内蒙古镁铁质-超镁铁质岩型铜镍矿床成矿条件与找矿远景分析

按构造环境控岩控矿特点,划分区内铜镍型矿成矿(岩)带,分析成矿条件,研究了与该类矿床成矿有关的镁铁质岩、超镁铁质岩分布规律及铜镍硫化物成矿特征,提出了找矿方向和建议.     

金平镁铁质-超镁铁质岩铜镍矿床成矿条件

按构造环境控岩控矿特点,划分区内铜镍型成矿（岩）带,分析成矿条件,研究与该类矿床成矿有关的镁铁质岩、超镁铁质岩分布规律及铜镍硫化物成矿特征,指出找矿方向和建议。     

中国西北地区岩浆铜镍矿床地质特点与找矿潜力

西北地区是中国岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床最为发育的地区,主要有3个重要成矿期,其地质特点、成矿条件、形成标志等存在明显不同.笔者梳理了 目前诸多学者对岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的研究工作,并结合野外实际,发现大陆裂谷是形成巨型-超大型岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床的构造背景条件,铁质系列的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体才可能形成有经济价值的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿体...     

内蒙古中部克布铜镍硫化物矿床岩石成因与成矿过程

内蒙古中部地区横跨中亚造山带与华北克拉通北缘, 区内岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床(点)广泛发育。克布矿床位于该区白云鄂博裂谷西南侧, 是近年来新发现的品位较高的铜镍化物矿床。因此, 准确厘定克布镁铁-超镁铁质岩体的形成时代, 查明岩石成因与矿床成矿过程对于进一步指导克布矿床深部铜镍找矿突破以及区域类似镁铁-超镁铁质岩体含矿性评价具有重要意义。克布岩体主要岩相由主体辉长岩相与赋矿橄榄岩相组成, 其中辉长岩相属于主体岩相而橄榄岩相则是主要赋矿岩相。岩石地球化学分析结果表明, 克布镁铁-超镁铁质岩体各岩相具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的右倾型稀土配分模式, 富集Rb、Sr和Ba等元素, 亏损Nb和Ta等元素。本次研究获得克布岩体橄榄辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为267.5±1.8Ma, 为中二叠世岩浆作用的产物, 形成于古亚洲洋闭合后的碰撞后伸展环境。同位素组成研究结果表明, 克布岩体锆石ε_Hf(t)值为-4.67~2.84, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值为0.7062~0.7071, ε_Nd(t)值为为-10.6~-5.65。铂族元素(PGE)组成研究结果表明, 克布铜镍硫化物矿床矿石具有相对较低的Ni/Cu值, 较高的Pd/Ir值和Cu/Pd值。综合上述研究结果, 初步查明克布镁铁-超镁铁质岩体形成于古亚洲洋闭合的碰撞后伸展环境, 岩浆源区为经历了俯冲交代作用的EM Ⅰ型岩石圈地幔, 原生岩浆主要为高镁玄武质岩浆。在幔源岩浆侵位过程中经历了一定程度的地壳物质混染, 其中地壳硫的加入是促进克布镁铁-超镁铁质岩浆发生硫化物熔离并最终富集成矿的关键因素。结合最新探矿工程控制情况, 本文认为克布矿床深部铜镍成矿潜力较高, 应将晚期超镁铁质岩及深部岩浆通道作为下一步找矿工作重点。

     

岩浆通道系统与岩浆硫化物成矿研究新进展

大型-超大型岩浆硫化物矿床的形成需要满足3个基本条件:(1)大量幔源岩浆参与成矿;(2)岩浆演化导致硫化物熔离;(3)硫化物在有限空间聚集。然而,除Sudbury矿床外,全球与镁铁质岩浆有关的超大型铜镍硫化物矿床都发现于小的镁铁-超镁铁岩体中。近10年来的研究表明这些含矿岩体实际上都是岩浆通道系统的一部分,中国金川、杨柳坪、喀拉通克、红旗岭等大型和超大型Ni-Cu-(PGE)硫化物矿床都形成于岩浆通道系统中,正是岩浆通道这样特殊的开放系统为大规模岩浆硫化物矿床提供了成矿条件。总结国内外最新研究结果,可以发现与成矿有关的岩浆通道系统都分布在深大断裂附近,大规模的幔源岩浆补充与地幔柱、大陆裂谷、碰撞造山后伸展等地质事件有密切的关系。尽管研究证明硫化物熔离都与地壳物质的混染有关,但矿石各种元素的品位却受母岩浆性质、硫化物熔离强度、与新注入镁铁质岩浆反应、以及硫化物本身结晶分异等多重因素的影响;含矿岩体和硫化物矿体的形态和大小都强烈地受围岩地质特征的控制。进一步明确这类矿床的地质特征、形成机制、成矿背景和成矿标志,对未来的研究和找矿工作都是非常必要的。     

新疆黄山东铜镍硫化物矿床Re-Os同位素测定及其地球动力学意义

通过对黄山东铜镍硫化物矿石的Re-Os同位素测年,获得等时线年龄数据为282±20 Ma。该数据表明东天山这套铜镍硫化物矿床及其相关的镁铁质—超镁铁质岩并非泥盆纪—早石炭世洋底的蛇绿岩建造和相关成矿系统,也晚于岛弧演化阶段,而是出现于碰撞后的伸展环境,与区内广泛发育     

峨眉山大火成岩省朱布铜镍铂族硫化物矿床成矿作用:流体组成和C-Sr-Nd-Hf同位素的制约

<正>峨眉山大火成岩省的朱布镁铁—超镁铁质岩体由通道相边缘带和层状堆晶杂岩体序列组成,赋存有小型岩浆铜镍铂族硫化物矿床。Ni-Cu-PGE矿化主要以浸染状硫化物存在于边缘带及层状杂岩体底部,是认识通道成矿作用与岩浆就地结晶堆晶成矿作用的典型矿床。本研究通过岩浆矿物流体组成、C-Sr-Nd-Hf同     

黄山东镁铁-超镁铁侵入杂岩中橄榄石深部结晶作用的发现

近年来,在新疆哈密黄山地区发现了一系列与铜镍硫化物矿床有关的镁铁超-镁铁侵入杂岩,构成了黄山铜镍成矿带。黄山东镁铁-超镁铁侵入杂岩为该成矿带重点岩体之一,其主要造岩矿物橄榄石深部结晶作用的发现对于丰富岩浆的成因理论、确切地解释杂岩体成岩成矿过程中岩浆的分异演化和成矿带内其它杂岩橄榄石深部结晶作用的确定均有重要意义。     

龙首山地区成镍带与找矿方向探讨

甘肃龙首山隆起区位于阿拉善地块西南缘,镍资源丰富,矿床类型相对简单为岩浆型,以分布世界级的金川超大型铜镍硫化物矿床而闻名。在龙首山地区,除了金川镁铁-超镁铁质岩体之外,还断续分布有20多个镁铁质-超镁铁质侵入体,呈岩墙状、脉状及岩株状产出,构成一条重要的镁铁-超镁铁质岩带。区内分布多处镍铜矿床、矿点,矿床类型为岩浆型。这里从成镍带的角度,探讨了龙首山地区镍矿找矿方向,认为寻找隐伏岩体及深部找矿尤为重要。     

内蒙古中部镁铁质-超镁铁质岩带铜镍成矿潜力探讨

华北陆块北缘是中国铜镍（铂）硫化物矿床的重要成矿区带之一。近年来,在位于该成矿带的内蒙古中部先后发现多处铜镍矿床（点）,空间上构成一条重要的镁铁质-超镁铁质岩成矿带。为了探讨该镁铁质-超镁铁质岩带内额布图、温更、克布、黄花滩及小南山等赋矿岩体的成矿潜力,笔者通过搜集和研究国内外典型铜镍硫化物矿床数据,建立有利成矿信息评价指标,并指导评价本区岩体的成矿潜力。研究认为,额布图、温更和克布岩体从矿物和岩石地球化学及岩浆分异演化等方面分析,具有较好的成矿地质条件,指示较好的成矿潜力;而黄花滩、小南山岩体从目前地球化学资料分析,成矿潜力相对较弱。     

Comparative urbanization in Ghana and Kenya in time and space

There are few inter-African country urban analyses because of the continent’s enormous size and socioeconomic diversity, language barriers, and wide variations in national and regional urban research capacity. Nevertheless, comparative urban studies are critical in understanding contemporary African urbanization. In this comparative spatial and temporal analysis of Ghana and Kenya’s urbanization, we find that both countries are urbanizing rapidly and are faced with many common urban problems. Moreover, Ghana is more urbanized than Kenya and has a larger indigenous urban imprint and a more widely dispersed urban pattern. Besides their physiographic and population conditions, we trace these countries’ convergent and divergent urban trends to their shared but unique experiences of colonialism, nationalism and globalization.     

Hydrogen and carbon in solid solution in oxides and silicates

The dissolution of H₂O and CO₂ in structurally dense, nominally anhydrous and non-carbonate oxide matrices such as MgO and CaO is reviewed. H₂O and CO₂ are treated as gaseous oxide components which enter into solid solution with the refractory oxide hosts. They form anion complexes associated with cation vacancy sites. Evidence is presented that OH^? pairs which derive from the dissolution of H₂O are subject to a charge transfer (CT) conversion into peroxy moieties and molecular hydrogen, O ₂ ^2? ... H₂. Because the O ₂ ^2? moiety is small (O^?-O^? distance ≈ 1.5 Å) high pressure probably favors the CT conversion. Mass spectroscopic studies show that molecular H₂ may be lost from the solid which retains excess oxygen in the form of O ₂ ^2? , leading to the release of atomic O. The dissociation of O ₂ ^2? moieties into a vacancy-bound O^? state and an unbound O^? state can be followed by measuring the internal redox reactions involving transition metal impurities, the transient paramagnetism of the O^? and their effect on the d.c. conductivity. Evidence is presented that CO₂ molecules dissolve dissociatively in the structurally dense oxide matrix, as if they were first to dissociate into CO+O and then to form separate solute moieties CO ₂ ^2? and O ₂ ^2? , both associated with cation vacancy sites. In the CO ₂ ^2? moiety (C-O^? distance 1.2–1.3 Å, OCO angle ≈ 130°) the C atom probably sits off center. The transition of the C atom into interstitial sites is accompanied by dissociation of the CO ₂ ^2? moiety into CO^? and O^?. This transition can be followed by infrared spectroscopy, using OH^? as local probes. Further support derives from magnetic susceptibility, thermal expansion, low frequency dielectric loss and low temperature deformation measurements. The recently observed emission of O and Mg atoms besides a variety of molecules such as CO, CO₂, CH₄, HCN and other hydrocarbons during impact fracture of MgO single crystals is presented and discussed in the light of the other experimental data.     

岩溶地区现代土壤与洞穴石笋中单甲基支链烷烃与烷基环己烷对比研究

利用GC-MS（气相色谱—质谱仪）,对采自湖北清江流域和尚洞洞顶的土壤样品与洞内石笋样品进行分析,发现土壤中存在的七个系列单甲基支链烷烃在所有的石笋样品中均可以找到,呈现相似的分布模式,石笋中七个系列支链烷烃有可能来自洞穴滴水携带的土壤中的支链烷烃,但是也不能排除石笋原地生长的微生物的贡献。烷基环己烷的分布在土壤与石笋中呈现了相似的分布模式,但是主峰碳数有所变化,高碳数部分与低碳数部分的相对含量也发生了变化。主要原因可能是微生物选择性降解的结果,也有可能是土壤与石笋中微生物种类分布差异所造成的。本次研究初步显示了相对封闭稳定的洞穴沉积物与上覆土壤层中生物标志化合物的异同。      

Re-Os and Pd-Ag systematics in Group IIIAB irons and in pallasites

Using improved analytical techniques, which reduce the Re blanks by factors of 8 to 10, we report new Re-Os data on low Re and low PGE pallasites (PAL-anom) and IIIAB irons. The new pallasite samples nearly double the observed range in Re/Os for pallasites and allow the determination of an isochron of slope 0.0775 ± 0.0008 (T = 4.50 ± 0.04 Ga, using the adjusted λ¹⁸⁷Re = 1.66 × 10⁻¹¹ a⁻¹) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09599 ± 0.00046. If the data on different groups of pallasites (including the “anomalous” pallasites) are considered to define a whole-rock isochron, their formation would appear to be distinctly younger than for the iron meteorites by ∼60 Ma. Five IIIAB irons (Acuna, Bella Roca, Chupaderos, Grant, and Bear Creek), with Re contents ranging from 0.9 to 2.8 ppb, show limited Re/Os fractionation and plot within errors on the IIAB iron meteorite isochron of slope 0.07848 ± 0.00018 (T = 4.56 ± 0.01 Ga) and initial (¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os)₀ = 0.09563 ± 0.00011. Many of the meteorites were analyzed also for Pd-Ag and show ¹⁰⁷Ag enrichments correlated with Pd/Ag, requiring early formation and fractionation of the FeNi metal, in a narrow time interval, after injection of live ¹⁰⁷Pd (t_1/2 = 6.5 Ma) into the solar nebula. Based on Pd-Ag, the typical range in relative ages of these meteorites is ≤10 Ma. The Pd-Ag results suggest early formation and preservation of the ¹⁰⁷Pd-¹⁰⁷Ag systematics, both for IIIAB irons and for pallasites, while the younger Re-Os apparent age for pallasites suggests that the Re-Os system in pallasites was subject to re-equilibration. The low Re and low PGE pallasites show significant Re/Os fractionation (higher Re/Os) as the Re and PGE contents decrease. By contrast, the IIIAB irons show a restricted range in Re/Os, even for samples with extremely low Re and PGE contents. There is a good correlation of Re and Ir contents. The correlation of Re and Os contents for IIIAB irons shows a similar complex pattern as observed for IIAB irons (Morgan et al., 1995), and neither can be ascribed to a continuous fractional crystallization process with uniform solid-metal/liquid-metal distribution coefficients.     

Geogenic and anthropogenic zinc in epiphytic and terricolous lichens in Finland

At 31 sites in Finland the Zn content was determined of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on pine and birch, the terricolous lichen Cladina spp. in pine bark, and the inner part of birch bark. The anomalous contents of Zn in H. physodes on pine and Cladina spp. in soil appeared to be strongly related to sulphide ore deposits. Anthropogenic Zn correlated closely with S and Fe in H. physodes on pine and with Fe in Cladina spp. The binding of geogenic Zn was related to iron hydroxides, and was attributed to the different uptake mechanism of S in these lichens. Elevated values of Zn in H. physodes on birch were due to both geogenic and anthropogenic sources. Zinc in pine bark increased with the Zn content in H. physodes and reached a limiting value.     

煤中气孔和镶嵌结构及其在煤变质研究中的意义

河南省禹县、新密和荥巩煤田山西组Ⅱ₁煤的贫煤和无烟煤中,气孔发育。气孔形态有椭圆状（图版1）、圆状及不规则状（图版2）,有的几个气孔连在一起呈大的朵状气孔(图版3)。此外,在荥巩煤田西部无烟煤中还发育有镀嵌结构(图版4)。      

Water-extractable and exchangeable phosphate in Martian and carbonaceous chondrite meteorites and in planetary soil analogs

Aqueous extraction contributes to the formation and weathering of planetary materials and renders electrolytes such as phosphate available for biology. In this context, the solubility of phosphate is measured in planetary materials, represented by the Mars meteorites Nakhla, Dar al Gani 476 (DaG 476), Elephant Morraine 79001 (EETA 79001), and terrestrial analogs, and in the Murchison CM2 and Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrites. The Mars meteorites contain high levels of phosphate that is readily extracted by water, up to 15 mg kg⁻¹ in Nakhla and DaG 476 and 38 mg kg⁻¹ in EETA 79001, while the terrestrial analogs and the carbonaceous chondrites contain 0.5 to 6 mg kg⁻¹. Correspondingly, high phosphate concentrations of 4 to >28 mg L⁻¹ are obtained in extracts of the Mars meteorites at high solid/solution ratios, exceeding the concentrations of 0.4 to 2.0 mg L⁻¹ in the extracts of the terrestrial analogs. A wide range of planetary conditions, including N₂ and CO₂ atmospheres, solid/solution ratios of 0.01 to 1.0 kg L⁻¹, extraction times of 1 to 21 d, and temperatures of 20 to 121°C affect the amounts of extractable phosphate by factors of only 2 to 5 in most materials. Phosphate-fixing capacity and exchangeable phosphate are assessed by the isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK) method, which quantifies the amount of P isotopically exchangeable within 1 min (E_1min) and between 1 min and 3 months (E_1min-3m) and the amount of P that cannot be exchanged within 3 months (E_>3m). The IEK results show that the DaG 476 Mars meteorite and terrestrial analogs have low P-fixing capacities, while the carbonaceous chondrites have high P-fixing capacities. Aqueous processing under early planetary CO₂ atmospheres has large effects on the available phosphate. For example, the fraction of total P that is exchangeable in 3 months increases from 1.6 to 11%, 13 to 51.6%, and 43.9 to 90.4% in the DaG 476 Mars meteorite, Allende, and Murchison, respectively. The results show that solutions with high phosphate concentrations can form in the pores of planetary lava ash and basalts and in carbonaceous asteroids and meteorites. These solutions can help prebiotic synthesis and early microbial nutrition. The Martian and carbonaceous chondrite materials contain sufficient phosphate for space-based agriculture.     

Amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic rocks in the lower crust and upper mantle

Stabilities of amphibole and chlorite in mafic and ultramafic compositions have been considered in the model system CaO+MgO+Al₂O₃+SiO₂+H₂O. From topological arguments two petrogenetic grids have been constructed. Although available experimental data in CMASH are compatible with the grid in which amphibole reacts out before chlorite in model ultramafic compositions for the pressure range 6 to 15 kbar, naturally observed mineral assemblages and some experimental data in more complex systems favour the other grid in which chlorite reacts out before amphibole at all pressures. This discrepancy between natural and model systems is due to differential movement of the dehydration equilibria of the two hydrates reflecting the variation of activity of H₂O or of components other than CMASH.     

Discovery of Cinnabar in Soils in Hg Anomalous Zones in City and Town Areas and Their Surroundings and Its Significance

As a result of systematic study on heavy minerals in soils at city and town areas and their surroundings,cinnabar was discovered for the first time in areas of Hg anomalies in China, and it was found that the distribution of cinnabar was basically coincident in scope with that of Hg anomalies, showing that Hg anomalies were‘closely related to cinnabar. This finding provides a theoretical basis for a verification of Hg anomalies in soils in city and town areas and their surroundings, as well as evaluation of its ecological effects, and is significant to revealing the occurrence modes and origin of Hg in soils.     

Temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment load in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers in Himalaya, India

The Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers originate in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas (Garhwal) and result in high sediment yields causing flood hazards downstream of the Ganga River and high sediment flux to the Bay of Bengal. The rivers are perennial, since runoff in these rivers is controlled by both precipitation and glacial melt. In the present study, three locations in the upper reaches of the Ganga River were monitored for 1 yr (daily observations of, more than >1000 samples) for suspended sediment concentrations. In addition, more than one hundred samples were collected from various locations of the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi Rivers at different periods to observe spatial and temporal variations in river suspensions. Further, multi-annual data (up to 40 yrs) of water flow and sediment concentrations were used for inferring the variations in water flow and sediment loads on longer time scales. In most previous studies of Himalayan Rivers, there has been a general lack of long term water flow and sediment load data. In the present study, we carried out high frequency sampling, considered long term discharge data and based on these information, discussed the temporal and spatial variations in water discharge and sediment loads in the rivers in the Himalayan region. The results show that, >75% of annual sediment loads are transported during the monsoon season (June through September). The annual physical weathering rates in the Alaknanda and Bhagirathi River basins at Devprayag are estimated to be 863 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.25 mm yr⁻¹) and 907 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (3.42 mm yr⁻¹) respectively, which are far in excess of the global average of 156 tons km⁻² yr⁻¹ (0.58 mm yr⁻¹).