Response simulation and theoretical calibration of a dual-induction resistivity LWD tool

In this paper, responses of a new dual-induction resistivity logging-while-drilling （LWD） tool in 3D inhomogeneous formation models are simulated by the vectorfinite element method （VFEM）, the influences of the borehole, invaded zone, surroundingstrata, and tool eccentricity are analyzed, and calibration loop parameters and calibrationcoefficients of the LWD tool are discussed. The results show that the tool has a greater depthof investigation than that of the existing electromagnetic propagation LWD tools and is moresensitive to azimuthal conductivity. Both deep and medium induction responses have linearrelationships with the formation conductivity, considering optimal calibration loop parametersand calibration coefficients. Due to the different depths of investigation and resolution, deepinduction and medium induction are affected differently by the formation model parameters,thereby having different correction factors. The simulation results can provide theoreticalreferences for the research and interpretation of the dual-induction resistivity LWD tools.     

Estimation of the temporal autocorrelation structure by the collocation technique with an emphasis on soil moisture studies

Abstract

The collocation technique has become a popular tool in oceanography and hydrology for estimating the error variances of different data sources such as in situ sensors, models and remote sensing products. It is also possible to determine calibration constants, for example to account for an off-set between the data sources. So far, the temporal autocorrelation structure of the errors has not been studied, although it is known that it has detrimental effects on the results of the collocation technique, in particular when calibration constants are also determined. This paper shows how the (triple) collocation estimators can be adapted to retrieve the autocovariance functions; the statistical properties as well as the structural deficencies are described. The coupling between the autocorrelation of the error and the estimation of calibration constants is studied in detail, due to its importance for analysing temporal changes. In soil moisture applications, such time variations can be induced, for example, by seasonal changes in the vegetation cover, which affect both models and remote sensing products. The limitations of the proposed technique associated with these considerations are analysed using remote sensing and in situ soil moisture data. The variability of the inter-sensor calibration and the autocovariance are shown to be closely related to temporal patterns of the data.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis

Citation Zwieback, S., Dorigo, W., and Wagner, W., 2013. Estimation of the temporal autocorrelation structure by the collocation technique with an emphasis on soil moisture studies. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1729–1747.     

Using model error in response history analysis to evaluate component calibration methods

This research is part of a larger effort to better understand and quantify the epistemic model uncertainty in dynamic response-history simulations. This paper focuses on how calibration methods influence model uncertainty. Structural models in earthquake engineering are typically built up from independently calibrated component models. During component calibration, engineers often use experimental component response under quasi-static loading to find parameters that minimize the error in structural response under dynamic loading. Since the calibration and the simulation environments are different, if a calibration method wants to provide optimal parameters for simulation, it has to focus on features of the component response that are important from the perspective of global structural behavior. Relevance describes how efficiently a calibration method can focus on such important features. A framework of virtual experiments and a methodology is proposed to evaluate the influence of calibration relevance on model error in simulations. The evaluation is demonstrated through a case study with buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBF). Two calibration methods are compared in the case study. The first, highly relevant calibration method is based on stiffness and hardening characteristics of braces; the second, less relevant calibration method is based on the axial force response of braces. The highly relevant calibration method consistently identified the preferable parameter sets. In contrast, the less relevant calibration method showed poor to mediocre performance. The framework and methodology presented here are not limited to BRBF. They have the potential to facilitate and systematize the improvement of component-model calibration methods for any structural system.     

用阶跃信号检查基式地震仪(SK)基本常数变化的可能性

阶跃信号在地震仪的脉冲标定和检查中获得了广泛应用。在我国基准地震台上,已开始用阶跃信号对基式地震仪(SK)作例行检查。但是,这种检查只能定性地说明仪器的工作状态有无异常,而不能对仪器基本常数的变化进行定量估计。因此,起不到监视仪器常数变化的作用,降低了脉冲检查的意义。 国外有些工作涉及到了脉冲检查与仪器基本常数之间的定量关系,但是,它们只是讨论了周期、阻尼、放大倍数孤立变化对响应波形产生的影响,而在实际观测中,仪器基本常数的变化是相互关联的。 在这篇文章中,作者首先导出了用阶跃信号进行检查时,仪器的运动方程,并用拉普拉斯变换方法求解该方程,得出了仪器响应的解析表达式,进而讨论了实际当中可能发生的仪器参数变化的几种情况及其与仪器基本常数之间的关系。作者计算出在各种可能变化情况下的仪器响应波形。在分析响应波形与仪器参数、基本常数变化之间的关系时,引进了响应波形特征参数的概念。给出了从地震图上能够识别的特征参数的最小变化范围,从而在仪器基本常数变化与响应波形特征参数变化之间建立了定量关系。文章最后给出了在各种变化情况下所能识别的基本常数变化范围及其可靠性。      

多极子随钻声波测井波场模拟与采集模式分析

应用三维非均匀交错网格有限差分程序模拟了多极子随钻声波测井的波场,考察了硬地层中单极子随钻声波测井响应及软地层中声源频率对多极子随钻声波测井的影响;计算了接收阵列波形的时域相干谱及频散特征,结果表明随钻测井仪器居中时,在硬地层中可以直接利用单极子声系得到地层横波速度,但地层纵波受到钻铤波的极大干扰.而在软地层中可以利用单极子声系直接测得地层纵波速度,但地层横波速度则需要使用工作在较低频率下的四极子随钻声波仪来测得,此时测井频段又会落入钻井噪声频带而受到影响.为此本文提出数值模拟手段结合物理实验的方法得到钻铤波的影响,在实际测井中通过信号处理方法而不是用在仪器本体上刻槽的方式来更完全地消除钻铤的影响.为了避免钻井噪声的影响,本文提出六极子随钻声波仪更适合软地层的横波测量.本文用数值实验结果来说明这些方法的可行性.     

岷县-卓尼5.2级地震与地电前兆异常的初步研究

利用甘肃省内地电数字化资料观测结果，对2003年11月13日10时35分发生在岷县-卓尼Ms5．2地震进行初步分析，结果表明，在该地震发生前，地电前兆出现了18项短临异常，对这些短临异常特征进行分析研究，发现其临震异常较为明显，从异常开始至结束表现为时间短、幅度大、恢复快这一特点。可为地震短临预报提供重要的参考判据。     

一种新型随钻电阻率测井仪器的响应和刻度

对一种新型随钻电阻率测井仪器在均质地层中的电磁场分布和接收线圈的响应特性进行分析,并对仪器在真空中的刻度方法进行研究.推导出了圆柱坐标系下径向成层介质中磁流源并矢Green函数的矢量本征函数展开式,从而得到研究该仪器电磁场分布、接收线圈响应、刻度方法所必需的解析计算式.计算发现,钻铤的存在大大提高了仪器的定向探测性能.计算还发现,不同的钻铤尺寸、线圈系到钻铤不同的距离对线圈系在真空中的响应值具有较大影响.钻铤在地层中产生的实部信号可近似认为恒定,而当地层电导率大于001 S/m时,钻铤在地层中产生的虚部信号亦可近似认为恒定.数值计算表明,仪器偏心程度越大,钻铤半径越大,仪器中刻度环电阻所对应的视电导率值越小.     

成像测井系统软件主控模块的设计与分析

成像测井系统中的主控模块主要包括刻度、测井、回放、重测井等子模块．系统的测井主控采用双进程、多线程的设计方案,一个进程是采集管理器,它主要负责和前端机进行通讯．另一个进程就是主控软件,其中多个线程共享同一个内存空间．线程之间的通讯方便．系统采用实时抢占式调度控制方式．可及时处理在测井过程中的紧急事例和数据采集．根据windows NT中的DLL技术和面向对象中的动态联编技术,采用动态添加新仪器的设计思想,设计了测井仪器类及动态添加机制,可以将各种测井仪器的动态链接库动态安装到测井系统中．达到动态添加新仪器的目的,     

Using genetic algorithm and TOPSIS for Xinanjiang model calibration with a single procedure

Genetic Algorithm (GA) is globally oriented in searching and thus useful in optimizing multiobjective problems, especially where the objective functions are ill-defined. Conceptual rainfall–runoff models that aim at predicting streamflow from the knowledge of precipitation over a catchment have become a basic tool for flood forecasting. The parameter calibration of a conceptual model usually involves the multiple criteria for judging the performances of observed data. However, it is often difficult to derive all objective functions for the parameter calibration problem of a conceptual model. Thus, a new method to the multiple criteria parameter calibration problem, which combines GA with TOPSIS (technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution) for Xinanjiang model, is presented. This study is an immediate further development of authors' previous research (Cheng, C.T., Ou, C.P., Chau, K.W., 2002. Combining a fuzzy optimal model with a genetic algorithm to solve multi-objective rainfall–runoff model calibration. Journal of Hydrology, 268, 72–86), whose obvious disadvantages are to split the whole procedure into two parts and to become difficult to integrally grasp the best behaviors of model during the calibration procedure. The current method integrates the two parts of Xinanjiang rainfall–runoff model calibration together, simplifying the procedures of model calibration and validation and easily demonstrated the intrinsic phenomenon of observed data in integrity. Comparison of results with two-step procedure shows that the current methodology gives similar results to the previous method, is also feasible and robust, but simpler and easier to apply in practice.     

论架空结构的震动

本文所謂架空結構是指搁置在較高的支墩上的連續梁結構,例如高架橋梁或水電站的架空輸水管道等。這類結構在承受震動荷載（例如地震）時,常會引起較大的變形和应力。如支墩較粗矮,則在計算較低的頻率時,其作用可近似的以一彈簧支座代替之,而忽略支墩本身的結構震動影響。這是一個常用的假定,可以使計算工作充分簡化。本文首先對這一情况作了詳盡討論,給出较完整的解答,包括起始條件影響在内,並提出用“載常數”及“形常數”的觀念來進行計算。然后本文給出考虑支墩的震動影響時的精確解答,分別就縱横方向的震動進行討論,並指出近似計算公式和精確公式间的關係,近似公式只能在支墩較剛固和計算较低階的頻率時才適用。文中列出了結構作横向諧和震動時的特別解答,可見其計算工作量將比近似法增加不少。     

Calibration and uncertainty analysis of the SWAT model using Genetic Algorithms and Bayesian Model Averaging

In this paper, the Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) were used to simultaneously conduct calibration and uncertainty analysis for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). In this combined method, several SWAT models with different structures are first selected; next GA is used to calibrate each model using observed streamflow data; finally, BMA is applied to combine the ensemble predictions and provide uncertainty interval estimation. This method was tested in two contrasting basins, the Little River Experimental Basin in Georgia, USA, and the Yellow River Headwater Basin in China. The results obtained in the two case studies show that this combined method can provide deterministic predictions better than or comparable to the best calibrated model using GA. The 66.7% and 90% uncertainty intervals estimated by this method were analyzed. The differences between the percentage of coverage of observations and the corresponding expected coverage percentage are within 10% for both calibration and validation periods in these two test basins. This combined methodology provides a practical and flexible tool to attain reliable deterministic simulation and uncertainty analysis of SWAT.     

A frequency and velocity-dependent impedance method for prediction of rail/foundation dynamics

This paper presents an efficient numerical tool for the prediction of railway dynamic response.A behavior calibration of the infinite Euler-Bernoulli beam resting on continuous viscoelastic foundation is proposed.Constitutive laws of the discrete elements are determined for a rectilinear ballasted track.A three-dimensional model coupled with an adaptive meshing scheme is employed to calibrate the beam model impedances by finding the similarity between the output signals using the genetic algorithm.The model shows an important performance with significant reduction in computational effort.This study emphasizes the major impact of the excitation characteristics on the parameters of the discrete models.     

Seismic active pressure distribution history behind rigid retaining walls

Evaluating the seismic active earth pressure on retaining walls is currently based on pseudo-static method in practices. In this method, however, it is not simple, choosing an appropriate value for earthquake coefficient, which should fully reflect the dynamic characteristics of both soil and loading is an important problem. On the other hand, by using only two extra dynamic parameters that are shear wave velocity of soil and predominant frequency of probable earthquake, one can benefit from another more accurate tool called pseudo-dynamic method to solve the problem of earth pressure.In this study in the framework of limit equilibrium analysis, pseudo-dynamic method has been applied into horizontal slice method of analysis to account for the effect of earthquake on lateral earth pressure history behind rigid retaining walls. The pressure history resulted from a number of analyses shows that before and after reaching the peak resultant force, different pressure distributions occur behind a wall that put more local pressure than the same at peak. This method would be a tool to control this phenomenon in wall design.     

双侧向型复电阻率测井响应的数值模拟

在二维地层模型条件下,应用有限元方法模拟了双侧向模式的复电阻率测井仪器在不同频率下的响应,结果表明当频率很低时,复电阻率测井的响应接近双侧向测井的响应;随着频率的提高,复电阻率测井的响应幅度降低。当地层具有一定的频散效应时,可以利用不同频率下的复电阻率测井响应直观地区分油水层     

Calibration framework for a Kalman filter applied to a groundwater model

The paper presents a novel approach to the setup of a Kalman filter by using an automatic calibration framework for estimation of the covariance matrices. The calibration consists of two sequential steps: (1) Automatic calibration of a set of covariance parameters to optimize the performance of the system and (2) adjustment of the model and observation variance to provide an uncertainty analysis relying on the data instead of ad-hoc covariance values. The method is applied to a twin-test experiment with a groundwater model and a colored noise Kalman filter. The filter is implemented in an ensemble framework. It is demonstrated that lattice sampling is preferable to the usual Monte Carlo simulation because its ability to preserve the theoretical mean reduces the size of the ensemble needed. The resulting Kalman filter proves to be efficient in correcting dynamic error and bias over the whole domain studied. The uncertainty analysis provides a reliable estimate of the error in the neighborhood of assimilation points but the simplicity of the covariance models leads to underestimation of the errors far from assimilation points.     

Calibrating multi-frequency acoustic backscatter systems for studying near-bed suspended sediment transport processes

The utilisation of sound backscattered from sediments in suspension, to measure profiles of near-bed particle size and concentration, has been gaining increasing acceptance and usage by sedimentologists and coastal engineers over the past two decades. To obtain the sediment parameters from the backscattered signal requires an inversion to be conducted on the signal and this necessitates a system calibration. The calibration can be carried out by detailed acoustic and electronic measurements, or alternatively by measuring the backscattering from suspensions with known scattering characteristics. Here, we explore the latter approach and describe in some detail the calibration of a triple frequency acoustic backscatter system. The aim is to provide coastal scientists involved in using acoustics as a tool for sediment transport research, with a clear exposition of the calibration process. Suspensions of glass spheres of varying particle size were used as the calibration scatterers. To interpret the signal backscatter from the suspension of glass spheres a simple model for sphere scattering is presented. The results show that consistent calibration results can be obtained in a relatively simple and robust manner.     

电离层-均匀地球模型中地表水平电偶极子激发的电磁场

本文在电离层-均匀地球模型中使用Debye势方法,在电磁场一般性边界条件下导出了地表水平电偶极子源在地球介质中激发的电磁场的表达式.对球Bessel函数使用指数函数近似,并采用加速算法,计算了地表及地下的电磁场.其正确性得到理论计算和实际观测数据的多方面支持.结果表明,在收发距离大于1000 km,电磁场强度很稳定,几乎没有衰减的迹象;电磁场受电离层的影响很大,由于电离层高度升高或电导率减小引起的电磁场幅度的减少可以达到50%,但是由电场和磁场得到的视电阻率变化却很小.     

Hydrological modelling of Ethiopian catchments using limited data

The hydrological component of the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model is adapted for two Ethiopian catchments based on primary knowledge of the coherence spectrum between rainfall and stream flow data. Spectrum analysis using the available nearby climatic data is made to limit the temporal and spatial scales (inverse rate coefficients) subject to the calibration of compartmentalized runoff models. The exclusion of unwarranted time scales in the calibration implies that the model efficiency (r² values) decrease only moderately between calibration and validation, and the optimization is focused on warranted problems. On the basis of the available data for the two Ethiopian catchments, the implication is that only periods longer than about 50 days can be reliably evaluated in the model. The model structure of SWAT for the surface runoff and groundwater flow response is modified to make the time scales consistent with the results of the spectrum analysis. An optimization algorithm is developed to constrain and combine the model parameters with the spectrum analysis results. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松辽盆地深层火山岩含气储层产能预测

松辽盆地深层火山岩是当前大庆地球物理、地质、地球化学研究的主要领域之一,已取得丰硕的成果,火成岩含气储层产能作为一个表示动态特征的参数,是储层评价的重要指标之一,本文讨论了火成岩含气储层的产能与测井响应之间的关系,探讨了根据测井资料应用人工神经网络技术预测火成岩含气储层产能的方法,利用已知气井测试结果和测井资料作为网络的训练样本,根据网络学习训练结果,输入测井资料等静态参数,可预测储集层的产能,根据这种关系采用神经网络技术实现了测井对产能的预测评价,从而为大庆深部火成岩含气储层的开发提供了一定的依据。