西昆仑赞坎铁矿床地质特征、形成时代及高品位矿石的成因

新疆赞坎铁矿床位于西昆仑塔什库尔干地块西段,是近年新发现的一个大型沉积变质型磁铁矿床。赋矿岩系布伦阔勒群主要由黑云母石英片岩、斜长角闪片岩、变粒岩、硅质岩及磁铁石英岩等组成。目前探明工业矿体4条,单个矿体长度大于2.5km,矿体厚10~70m;局部见高品位铁矿段(mFe50%),长度达900m,厚度40m左右。矿石类型主要为2种,一种为原生的条纹-条带状磁铁矿(为主);另一种为热液改造形成的块状(高品位铁矿石)及浸染状磁铁矿。矿石稀土元素配分(PAAS)表明,原生条纹-条带状铁矿石Ce和Y元素异常不明显(~1.15、~0.94),Eu具正异常(~1.69),Y/Ho平均值为25,稀土配分模式与沉积变质型铁矿相似。而受改造的矿石中,浸染状矿石具有较高的稀土总量,明显富集轻稀土,La和Ce显示正异常(~1.46、~1.17),Y显示负异常(=0.66~0.72),Eu表现为强烈的正异常(~4.37),稀土配分模式明显不同于原生条纹-条带状铁矿石。矿体围岩斜长角闪片岩(变沉积岩)中的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄为591±1Ma,结合前人对矿区内侵入体的年代学研究(霏细斑岩,533Ma),大致反映沉积铁矿的形成时代为新元古代至早寒武世。电子探针显示,条带状磁铁矿中的TiO_2、AL_2O_3、MgO、MnO含量较低,标型组分含量与沉积变质型磁铁矿颇为接近,在磁铁矿单矿物成因图解中,条带状磁铁矿整体显示磁铁矿为沉积变质型铁矿;浸染状矿石和块状矿石的组成与典型沉积变质型铁矿的偏离反映了后期岩浆-构造热事件对条带状铁矿石的改造;上述结果显示赞坎铁矿整体属于沉积变质型铁矿(BIF)。调查发现赞坎高品位铁矿体与早寒武世侵入的霏细斑岩联系密切,高品位矿石及其围岩发育一定程度的矽卡岩化,如阳起石化、碳酸盐化和黄铁矿化。本文推测高品位铁矿石的成因可能为霏细斑岩的岩浆热液溶解并运移早期沉积变质铁矿中的含铁物质,在构造发育处充填交代形成块状磁铁富矿石。在早寒武世侵入到矿区中部的霏细斑岩体中,同时发育有角砾状磁铁矿和脉状磁铁矿,因此,岩浆热液改造原生条带状铁矿石形成高品位铁矿石的时代应为早寒武世。     

黔南罗甸中晚泥盆世硅质岩类沉积环境及其形成的大地构造背景

黔南罗甸地区中晚泥盆世广泛发育深水相沉积硅质岩、灰岩,其建造类型明显不同于增生型或岛弧型硅质岩,属于一种特殊的硅质岩建造类型。对罗甸蒙江(中、上泥盆统)和过石寨(中泥盆统)42件硅质岩类样品进行岩石学、矿物学以及主量和稀土元素地球化学研究,结果表明,中泥盆世硅质沉积物Al_2O_3(0.62%~22.1%)、TiO_2(0.01%~0.84%)、Fe_2O_3(0.41%~10.5%)、∑REE(7.87×10~(-6)~319×10~(-6))、Ce/Ce*(0.51~0.96)值整体偏高,而Y/Ho值(26.6~37.0,平均30.8)和(La/Ce)N值(1.06~1.99,平均1.28)相对较低。晚泥盆世硅质沉积物的Al_2O_3(2.42%~10.6%)、TiO_2(0.06%~0.43%)、Fe_2O_3(0.62%~2.65%)、∑REE(28.7×10~(-6)~163×10~(-6))、Ce/Ce*(0.45~0.82)值则相对偏低,而Y/Ho值(28.2~36.7,平均34.2)和(La/Ce)N值(1.34~2.34,平均1.82)相对升高。除去SiO_2稀释作用影响,区内硅质沉积物稀土元素含量及来源变化均大,其中上泥盆统硅质沉积物中(∑REE+Y)除部分来自陆源碎屑外,更多地从海水中获取。结合Al2O_3/TiO_2-Al(Al+Fe+Mn)、Al-Fe-Mn和(∑REE+Y)-SiO_2/Al_2O_3图解,以及主量和稀土元素地球化学特征,认为罗甸中晚泥盆世硅质沉积物为正常海相沉积,从中泥盆世到晚泥盆世,沉积环境已由较为局限的边缘裂谷盆地向开阔的边缘裂谷盆地转化。这对深刻认识水城-紫云-南丹晚古生代裂陷盆地,以及右江盆地在中晚泥盆世的发展、演化过程均具有重要意义。     

且干布拉克早寒武世硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征及地质意义

通过对西山布拉克组第一岩性段硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征研究,探讨其沉积环境和成因,推测其与库鲁克塔格早古生代地壳演化关系。研究区硅质岩夹泥质硅岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩的岩石组合,硅质岩的Al/(Al+Fe)值(~0.6)、Ce/Ce*值(~0.57)、(La/Yb)n值(~0.66)等特征指示为欠补偿、缺氧的深水盆地沉积环境。其Fe/Ti值(~29.2),Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(~0.54),(Fe+Mn)/Ti值(~31.3),富集Ag,As,Sb,Ba元素等特征,表明该区硅质岩为热水和海水混合成因,形成过程中海水有较高的生产力。硅质岩∑REE在剖面底部为14.9×10-6,向上减小为8.6×10-6,至顶部增加到105.6×10-6,表明剖面底部到顶部热水活动强度呈减弱趋势。早寒武世硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征表明,硅质岩形成于裂陷槽盆地中,是上升洋流将海底热水物质带至沉积地点与海水发生不同程度混合的产物,为库鲁克塔格早寒武世早期处于拉张裂解环境提供了岩石学和地球化学证据。     

鞍本太古代条带状铁建造（BIF）的稀土及微量元素特征

本区围岩和BIF具有完全相同的地球化学性质。BIF有低S、CO_2和Al_2O_3,特别低的TiO_2和Zr含量,其REE特征是低的∑REE含量和强的正Eu异常。推测鞍本地区的BIF属于晚太古代陆壳盆地内的化学沉积变质矿床。在沉积过程中,有极少量泥质组分加入,成矿物质与火山活动无明显关系。     

西昆仑赞坎铁矿地质和地球化学特征及矿床类型探讨

赞坎铁矿位于西昆仑造山带塔什库尔干地块西段,是近年新发现的一个大型沉积变质型磁铁矿床。铁矿体的顶一底板围岩分别为古元古代布伦阔勒群斜长角闪片岩和黑云母石英片岩;矿区南部出露早古生代花岗岩岩体;矿石类型以条带状及浸染状磁铁矿石为主,兼具少量块状磁铁矿石。在详细矿区地质观察的基础上,本文报道了矿石的地球化学特征与锆石U-Pb年代学分析结果。元素地球化学分析表明,条带状铁矿石具有较高的稀土总量,明显富集轻稀土,未呈现明显Ce和Y元素的异常(Ce/Ce~*=0.93~1.12、Y/Y~*=0.74~1.30);部分矿石显示Eu正异常(Eu/Eu~*=1.66~4.46),稀土配分形式与沉积变质型铁矿相似。矿体围岩变粒岩锆石U-Pb年龄为2 416±54 Ma,大致反映沉积铁矿的形成时代,而807±51 Ma的年龄反映变质作用时代。矿区一有铁矿捕虏体的花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄为504±26 Ma。该期花岗岩的侵入对铁矿有明显的改造和叠加作用。     

西藏多龙矿集区硅质岩岩石地球化学、Si- O同位素特征及其构造意义

多龙矿集区位于班公湖-怒江成矿带西段、羌塘地体南缘。本文通过对多龙矿集区出露的硅质岩进行系统地球化学研究,探讨硅质岩形成的沉积环境及成因。多龙硅质岩SiO_2含量为92.83%～93.97%,属于纯硅质岩;Si/Al值为48.98～49.56,MnO/TiO_2值为0.36～0.64,Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.77～0.81;硅质岩ΣREE为30.83×10~(-6)～34.59×10~(-6),LREE/HREE值为6.71～6.93,球粒陨石标准化曲线为Eu负异常而Ce弱正异常的右倾型曲线,北美页岩标准化曲线为Eu和Ce均显示出弱正异常的平坦型曲线;微量元素均严重亏损,仅Cu、Pb等亲铜元素亏损幅度较对较弱,V值为7.83×10~(-6)～8.84×10~(-6),V/Y值为1.25～1.48,亦表明硅质岩形成的环境海底热液活动不强烈,沉积环境为大陆边缘环境。多龙硅质岩δ~(30) Si_(NBS-28)值为1.0‰～1.1‰,δ~(18) O_(V-SMOW)‰为20.3‰～20.8‰,表明多龙硅质岩为浅海环境中沉积形成的原生的生物成因硅质岩。综合分析认为,多龙硅质岩形成于中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期,为形成于对稳定的洋盆闭合的大陆边缘沉积环境的生物成因硅质岩,暗示南羌塘地体南缘于中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期处于陆缘弧环境,班公湖-怒江洋仍在北向俯冲消减,洋盆尚未完全闭合。     

河南舞阳铁山庙式BIF铁矿的矿物学与地球化学特征及对矿床成因的指示

河南舞阳铁矿位于华北克拉通南缘.铁山庙式铁矿是舞阳铁矿的一部分,赋存于新太古界太华杂岩铁山庙组表壳岩中.本文根据铁山庙式铁矿中三种不同类型矿石(条带状石英-辉石-磁铁矿、块状辉石-磁铁矿、块状石英-磁铁矿)中磁铁矿的矿物成分、全岩/矿的主量元素及微量元素特征,探讨铁山庙式铁矿床的成因.磁铁矿单矿物成分分析表明,条带状石英-辉石-磁铁矿矿石中磁铁矿的FeOT含量90.6％ ～93.1％,平均91.8％;块状辉石-磁铁矿矿石中磁铁矿的FeOT含量90.7％～91.2％,平均91.0％;块状石英-磁铁矿矿石中磁铁矿的FeOT含量92.0％～93.0％,平均92.4％.上述平均值均与磁铁矿FeOT的理论值(93.1％)接近.三种类型矿石的其它元素如TiO2、MgO、MnO、CaO、Al2O3 Cr2O3 NiO等含量均＜0.1％,无明显区别,表明该区磁铁矿为含杂质极少的纯磁铁矿,表现出沉积变质成因磁铁矿的特征.矿石中斜方辉石-单斜辉石及近矿围岩紫苏辉石-长石-石英矿物组合,表明铁山庙式矿床经受了高级变质作用,石英、磁铁矿等矿物普遍发生变质重结晶,颗粒粗大,但仍保存原有的地球化学组成.元素地球化学分析显示,三种类型矿石中SiO2 、TiO2 Al2O3、P2O5的含量相近;块状辉石-磁铁矿较其它二者相对贫铁、富钙、镁,这是由于块状辉石-磁铁矿石中富含铁普通辉石和铁次透辉石所致;矿石中TiO2、Al2O3含量都极低,说明该区成岩成矿过程中未受到碎屑物质的混染.三种不同类型矿石的主量元素含量总体上都与世界典型BIF的相近.对于稀土元素,三种类型矿石均具有轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集((La/Yb)PAAS=0.29～0.995＜1),La、Eu、Y的正异常(La/La*=1.10～1.89;Eu/Eu* =1.30～2.23;Y/Y* =1.47～1.84),较高的Y/Ho比值(39.7 ～51.3),具有现代海水及高温热液混合特征.因此,我们认为铁山庙式铁矿三种不同类型的矿石是极少受到陆源碎屑混染的化学沉积成因,虽遭受后期变质作用,但仍属BIF型铁矿.     

银额盆地及邻区二叠系硅质岩岩石学、地球化学特征及沉积环境

通过对研究区二叠系硅质岩岩石学特征、主量及稀土元素地球化学研究,探讨硅质岩的地球化学特征及其沉积环境。结果表明,杭乌拉下二叠统埋汗哈达组硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.68~0.78之间,平均值为0.73,δCe值为0.89~0.94,平均值为0.90,二断井中二叠统菊石滩组Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值介于0.50~0.67之间,平均值为0.60,δCe值介于0.85~0.90之间,平均值为0.88,在Al-Fe-Mn三角图上,样品点落入生物成因硅质岩区,指示研究区硅质岩为海水生物沉积成因。杭乌拉下二叠统埋汗哈达组硅质岩Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.78~0.86,平均值为0.83,Mn O/Ti O2值为0.04~0.40,平均值为0.16,(La/Ce)N值为1.02~1.15,平均值为1.10,Ceanom值为-0.041~-0.001,平均值为-0.029,二断井中二叠统菊石滩组硅质岩Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值为0.82~0.91,平均值为0.87,Mn O/Ti O2值为0.05~0.47,平均值为0.24,(La/Ce)N值为1.00~1.12,平均值为1.06,Ceanom值为-0.058~-0.033,平均值为-0.045。这些地球化学指标指示了研究区硅质岩沉积于大陆边缘缺氧的水体环境中。     

河西走廊过渡带东部香山群硅质岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

河西走廊过渡带东部位于鄂尔多斯地块、阿拉善地块和祁连造山带三大构造单元的结合交汇部位,关于其古生代期间的演化过程一直存在不同的认识。为深入探讨该区早古生代的沉积环境和构造背景,对香山群第三亚群硅质岩进行了全岩地球化学分析。研究表明,该套硅质岩SiO_2含量较高,为81.08%~98.39%,平均值为91.89%,而Al_2O_3(0.26%~1.74%)、TiO_2(0.01%~0.06%)和稀土元素总量(∑REE)(6.5×10~(-6)~37.52×10~(-6))含量均较低,且Al_2O_3、TiO_2与SiO_2则反映出较弱的相关性,表明其受到一定的陆源碎屑影响,但影响程度较小。此外,研究区硅质岩具有较低的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值(0.06~0.56),大多数样品在相关成因判别图解中均落入热液成因区域,说明河西走廊过渡带东部早古生代硅质岩主要为海底热液成因。研究区硅质岩Al/(Al+Fe)比值为0.06~0.62,∑REE值为6.5×10~(-6)~37.52×10~(-6),(La/Yb)_N值为0.32~1.63,(La/Ce)_N值为0.57~1.16,δCe值为0.84~1.82,显示出大陆边缘和大洋盆地的特征。结合区域地质资料认为早古生代走廊过渡带东部地区应为古祁连洋的一部分,其硅质岩的形成环境与古祁连洋的演化密切相关,而并非前人所认为的坳拉槽环境。     

西昆仑塔什库尔干地区赞坎铁矿床磁铁矿元素地球化学特征及其对成矿的制约

赞坎铁矿床是塔什库尔干地区一个典型的沉积变质型铁矿,具有多阶段成矿的特征,是塔什库尔干地区铁矿成矿作用演化的典型代表。文章将赞坎铁矿床主要矿石矿物磁铁矿的形成划分为3个世代,分别为条带状磁铁矿、浸染状磁铁矿和粗晶脉状或块状磁铁矿,分别代表3个成矿阶段的产物。电子探针和LAICP-MS原位分析表明,赞坎铁矿从条带状磁铁矿到粗晶块状磁铁矿随着磁铁矿的成矿演化主量元素中Al元素有减少的趋势,而Ti、Mn、Mg、V元素均具有增加的趋势;微量元素中Co、Nb、Hf、Ta等具有减少的趋势,Sc、Ga、Zr、Sn等元素具有增加的趋势。根据以上各成矿阶段中磁铁矿成分变化,并结合前人的研究成果发现,赞坎铁矿早期条带状磁铁矿与火山沉积作用有关,成矿后期特别是在粗晶块状和脉状磁铁矿阶段受岩浆热液影响明显,富铁矿有岩浆热液的参与。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。