湖泊沉积生物硅的测定与应用:以湖光岩玛珥湖为例

在国外实验方法基础上,初步建立了湖泊沉积生物硅实验室测定方法,硅胶模拟实验表明,该方法准确可靠,沉积样品重复测试显示测量平均偏差小。利用此方法,首次分析了我国雷州半岛湖光岩玛珥湖Ｂ孔部分岩芯生物硅含量,结果显示,生物硅敏感地记录了末次冰消期古季风气候的变化,揭示了快速变化的ＢΦｌｌｉｎｇ－ＡｌｌｅｒΦｄ－Ｙｏｕｎｇｅｒ Ｄｒｙａｓ气候事件,表明了低纬度湖泊沉积生物硅也是一个理想的古气候替代指标。     

南极普里兹湾表层沉积物微量元素分布特征及其物源指示意义

利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定了中国南极科考21~27航次期间获取的普里兹湾表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Co、Al、Fe、Mn的含量,分析了普里兹湾微量元素的分布特征,结合沉积物粒度分布、生物硅含量,并利用富集系数和主成分分析的方法,探讨了微量元素的物源指示意义。研究结果表明:普里兹湾沉积物中的微量元素含量与南大洋其他海域具有很好的可比性。Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Fe、Mn含量在陆坡深海区明显高于冰架边缘区和陆架区;Al、Pb含量在冰架边缘区较高;而Cd含量在陆架区相对较高。人类活动对普里兹湾沉积物中的微量元素没有明显的影响,南极大陆岩石风化产物和海洋生物源性沉降是其主要来源。冰架边缘区及陆架破折处P2-9站位的微量元素主要为岩源性输入。陆架区、陆坡深海区的微量元素Cu、Zn、Cr、Co、Fe、Mn明显受到生源性物质输入的影响。而普里兹湾沉积物中Cd则主要来源于硅藻的吸收利用及硅质软泥的富集。     

Estimation of authigenic alteration of biogenic and reactive silica in Pearl River estuarine sediments using wet-chemical digestion methods

The extent of authigenic alteration of biogenic and reactive silica in Pearl River estuarine sediments has been estimated using wet-chemical digestion methods. Results show relatively constant distributions of biogenic and reactive Si horizontally and vertically. Based on three core measurements, the biogenic and total reactive Si average 77.91 and 264.77 μmol Si g⁻¹, respectively. Their extents of authigenic alteration are correspondingly estimated as ~55.6 and ~70.6%. The average biogenic Si accumulation rate is calculated as 1.91 × 10⁹ mol Si year⁻¹, which translates into storage of ~7.15% of the annual riverine dissolved silica input. By contrast, the total reactive Si accumulation rate is as high as 6.49 × 10⁹ mol Si year⁻¹, improving annual riverine silicic acid storage to ~24.19%. Detailed investigation is required for a good understanding of early diagenetic process of biogenic and reactive silica in this subtropical area.     

Magnetostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental significance of sediments from ANT29-P7-09 core in Prydz Bay,Antarctica

Due to the unique geographical location and sensitive response to global climate changes, the Antarctic region plays an important role in paleoclimate researches, and attracts great attentions from various scholars. One 324 cm long sediment core (ANT29-P7-09) was obtained from Prydz Bay, Antarctica, during the 29th Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition. Based on sediment particle size, TOC, δ¹³C analyses and magnetism data, the authors show that the dominant magnetic minerals are ferrimagnetic pseudo single domain (PSD)-multi domain (MD) magnetite. Variations in the paleoenvironmental records allow us to define 4 zones in the core. These zones outline the climatic variations in the region since the late Early Pleistocene, including a warm period, a transitional period, and a cold period. The magnetic particle assemblage varies with glacial-interglacial cycles. Abrupt changes in particle size, TOC content, and geomagnetism occur at 102–90 cm deep in the core, indicating a sudden warming in the Antarctic region, signaling the onset of the Holocene. The authors identified 3 additional climatic signals in the middle part of the core (232–162 cm) that show unexpected cooling events during the warm period in Prydz Bay, Antarctica.     

井间地震时频域联合速度和衰减系数同步层析反演

井间地震资料中蕴含丰富的地下储层岩性和物性信息,利用井间地震直达波初至信息,通过层析反演可以得到两井之间的速度剖面。通过对井间地震直达波振幅衰减信息的处理,可以实现井间的吸收衰减层析成像。基于井间地震直达波射线路径的一致性,提出了井间地震时域直达波走时层析反演和频域质心频率衰减层析同步反演方法,增加了约束条件,增强了抗干扰能力。对模型和实际资料的处理结果表明,速度和吸收衰减同步反演方法,提高了速度层析反演精度,得到了对油气更为敏感的衰减属性,增强了井间地震在储层描述和油气预测中的应用能力。     

A GIS-based approach for detecting pollution sources and bioavailability of metals in coastal and marine sediments of Chabahar Bay,SE Iran

Chabahar Bay in SE of Iran is a shallow semi-enclosed environment affected by anthropogenic activities. In this paper, 19 sediment samples were collected and concentration of selected metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, V and Fe) was determined using ICP-MS analytical method. Sediment samples from five stations were also selected for sequential extraction analysis and concentration of metals in each fraction was determined using ICP-OES. In order to investigate the environmental quality of Chabahar Bay, geographic information system (GIS) along with geochemical data, environmental indices and statistical analyses were used. Calculated contamination degree (C_d) revealed that most contaminated stations (Ch3, S1 and S3) are located SE of Chabahar Bay and contamination decreases in a NW direction. The S9 station, west of the bay, is also contaminated. High organic matter (OM) content in the sediments is most likely the result of fuel and sewage discharge from fishing vessels along with discharge of fishing leftovers. Significant correlation coefficient among OM, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd seemingly reflects the importance of the role that OM and Fe oxy-hydroxides play in the metals mobility. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), computed correlation coefficient and sequential extraction analysis suggest that Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd probably come from antifouling and sea vessel paints, while Ni, Cr, Co, V and Fe are most likely contributed by ophiolitic formations located north of the bay and/or deep sea sediments. Average individual contamination factors (ICFs) indicated that the highest health hazard from the bay is posed by Cu, Pb and Zn.     

Historical eutrophication in Lake Taihu: evidence from biogenic silica and total phosphorus accumulation in sediments from northern part of Lake Taihu

Sediment and water from the Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu were analyzed to examine the historical relation between the accumulation of biogenic silica (BSi) and total phosphorus (TP). The results indicate that BSi accumulation in the northern part of Lake Taihu had been controlled by diatom production and phosphorus loading since the 1950s. BSi accumulation increased with the growing agricultural activity since the 1950s, up to a maximum level in the 1960s. After that, BSi accumulation decreased due to the diatom dissolution till the 1980s, and then the diatom biomass decreased with BSi accumulation increased. Lake Taihu came into an accelerated eutrophication periods since the 1990s, while BSi accumulation began to increase but the proportion of diatom decreased. Although the onset of silica depletion cannot be confirmed in the present work, it is clear that BSi accumulation was restrained by the input of TP.     

Sediment accumulation rate in the lakes of Kumaun Himalaya,India using210Pb and226Ra

The rate of sedimentation and the source of sediments in the lake basins of Nainital region, Kumaun Himalaya, have been estimated employing²¹⁰Pb and²¹⁰Ra methods. This has yielded a rate of sedimentation of 11.5, 4.70, 3.72, and 3.00 mm/yr in Nainital, Bhimtal, Naukuchiyatal, and Sattal lakes, respectively. The higher rate of sedimentation in Nainital lake, compared to other lakes, is related to faster erosion in the catchment aided by greater anthropogenic activity, while the slowest rate in Sattal lake is due to less erosion and more input of soil-derived material involving a slow rate of accumulation.     

Surface sediments of transboundary Lake Peipsi: composition, dynamics and role in matter cycling

To describe and analyse the role of sediments in the matter cycling in large shallow transboundary Lake Peipsi (L. Peipsi) in north-eastern Europe, detailed surface-sediment mapping was conducted. On the basis of grain size the surface sediments fall into three groups: coarse-grained sediments (prevailingly sands in the lake’s southern part), fine-grained sediments (mainly silts) and silty sands, both in the central deeper part within the 8-m depth contour. The groups of deposits have a distinct spatial distribution, determined mainly by the current system in the lake. The main source of bottom sediments is the erosion of the lake floor and shores, the role of the river input seems to be limited. Fine-grained organic-rich sediments are very cohesive, playing the main role in the circulation of various inorganic and organic pollutants like nutrients and xenobiotics. Due to the cohesive character of the sediments their physical and chemical properties are extremely diverse and if the near-bottom shear stress increases (extreme meteorological events, changes in the water level, etc.), the lake floor may be subjected to episodic erosion and resuspension, which may cause remobilisation of impurities in muddy sediments and their return to the food chain.     

密井网区井震结合进行沉积微相研究及储层预测方法探讨——以大庆杏树岗油田杏56区为例

随着中国油气田开发程度的逐步加深,有效预测井间砂体的分布已成为高效开采与提高采收率的核心问题。文中以大庆杏树岗油田杏56区块为例,尝试利用井、震有机结合的方法进行精细沉积微相展布的研究,对进入特高含水阶段的油田进行井间砂体的预测。在密测网地震层位追踪的前提下提取多种地震属性,以反距离加权平均法提取井点属性,并采用聚类方法对提取的井点地震属性和井点储层参数进行多元统计相关性分析,以确定聚类分析中使用的地震信息,进而建立多元一次方程,描述敏感地震信息与储层参数的桥梁,以便用井、震信息综合预测井间储层参数的变化,由此编制出目的层段的沉积微相平面展布图,并结合生产动态资料进行验证。其成果在实际生产中得到较好的验证。     

东南极茹尔群岛梅瑟半岛富铁铝副片麻岩超高温变质作用：相平衡模拟与锆石U-Pb年龄

东南极梅瑟半岛出露大量的副片麻岩。本文以岩相学和矿物化学为基础,结合相平衡模拟、地质温度计及年代学分析方法对费拉副片麻岩中的含尖晶石榴夕线石片麻岩和梅瑟副片麻岩中的含堇青石榴夕线石片麻岩进行综合研究,结果显示片麻岩经历了超高温(UHT)麻粒岩相变质作用。两个样品峰期前阶段(M1)进变质条件为600~650℃和0.63~0.85GPa;峰期UHT阶段(M2)变质条件为930~1000℃和0.9~1GPa;峰期后变质重结晶阶段(M3)变质条件为610~780℃和0.3~0.39GPa。三个不同阶段的变质条件定义了一致的顺时针的P-T演化轨迹。锆石U-Pb年龄分析结果表明两个片麻岩样品的超高温变质和相关的深熔作用发生在990~920Ma期间的早新元古代格林威尔期,而流体改造与变质重结晶作用发生在~510Ma的早古生代泛非期。结合区域地质特征,超高温变质作用发生的构造背景可能与以放射性元素衰变为热源的大型热碰撞造山带相关。

     

Phosphorus in suspended matter and sediments of a hypertrophic lake. A case study: Lake Dianchi,China

From June 2004 to December 2004, Lake Dianchi, which had large scale of cyanobacterial blooms was investigated in order to study P-fractionation in the suspended matter and the sediment. The investigation improves our understanding of phosphorus in Lake Dianchi and the relationship between phosphorus and cyanobacterial blooms. It contributes to the available literature on the behavior of P in hypertrophic lakes. The distribution of P-fractions in Lake Dianchi was not uniform from northwest to south, but was closely related to the trophic status of the whole lake. The concentrations of total phosphorus, labile P (NH₄Cl-P), Organic P (NaOH-NRP) and loss on ignition in suspended matter were positively correlated with the strength of cyanobacterial blooms. Total phosphorus in suspended matter was relatively stable for almost half an year and closely related to Chl. a concentration. The main content of organic phosphorus is in the cyanobacterial blooms. The concentrations of phosphorus bound to metal oxides and carbonates (NaOH-SRP and HCl-P) in sediment were similar to NaOH-SRP and HCl-P in the corresponding suspended matter. The latter two forms of P in suspended matter were not affected by cyanobacterial blooms, indicating that the inorganic phosphorus is derived from the sediment after resuspension from the sediment due to wind and wave action. The contribution of the different P-fractions to TP in sediment and in suspended matter indicates that NH₄Cl-P in the suspended matter is an important buffer for maintaining dissolved phosphorus in water.     

Estimation of petrophysical parameters using seismic inversion and neural network modeling in Upper Assam basin,India

Estimation of petrophysical parameters is an important issue of any reservoirs. Porosity, volume of shale and water saturation has been evaluated for reservoirs of Upper Assam basin, located in northeastern India from well log and seismic data. Absolute acoustic impedance (AAI) and relative acoustic impedance (RAI) are generated from model based inversion of 2-D post-stack seismic data. The top of geological formation, sand reservoirs, shale layers and discontinuities at faults are detected in RAI section under the study area. Tipam Sandstone (TS) and Barail Arenaceous Sandstone (BAS) are the main reservoirs, delineated from the logs of available wells and RAI section. Porosity section is obtained using porosity wavelet and porosity reflectivity from post-stack seismic data. Two multilayered feed forward neural network (MLFN) models are created with inputs: AAI, porosity, density and shear impedance and outputs: volume of shale and water saturation with single hidden layer. The estimated average porosity in TS and BAS reservoir varies from 30% to 36% and 18% to 30% respectively. The volume of shale and water saturation ranges from 10% to 30% and 20% to 60% in TS reservoir and 28% to 30% and 23% to 55% in BAS reservoir respectively.     

River channel sand body prediction by means of integrating well log and seismic attribute analysis in dense well patterns: a case study of the eastern Beierxi Block in the Sabei Development Area of Daqing Oilfield, China

The developmental areas in eastern China have been in the super-high water cut phase for a significant amount of time, and as a result the distribution of remaining oil has gradually become more and more complex. The effective prediction of the distribution of interwell river channel sand bodies in dense well patterns has become an urgent issue in enhanced oil recovery. In this paper, based on the comprehensive analysis of high-resolution well logs and seismic data, a case study of predicting interwell channel sand bodies is carried out, with the assistance of high-resolution well logs and 3D seismic data from the Beierxi Block of the Sabei Development Area. After interpretation of the horizons and faults, the seismic attributes are extracted on the premise of seismic horizon tracing in a dense well pattern, and seismic attributes on wells are determined by means of the inverse distance-weighted mean method. The linear statistical correlation, multivariate statistical correlation, clustering procedure correlation, and 2D crossplot analyses of the RAVE module between the seismic attributes and well logs are used to deduce the relationships between seismic data and physical information of the reservoir (including effective thickness and distribution of sedimentary facie). Finally, the possibility of using multiattribute results to foster an understanding of depositional-oriented trends in interwell river channel sand body distribution is demonstrated. The planar depositional microfacies distribution is mapped with the results of the well-seismic data, which will assist in achieving a new understanding of how remaining oil may be discovered and will also assist in making further decisions in terms of hydrocarbon exploration and development.     

Spatial distribution of major and trace elements in shallow reservoir sediments: an example from Lake Waco, Texas

 Sediment geochemistry of a shallow (6-m average) reservoir (Lake Waco) was evaluated for the spatial distribution of major and trace elements. Sixty bottom and core samples along a 21-km transect within the reservoir, 18 overbank sediment samples, and 8 rock types in the drainage area were collected and analyzed for major (Al, Ca, Fe) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn). Elemental concentrations in the reservoir sediments closely correspond to concentrations in the regional rocks and represent a mixture of overbank sediment composition of the tributaries. Elemental concentrations were statistically regressed against Al concentrations in order to establish regional baseline levels and thereby distinguish natural from anthropogenic sources. Spatial geochemical trends, considered in terms of element-to-Al ratio versus V-to-Al ratio, relate to the natural and anthropogenic sources contributing to the elemental concentrations. The spatial elemental distribution in the reservoir, which receive sediments from two mineralogically contrasting basins, reflect textural and mineralogical transition within the reservoir and suggest a progressive mixing of sediment from the tributaries. The spatial elemental distribution and sediment texture suggest that the sediment-source, which determines the sediment-type, has a greater influence on the major- and trace-element distributions in shallow reservoir sediments than bathymetry. Received: 25 September 1997 · Accepted: 3 February 1998     

测井曲线判识构造软煤技术预测煤与瓦斯突出

基于构造软煤与硬煤的物性差异,分析构造软煤分层在测井曲线上的响应特征;根据煤层段测井曲线的形态特征,将揭露区钻孔测井曲线初步判识的结果同钻孔邻近巷道煤壁观测的结果进行对比、验证,形成了一套测井曲线判识构造软煤技术。利用该技术获取了研究区的构造软煤资料,对研究区的煤与瓦斯突出危险性区域进行了预测。     

Silicification of sulphate evaporites and their carbonate replacements in Eocene marine sediments, Tunisia: two diagenetic trends

Samples of chert nodules, diagenetic carbonates and evaporites (gypsum/anhydrite) collected from the gypsiferous limestones of the Kef Eddour Member (Ypressian‐Priabonian) near Metlaoui and Sehib (Tunisia) show selective silicification with great variety in the silicified by‐products. Based on δ¹³C values, which support an organic origin for the carbon, carbonates replaced evaporites microbially through bacterial sulphate reduction. Observations and results suggest two scenarios for chert formation that are related to the rate and timing of diagenetic carbonate replacement of the evaporites (anhydrite/gypsum). In the absence of early diagenetic carbonate phases, silica with δ¹⁸O values from +25 to +28·6‰ [standard mean ocean water (SMOW)] replaced the outer parts of anhydrite nodules at pH < 9. In contrast, pore‐fluid pH values > 9 in the innermost parts of the anhydrite nodules prevented silica precipitation. The record of this chemical barrier is preserved in the microquartz rims and geode features that formed in the inner parts of the nodules after dissolution of the anhydrite nucleus. The microbial diagenetic replacement of evaporites (bacterial sulphate reduction) by carbonates (calcite, aragonite and dolomite) favoured silica replacement of carbonates rather than evaporites. Silica, with δ¹⁸O signature of +21 to +26‰ (SMOW), replaced carbonates on a volume‐for‐volume basis, yielding a more siliceous groundmass, and accounting for 90–95% of the nodules. The relatively higher δ¹⁸O values of quartz replacing anhydrite can be explained by a diagenetic fluid in equilibrium with mixed (meteoric/marine) to marine water. The lower δ¹⁸O values of the quartz that replaced the diagenetic carbonates are ascribed to flushing by meteoric water in a later diagenetic stage. The silica supply for chert formation could be derived from the reworked bio‐siliceous deposits (diatomites) to the west of the basin [vestiges of an opal‐CT precursor undetectable by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were revealed by δ²⁹Si magic‐angle‐spinning nuclear magnetic resonance investigations], diagenesis of the extraformational and overlying clay‐rich beds (the host limestones are clay‐poor as shown by XRD measurements), and minor volcanogenic and hydrothermal contributions during early diagenetic stages.     

Identification and characterization of marine geohazards in the deep water eastern offshore of India: constraints from multibeam bathymetry,side scan sonar and 3D high-resolution seismic data

The eastern offshore of India covers a vast stretch of sedimentary tract fed by major rivers like Ganges, Brahmaputra and Mahanadi in the north, Krishna and Godavari in the center, and Cauvery and Palar in the south, which led to variations in shelf-slope characteristics, degree of slope and hence slope instability. The structure as well as seismic attribute maps prepared from multibeam bathymetry and high-resolution 3D seismic data set has been analyzed to identify various geohazards in the deep water offshore regions of the east coast of India. These can be categorized as slope instability, slope canyons, shallow gas, mass transport complexes, sediment waves, gas hydrates, gas chimney, mud volcanoes and shallow faults. The slope instability is primarily related to rapid sedimentation by the active river systems while the other geohazards are often developed in association with shallow gas flows and leakages. The bottom simulating reflectors (BSRs) identified in the seismic sections indicate the presence of gas hydrates. Rapid sedimentation, BSR formation, dissolution and expulsion of water as well as gas and their subsequent vertical migration are responsible for the formation of shallow gas-related hazards. The results from the above analysis are of immense help in minimizing the risk of shallow hazards during exploration, drilling and subsurface installation activities along the eastern Indian offshore.     

Humite- and scapolite-bearing assemblages in marbles and calcsilicates of Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: new data for Gondwana reconstructions

This study investigates marbles and calcsilicates in Central Dronning Maud Land (CDML), East Antarctica. The paleogeographic positioning of CDML as part of Gondwana is still unclear; however, rock types, mineral assemblages, textures and P–T conditions observed in this study are remarkably similar to the Kerala Khondalite Belt in India. The CDML marbles and calcsilicates experienced a Pan-African granulite facies metamorphism at c. 570 Ma and an amphibolite facies retrogression at c. 520 Ma. The highest grade assemblage in marbles is forsterite+spinel+calcite+dolomite, in calcsilicates the assemblages are diopside+spinel, diopside+garnet, scapolite+wollastonite+clinopyroxene±quartz, scapolite±anorthite±calcite+clinopyroxene+wollastonite. These assemblages constrain the peak metamorphic conditions to 830±20 °C, 6.8±0.5 kbar and X _CO2>0.46. During retrogression, highly fluoric humite-group minerals (humite, clinohumite, chondrodite) replaced forsterite, and garnet rims formed at the expense of scapolite during reactions with wollastonite, calcite or clinopyroxene but without involvement of anorthite. Metamorphic conditions were about 650 °C, 4.5±0.7 kbar, 0.2< X _CO2^fluid<0.36, and the co-existence of garnet, clinopyroxene, wollastonite and quartz constrains f_O2 to FMQ-1.5 log units. Mineral textures indicate a very limited influx of H₂O-rich fluid during amphibolite facies retrogression and point to significant variations of fluid composition in mm-sized areas of the rock. Gypsum was observed in two samples; it probably replaced metamorphic anhydrite which appears to have formed under amphibolite facies conditions. The observed extensive anorogenic magmatism (anorthosites, A-type granitoids) and the character of metamorphism between 610 and 510 Ma suggest that the crustal thermal structure was characterized by a long-lived (50–100 Ma) rise of the crustal geotherm probably caused by magmatic underplating.     

Exceptional silica speleothems in a volcanic cave: A unique example of silicification and sub‐aquatic opaline stromatolite formation (Terceira,Azores)

Silica stromatolites occur in a number of modern hydrothermal environments, but their formation in caves is very rare. The silica stromatolitic speleothems of the Branca Opala cave (Terceira Island, Azores), however, provide an excellent opportunity for their study. These formations may be analogous to ancient silica stromatolites seen around the world. Petrographic, mineralogical and geochemical analyses were undertaken on the silica speleothems of the above cave, and on the silica‐tufa deposits outside it, with the aim of understanding their genesis. The possible hydrothermal origin of their silica is discussed. X‐ray diffraction analyses showed opal‐A to be the sole silica phase. Negligible ordering of this opal‐A showed ageing to be insignificant, as expected for recent silica deposits. Most of the silica speleothems examined were definable as sub‐aquatic opaline stromatolites that are not currently growing. Optical microscopy clearly revealed a lower microlaminated, an intermediate and an upper microlaminated zone within the stromatolites. Stromatolite types (I, II and III) were classified with respect to their internal structure and distribution throughout the cave. Scanning electron microscopy showed silicified bacterial filaments within the stromatolites, the silicified plant remains and the silica‐tufa deposits. Bacteria therefore played a major role in the precipitation of the opal‐A. Plasma emission/mass spectrometry showed major, minor and rare earth elements to be present in only small quantities. The rare earth elements were mainly hosted within volcanic grains. Rapid silica precipitation from highly super‐saturated water would explain the intense silicification of the plant remains found inside and outside the cave. The opaline stromatolites, the silica‐tufa deposits and the above‐mentioned intense general silicification suggest a local hydrothermal source for the silica. Indeed, these deposits strongly resemble plant‐rich silica sinter associated with low‐temperature hot spring deposits that include bacterial filaments. However, no geochemical signals that might indicate a hydrothermal origin could be found.