Province, China show a significant clustered distribution. Furthermore, analysis results of the correlated fractal dimension show that the landslides exhibit a dispersed distribution at smaller spatial scales and a clustered distribution at larger spatial scales.     

淮河上游全新世风成黄土与成壤环境变化研究

在野外考察研究的基础上,在河南禹州全新世黄土-古土壤剖面系统采样,利用X-荧光光谱仪测定了常量元素的含量,并与磁化率、粘粒含量及碳酸钙含量变化曲线对比发现:常量元素氧化物(Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、MgO)含量随土壤地层呈现有规律变化,即在古土壤层(S0)中含量最高,表土层(MS)中次之,在黄土层(L1、Lt、L0)中最低;Na2O在古土壤层淋失,在黄土层相对富集。深入分析表明,淮河上游全新世黄土为风力沉积物,来源于黄河下游泛滥平原的风沙活动和沙尘暴沉积。在古土壤层和表土层形成时期,气候温暖湿润,虽然仍然有沙尘暴发生,但是成壤作用和次生粘化作用较强;在黄土层堆积时期,气候干旱寒冷,黄河下游泛滥平原植被稀疏,风沙活动和沙尘暴强烈,风化成壤作用极其微弱。这些化学成分含量与磁化率相关性很强,表明它们主要受全新世气候与成壤环境变化的控制。     

淮河上游全新世黄土及沉积成因

The dust source and transporting system are two indispensable aspects in the process of loess-palaeosol accumulation. It has been proved that the dust of the Loess Plateau mainly comes from the northwestern inland gobi and desert, transported by the East Asia monsoon systems and westerlies. However, there are little researches with respect to the dust source and deposition dynamics of the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. In the present study, we investigated and collected the YPC section with high resolution in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River. The chronological frame was reconstructed by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating and correlated with the published loess time series. By comparison of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) and grain size (GS) of loess-soil profile among YPC profile, XJN profile (western Loess Plateau) and the JYC profile (southern Loess Plateau), we find similar climate change and pedogenic process between the upper reaches of the Huaihe River and the Loess Plateau, both experienced an extreme dry and the weakest pedogenesis during the last glacial, followed by a transitional episodes from the cold-dry last glacial to the warm-humid mid-Holocene and increased pedogenesis in the early Holocene, then a most humid-warm and strong pedogenesis in the mid-Holocene, and climate deterioration and decreased pedogenesis occurred during the late Holocene. But the MS of loess-soil profile sequences in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was much lower than those in the Loess Plateau, and the GS was much coarser than those in the Loess Plateau. Comparison of GS for these three profiles revealed that there were different dust sources, which belonged to different aeolian transporting systems. The loess in the upper reaches of the Huaihe River was a wind blown deposition of near source, while the coarser dust mainly came from loose alluvial deposits of alluvial and proluvial fans of the Yellow River. The yielding and carrying dynamics of the dust in the Huaihe River is the northeast wind prevails in the winter half year.     

会宁剖面黄土粒度记录的MIS3阶段气候变化研究

深海氧同位素第三阶段（MIS3）是末次冰期中的一段特殊时期,通过对会宁黄土剖面粒度变化特征的研究分析恢复重建了会宁MIS3阶段古气候。会宁剖面记录了较明显的5次降温事件——Heinrich事件（H2：23.22～23.51 ka,H3：30.52～31.19 ka,H4：38.3～39.93 ka,H5：43.67～44.82 ka,H6：63.54～64.41 ka）,其中的MIS3阶段根据粒度特征分为3 a（46.36～55.48 ka）较为温湿,3b（30.04～46.36 ka）干冷,3c（24.47～30.04 ka）温湿三个阶段,具明显的D-O旋回。     

黄土丘陵地貌形成模式与地貌演变

通过对陕西北部典型黄土丘陵区地貌调查,提出了黄土丘陵地貌形成模式,并对地貌演变进行了探讨。黄土高原原生黄土丘陵分布广泛,主要在下伏古丘陵基础上由黄土加积而成;次生黄土丘陵是黄土塬、黄土台塬等经沟谷侵蚀、改造而成。黄土丘陵区河流阶地和沟谷层状地貌反映了河流、沟谷的形成与演变。黄河一级支流形成于早更新世末;早中更新世末、晚中更新世初黄河一级支流和较大的二级支流形成了较完整的水系;中更新世末如韭园沟等较大的沟谷形成;晚更新世末河网、沟谷格局与现在已基本一致;尚未切入基岩的冲沟多形成于全新世;长度百米至数十米的切沟多是历史时期或近几十年来形成的。     

黄土台塬区土地利用转移流及空间集聚特征分析

提出了土地利用转移流和土地利用活跃度的概念,基于Landsat 遥感影像数据,采用土地利用变化测度模型,以5 年和25 年两种时间尺度对黄土台塬区土地利用时空动态特征进行分析,并将密度制图法应用到土地利用变化的空间集聚特征识别中.研究表明：① 黄土台塬区耕地占绝对优势,后备耕地资源严重不足,林地、草地、水域比例较低,存在较大生态风险;② 耕地与建设用地、草地、林地之间的转移关系是黄土台塬区土地利用转移的关键关系,决定着台塬区土地利用变化特征;③ 1985-2010 年耕地转建设用地流高达26668.80 hm²,占土地转移流40.75%,草地转耕地流18923.90 hm²,占28.91%,建设占用耕地情况严重,耕地占补平衡主要通过挤占草地实现;④ 25 年以来,土地利用变化对水域扰动最大,其次为森林,草地第三;⑤ 土地利用变化存在阶段性,1990-2000 年土地利用变化速率高于其他时段;⑥不同时间尺度下土地利用变化的空间集聚特征不同,25 年尺度下城镇附近土地变化幅度较高,5 年尺度下土地利用变化热点区由台塬中部向东西边缘区推移.     

西宁地区黄土堆积的粒径分组

采用对数正态分布的统计方法对青藏高原东北缘西宁盘子山黄土剖面的粒度数据进行拟合,结果表明盘子山剖面的粒度分布呈现出5个对数正态分布粒度方式的组合,各地层单元的粒径大体可分为5组,粒度分别介于平均粒径为0.4、9、20、40、63μm的范围,各粒径区域占整体粒径分布的比例比较相近;并且粘粒、极细粉砂组分的分选程度较差。盘子山剖面的粒度分布方式与黄土高原地区的分布有一定差异,<4μm的组分在古土壤中占到11%~16%,在黄土中占到8%。无论在黄土堆积阶段,还是在古土壤发育阶段,盘子山地区相对于延长地区,20、40、63μm粒径组的比例都大,西宁盘子山地区黄土剖面的粗颗粒含量比较多。由于气候总体干旱、成土作用相对较弱,风化对黄土粒度组成的改变程度不会太明显,再加上青藏高原因冰川反复消融作用和磨蚀作用共同影响所产生的砂尘为黄土提供了可观的粗物质补给,因此盘子山剖面的黄土物源区呈现多样化特点。     

黄土坡面发育平稳的细沟流水动力学特性

由于天然降雨存在间歇性,常会出现前期降雨已经发育成型的细沟又经历了二次降雨的情况,但目前对这一条件下细沟流水动力学特性的研究还很少。本文采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,通过间隔24 h两场不同雨强的降雨,研究黄土坡面经过第一场降雨形成比较稳定的细沟之后,在第二场较小雨强降雨过程中,细沟发育平稳时的流水动力学特性。研究结果表明:①细沟流速大小受坡长影响并不显著,相同坡度下不同坡长的细沟流平均流速差别不大;细沟流速受细沟形态影响较大,25°坡面比20°坡面细沟密度大,流速相对较小;②剪切力大小受流量和坡度共同作用;雷诺数与水流剪切力呈显著正相关关系,弗洛德数与水流剪切力则呈显著负相关关系;③随着距坡顶距离的增加,阻力系数呈增大趋势;第二次降雨强度相同,坡度大的坡面上阻力系数也较大,可见阻力系数与径流量和坡度的关系十分紧密;阻力系数与雷诺数之间呈显著正相关关系,雷诺数的增加意味着平均流速增大,水流强度增大导致细沟形态更为复杂,水流受到的阻力增大;虽然雷诺数增加同时也意味着水流深度增大,但从试验结果可见,陡坡条件下阻力系数受流速的影响较大。