Numerical simulation of laboratory experiments in detention pond routing with long rainfall duration

This paper establishes a numerical detention pond volume model based on the hydrological continuity equation and the Runge-Kutta numerical method. Experiments for the conditions of both steady and unsteady flow have been used to verify the model. In unsteady flow cases, the outflow hydrograph by numerical simulation are fairly consistent with experimental value. Both experimental and numerical results indicate that wider rectangular sharp-crested weirs or larger rectangular slot tend to induce greater outflow discharges, which undesirably cut down the detention volume. Experiments show that the necessary detention volume of rectangular slot is smaller than that of the rectangular sharp-crested weir for a constant flood peak reduction. That is, the rectangular slot is the recommended outflow device when flood peak reduction is the design criteria. The study also shows that necessary detention volume of the short rainfall duration is less than that of the long rainfall duration under constant allowable maximum discharge.     

APPROXIMATE SOLUTION USING A PERTURBATION METHOD FOR DETENTION POND DESIGN

1 INTRODUCTION Mountains higher than 100m occupy 63% of the land area in Taiwan. Serious flood disasters and muddy flows usually occur in the rainy season. To reduce the disasters from hillslope development, the government published the Norm of Soil and Water Conservation Treatment (NSWCT) in 1994. One of the most important treatments is that detention ponds and grit chambers are essential facilities for reducing increased peak flow disasters and sediment yield. 309 volumes on soil…     

A SIMPLIFIED WATER QUALITY MODEL FOR WETLANDS

The purpose of this study is to develop a simplified mathematical model to simulate suspended solids and total phosphorus concentrations in a wetland or detention pond. Field data collected from a wet detention pond during storms were used to demonstrate the application of this model. Favorable agreements between the model results and data were achieved. The ratio of average outlet method and summary of loads method were used to quantify the removal efficiency of pollutants, reflecting the efficiencies are very close. The results of this study can be used for nonpoint source pollution control, wastewater treatment or best management practices (BMPs) through the wetland.     

DEVELOPMENT OF DETENTION VOLUME MODEL FOR DETENTION PONDS WITH LONG-DURATION RAINFALL

The detention pond is one of the crucial items in detention facilities. It may effectively alleviate the occurrence of peak discharge, control the center of flood flow, and reduce the amount of soil loss. The objective of this study is analyzing the detention volume change of a detention pond with long-duration rainfall under the known isosceles trapezoidal inflow hydrograph model. The volume change of detention, which is under the influences of a givenisosceles trapezoidal inflow hydrograph and the extent of peak attenuation, is investigated by using the non-dimensional detention theory and the related mathematical analyses. The minimum detention volume of a detention pond can therefore be calculated based on the estimated of volume change of detention. The proposed detention volume estimation model can be used for the design of detention of facilities during the hillside development.     

CALCULATION OF THE VOLUME METHODOF DETENTION POND

1INTRODUCTIONDuetotiledecreaseoflandcoverandtheincreaseofwaterproofareasinurbandevelopment,itisclearthattherainwaterinfiltrationratewillreduceandtherunoft'volumewillincrease.Increasedrunoft'maycausetyequentfloodingandseveresedimentwashoutdownstream.Toavoidsuchadversedownstreameffects,storm-waterrunoft'andsedimentouttlowratemustbecontrolledusingdetentiontbcilitiesinInanynewcommunities.ThemainfunctionsofdetelltionpondsaretoreducepeakflowandcontrolthestreamlineandsedimentOutflowrate.Inperfo…     

Reduction of discharge hydrograph and flood stage resulted from upstream detention ponds

The models of physiographic inundation and flood routing for channel network were used in this study to analyse the influence of the Tainan Scientific Base Industrial Park (TSBIP) and Feng-Hua detention ponds on the inundated potential, inundated volume, flood damage, and flood stage of peak flow along the Yen-Shui creek in 2-day flood for the 2-, 10- and 50-year return periods, respectively. The computed results show that the TSBIP detention ponds are able to reduce the inundated area and flood damage. However, the decrease in inundated area is not obvious for the 50-year return-period flood. Construction of the Feng-Hua detention pond resulted in a significant decrease in the flood stage along the Yen-Shui creek in the downstream reach. Moreover, the decrease in peak flow and lag of time-to-peak become increasingly evident in the downstream direction for the 2- and 10-year return-period events. For the 50-year return period, the lag of time-to-peak is not apparent, but the decrease in peak flow is still noticeable. In respect to the performance of detention ponds, the slopes of hydrographs in the rising and recession segments are smoother than those without detention ponds. Meanwhile, the shapes of peak become flatter if the detention ponds are installed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modelling detention basins measured from high‐resolution light detection and ranging data

The construction of stormwater detention basins is a best management practice to effectively control floods, to provide additional surface storage for excess floodwater and to compensate for the adverse effects of urban development. Traditional field‐based levelling survey methods are very time consuming and subject to human‐induced arbitrariness and error. This article presents an approach to modelling detention basins measured from light detection and ranging remote sensing data. A case study is illustrated by using the White Oak Bayou watershed of Harris County, Texas. The storage–stage curve obtained from the volumetric analysis is used in a modified detention basins routing model, which was developed by adding the weir structure control to the traditional hydrologic reservoir routing equations. The model simulation showed that the peak flow of the synthetic 100‐year reoccurrence event was effectively reduced and delayed by the detention basins. The comparison with the simulation results from the traditional reservoir routing model suggested that previous studies using the reservoir routing model were likely to underestimate the flood reduction effect of detention basins. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters showed that the detention basin design and evaluation should pay more attention on the weir height and river channel's roughness. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Field investigation of a dry detention pond with underground detention storage

Abstract

A dry pond is an urban drainage component designed to temporarily store stormwater runoff and to encourage infiltration of surface water to the subsurface layer. This paper investigates field measurement of a dry pond at Taiping Health Clinic, Perak, Malaysia that has been functioning well for five years. The pond has a surface area of 195 m², maximum depth of 32 cm, and a storage capacity of 31.88 m³. The study focused on the infiltration functionality of the constructed dry pond and the results show that it has an average infiltration rate of 125 mm/h and dries up in 330 min after being filled to a depth of 31 mm. A public-domain hydrological model was then employed to simulate hydrographs of ponding and draining, the results of which matched observations with 86–98% accuracy. These results can lead to better understanding of the system and allow duplication of such a drainage design elsewhere.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Lai, S.H. and Mah, D.Y.S., 2012. Field investigation of a dry detention pond with underground detention storage. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (6), 1249–1255.     

Chemical effects of a near-to-nature detention pond on a small urban headwater

The near-to-nature approach has been established as best practice for stormwater management. However, pollutant mobility within such systems and its impact on small receiving waters are partly unexplained. The study takes place in an urbanised headwater catchment in south-western Germany with an area of 0.4 km². Runoff from roofs, roads, parking lots and gardens is collected in wells or trenches and stored in private and public dry detention basins. Accordingly, this study investigates pollutant input to a detention pond, removal efficiency and the associated effects on the receiving water.Grab samples with high temporal resolution of the receiving water (16 flood events with 315 samples and 41 baseflow samples), the three inflows of the detention basin and its outflow (four flood events with 64 samples) were taken. The outflow of the dry pond is recovered in the hydro- and chemographs of the receiving water. Runoff from roads with increased traffic volume caused the highest PAH inputs and runoff from the residential area showed the highest zinc concentrations, which partly infringe European Environmental Quality Standards. Yearly pollutant inputs (DOC, TSS, PAH, nutrients, metals) from the settlement into the tributary are reduced in the detention pond by up to 80%.     

Two‐dimensional continuous simulation of spatiotemporally varied hydrological processes using the time‐area method

Distributed, continuous hydrologic models promote better understanding of hydrology and enable integrated hydrologic analyses by providing a more detailed picture of water transport processes across the varying landscape. However, such models are not widely used in routine modelling practices, due in part to the extensive data input requirements, computational demands, and complexity of routing algorithms. We developed a two‐dimensional continuous hydrologic model, HYSTAR, using a time‐area method within a grid‐based spatial data model with the goal of providing an alternative way to simulate spatiotemporally varied watershed‐scale hydrologic processes. The model calculates the direct runoff hydrograph by coupling a time‐area routing scheme with a dynamic rainfall excess sub‐model implemented here using a modified curve number method with an hourly time step, explicitly considering downstream ‘reinfiltration’ of routed surface runoff. Soil moisture content is determined at each time interval based on a water balance equation, and overland and channel runoff is routed on time‐area maps, representing spatial variation in hydraulic characteristics for each time interval in a storm event. Simulating runoff hydrographs does not depend on unit hydrograph theory or on solution of the Saint Venant equation, yet retains the simplicity of a unit hydrograph approach and the capability of explicitly simulating two‐dimensional flow routing. The model provided acceptable performance in predicting daily and monthly runoff for a 6‐year period for a watershed in Virginia (USA) using readily available geographic information about the watershed landscape. Spatial and temporal variability in simulated effective runoff depth and time area maps dynamically show the areas of the watershed contributing to the direct runoff hydrograph at the outlet over time, consistent with the variable source area overland flow generation mechanism. The model offers a way to simulate watershed processes and runoff hydrographs using the time‐area method, providing a simple, efficient, and sound framework that explicitly represents mechanisms of spatially and temporally varied hydrologic processes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of temporal variation of sediment yield using GIS / Estimation de la variation temporelle de l'exportation sédimentaire grâce à un SIG

Abstract

A GIS-based method is proposed for computation of temporal variation of sediment yield during isolated storm events. Data from three Indian catchments, namely Karso and Nagwa in Jharkhand and Kharkari in Rajasthan, have been used. The Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) GIS package was used for (a) catchment discretization into cell areas using grid networks, (b) evaluation of the spatial variation in catchment topographical characteristics and land use, and (c) presentation of the results obtained. The process of sediment delivery from grid cells to the catchment outlet is represented by the topographical characteristics of the cells. Unit sediment graphs for the catchments are derived by translation of the sediment yield from the grid cells and routing through a linear storage reservoir. The proposed method is found to provide satisfactory estimates of the temporal variation of sediment yield during isolated storm events. The total sediment yield of a storm event may also be computed using the proposed method.     

GEOMORPHOLOGICAL TRANSFER FUNCTION CALCULATED FROM DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS FOR DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING

Recently, several attempts have been made to relate the hydrological response of a catchment to its morphological and topographical features using different hypotheses to model the effect of the drainage network. Several transfer functions were developed and some of these are based on the theory of a linear model, the geomorphological unit hydrograph. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology to automatically identify the transfer function, using digital elevation models for applications in distributed hydrological modelling. The transfer function proposed herein is based on the Hayami approximation solution of the diffusive wave equation especially adapted for the routing hydrograph through a channel network. The Gardon d’Anduze basin, southern France, was retained for applications. Digital elevation models were used to extract the channel network and divide the basin into subcatchments. Each subcatchment produces, at its own outlet, an impulse response which is routed to the outlet of the whole catchment using the diffusive wave model described by two parameters: celerity and diffusivity functions of geometrical characteristics of the channel network. Firstly, a geomorphological unit hydrograph obtained by routing a homogeneous effective rainfall was compared with the unit hydrograph identified by a lumped model scheme, then the distributed model was applied to take into account the spatial variability of effective rainfall in the catchment. Results show that this new method seems to be adapted for distributed hydrological modelling; it enables identification of a transfer function response for each hydrological unit, here subcatchments, and then simulation of the contribution of each unit to the hydrograph at the outlet. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Fill–Spill Hydrology of Prairie Wetland Complexes during Drought and Deluge

The fill–spill of surface depressions (wetlands) results in intermittent surface water connectivity between wetlands in the prairie wetland region of North America. Dynamic connectivity between wetlands results in dynamic contributing areas for runoff. However, the effect of fill–spill and the resultant variable or dynamic basin contributing area has largely been disregarded in the hydrological community. Long‐term field observations recorded at the St. Denis National Wildlife Area, Saskatchewan, allow fill–spill in the basin to be identified and quantified. Along with historical water‐level observations dating back to 1968, recent data collected for the basin include snow surveys, surface water survey and production of a light detection and ranging–derived digital elevation model. Data collection for the basin includes both wet and dry antecedent basin conditions during spring runoff events. A surface water survey at St. Denis in 2006 reveals a disconnected channel network during the spring freshet runoff event. Rather than 100% of the basin contributing runoff to the outlet, which most hydrological models assume, only approximately 39% of the basin contributes to the outlet. Anthropogenic features, such as culverts and roads, were found to influence the extent and spatial distribution of contributing areas in the basin. Historical pond depth records illustrate the effect of antecedent basin conditions on fill–spill and basin contributing area. A large pond at the outlet of the St. Denis basin, which only receives local runoff during dry years when upstream surface storage has not been satisfied, has pond runoff volumes that increase by a factor of 20 or more during wet years when upstream antecedent basin surface storage is satisfied and basin‐wide runoff contributes to the pond. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessing Risks of Shallow Riparian Groundwater Quality Near an Oil Sands Tailings Pond

The potential discharge of groundwater contaminated by oil sands process‐affected water (OSPW) is a concern for aquatic ecosystems near tailings ponds. Groundwater in the area, but unaffected by OSPW, may contain similar compounds, complicating the assessment of potential ecological impacts. In this study, 177 shallow groundwater samples were collected from riparian areas along the Athabasca River and tributaries proximate to oil sands developments. For “pond‐site” samples (71; adjacent to study tailings pond), Canadian aquatic life guidelines were exceeded for 11 of 20 assessed compounds. However, “non‐pond” samples (54; not near any tailings pond) provided similar exceedances. Statistical analyses indicate that pond‐site and non‐pond samples were indistinguishable for all but seven parameters assessed, including salts, many trace metals, and fluorescence profiles of aromatic naphthenic acids (ANA). This suggests that, regarding the tested parameters, groundwater adjacent to the study tailings pond generally poses no greater ecological risk than other nearby groundwaters at this time. Multivariate analyses applied to the groundwater data set separated into 11 smaller zones support this conclusion, but show some variation between zones. Geological and potential OSPW influences could not be distinguished based on major ions and metals concentrations. However, similarities in indicator parameters, namely ANA, F, Mo, Se, and Na‐Cl ratio, were noted between a small subset of samples from two pond‐site zones and two OSPW samples and two shallow groundwater samples documented as likely OSPW affected. This indicator‐based screening suggests that OSPW‐affected groundwater may be reaching Athabasca River sediments at a few locations.     

Hydrodynamic derivation of a variable parameter Muskingum method: 2. Verification

Abstract

The hydrodynamic derivation of a variable parameter Muskingum method and its solution procedure for estimating a routed hydrograph were presented in Part I of this series (Perumal, 1994a). In this paper, the limitations of the method, the criterion for its applicability and its accuracy are discussed based on the assumptions used. The method is verified by routing a given hypothetical inflow hydrograph through uniform rectangular cross-section channels and comparing the results with the corresponding numerical solutions of the St. Venant equations. The stage hydrographs as computed by the method are also compared with the corresponding St. Venant solutions. It is demonstrated that the method closely reproduces the St. Venant solutions for the discharge and stage hydrographs subject to the compliance of the assumptions of the method by the routing process.     

Analytical solutions of a routing problem for storm water in a detention basin

Abstract

Analytical solutions of a routing problem for storm water flowing through a linear reservoir are presented for the assumption of trapezoidal-shaped inflow hydrograph. The maximum ponded (water) depth in the detention basin is chosen as a main design criterion. Calculations are carried out for a given rain recurrence interval but for various rain durations and sand filter surface areas to reach the maximum permitted ponded depth. A design example is also provided.     

Modelling localized sources of sediment in mountain catchments for provenance studies

A hydrology–sediment modelling framework based on the model Topkapi-ETH combined with basin geomorphic mapping is used to investigate the role of localized sediment sources in a mountain river basin (Kleine Emme, Switzerland). The periodic sediment mobilization from incised areas and landslides by hillslope runoff and river discharge is simulated in addition to overland flow erosion to quantify their contributions to suspended sediment fluxes. The framework simulates the suspended sediment load provenance at the outlet and its temporal dynamics, by routing fine sediment along topographically driven pathways from the distinct sediment sources to the outlet. We show that accounting for localized sediment sources substantially improves the modelling of observed sediment concentrations and loads at the outlet compared to overland flow erosion alone. We demonstrate that the modelled river basin can shift between channel-process and hillslope-process dominant behaviour depending on the model parameter describing gully competence on landslide surfaces. The simulations in which channel processes dominate were found to be more consistent with observations, and with two independent validations in the Kleine Emme, by topographic analysis of surface roughness and by sediment tracing with ¹⁰ Be concentrations. This research shows that spatially explicit modelling can be used to infer the dominant sediment production process in a river basin, to inform and optimize sediment sampling strategies for denudation rate estimates, and in general to support sediment provenance studies. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

L'Opération Sources en Belgique: premières analyses statistiques des résultats et légitimité des cartes “nitrates”

Abstract

This work critically assesses the storage, or hydrological methods of flood routing, focusing on the Muskingum and Kalinin-Miljukov methods. The common hydraulic basis of these methods and their inter-relationships are established, emphasising hydraulic derivations of the Muskingum method's weighting coefficient. Important characteristics of the routing scheme are highlighted, especially the scheme's affinity to the pseudo-viscosity method of shock computation; the flow-dependence (nonlinearity) of routing parameters is analysed, as are mass balance errors. Options in calculating depths and in handling lateral flows are presented. Storage routing models are shown to be instances of a numerically equivalent convection—diffusion equation or kinematic wave-derived convection—diffusion routing model that is also able to relate depth and discharge at-a-section via loop-shaped rating curves; the consequences of ignoring the rating curves' transience are pointed out. System analytic parameter estimations are summarised, a routing option with direct use of the diffusion wave system response function (SRF) is reviewed, the selection of routing reaches based on the river morphology is discussed, and the extension of storage-type routing to mass transport simulation is indicated.     

Tag retention and survival of fish tagged in controlled pond experiments

Fish survival, tag retention and tag loss were evaluated in pond experiments and described by linear regression equations. Tagging of fish had no significant influence on their survival. However, loss of tags caused strong differences between actual fish survival and the survival rate e^–z estimated on recovered tags. Mathematical functions were derived to correct tag loss. Values of those functions depend upon the type of tag and time after tagging. The B-type of tagging, which approximated the Swedish Carlin method, appeared to be most effective. The rate of tag loss was independent of the fish species (common carp, tench) used in the experiments.     

A model for distributed GIUH‐based flow routing on natural and anthropogenic hillslopes

Attempts to reduce the number of parameters in distributed rainfall–runoff models have not yet resulted in a model that is accurate for both natural and anthropogenic hillslopes. We take on the challenge by proposing a distributed model for overland flow and channel flow based on a combination of a linear response time distribution and the hillslope geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH), which can be calculated with only a digital elevation model and a map with field boundaries and channel network as input. The spatial domain is subdivided into representative elementary hillslopes (REHs) for each of which we define geometric and flow velocity parameters and compute the GIUH. The catchment GIUH is given by the sum of all REH responses. While most distributed models only perform well on natural hillslopes, the advantage of our approach is that it can also be applied to modified hillslopes with for example a rectangular drainage network and terrace cultivation. Tests show that the REH‐GIUH approach performs better than classical routing functions (exponential and gamma). Simulations of four virtual hillslopes suggest that peak flow at the catchment outlet is directly related to drainage density. By combining the distributed flow routing model with a lumped‐parameter infiltration model, we were also able to demonstrate that terrace cultivation delays the response time and reduces peak flow in comparison to the same hillslope, but with a natural stream network. The REH‐GIUH approach is a first step in the process of coupling distributed hydrological models to erosion and water quality models at the REH (associated with agricultural management) and at the catchment scale (associated with the evaluation of the environmental impact of human activities). It furthermore provides a basis for the development of models for large catchments and urban or peri‐urban catchments. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.