白洋淀湖泊表层花粉通量特征及来源途径分析

白洋淀湖面捕捉器样品、湖底捕捉器样品和湖泊表层沉积物样品花粉组合及花粉通量均能较好地反映地方和区域植被特征。湖面捕捉器花粉通量明显低于湖底捕捉器,通过对比湖面、湖底捕捉器花粉通量,发现白洋淀湖泊有91%以上的花粉由地表径流携带而来。判别分析结果表明:湖水和空气在花粉传播和沉积过程中均存在对花粉的搅匀和混合作用,样品类型间花粉组合差异大于样点间差异,花粉来源途径的不同对湖泊花粉组合影响明显。     

额济纳旗典型地表沙尘释放潜力及沙尘天气频发成因

额济纳旗位于极端干旱的内陆河下游,绿洲退化严重,沙尘天气频发,已成为内蒙古西部主要沙尘源区。为揭示该区域沙尘频繁成因,对区域4种典型地表(富沙砾戈壁、富沙戈壁、绿洲退化地、绿洲)沉积物组分、风蚀强度、沙尘释放强度、多年平均月沙尘日数及大风日数等进行了综合分析。结果表明:以风沙活动为主要特征的绿洲退化地,粉沙黏土组分含量高,PM10沙尘释放强度大(0.2796 kg·d^-1·m^-2),为研究区强沙尘释放地表;富沙及富沙砾戈壁地表,风蚀强度大,但粉沙黏土组分含量低,PM10沙尘释放强度较大(0.1267kg·d^-1·m^-2,0.0672 kg·d^-1·m^-2);尽管绿洲地表粉沙黏土组分含量高,但由于植被、水分等因素的制约,其PM10沙尘释放强度最小(0.0240 kg·d^-1·m^-2)。额济纳旗绿洲被大面积强沙尘释放源(绿洲退化地和戈壁)包围,局地沙尘内循环过程中粉尘颗粒的富积,为当地高频沙尘天气提供了丰富的尘源,这是额济纳旗沙尘天气频发的主要原因。     

民勤大气边界层特征与沙尘天气的气候学关系研究

 为了更好地理解西北干旱区大气混合层(ML)厚度的变化特征及其对当地沙尘气候形成的影响, 利用民勤2006—2008年3—6月逐日08时和20时探空资料、降水和日最高气温,计算和分析了最大混合层厚度、逆温层特征和垂直风场及其对沙尘气候形成的影响。结果表明,民勤沙尘天气的大气边界层有显著的昼夜变化,白天厚、逆温强而多;沙尘天气的最大混合层厚度在2 600 m左右,介于无降水与有降水天气之间;扬沙主要由锋面中的冷空气引起,而沙尘暴主要由低层风场的剧烈扰动和500 m以上高层冷锋入侵引起。沙尘暴发生前近地面风场有明显的扰动,沙尘暴发生时在500 hPa以下有显著的冷空气活动,白天较强。能见度小于100 m的强沙尘暴夜间风速大,冷空气较强。     

上海春季沙尘与非沙尘天气大气颗粒物粒度组成与矿物成分

上海春季典型沙尘天气的湿降尘和非沙尘天气总悬浮颗粒物、自然降尘的粒度分析结果表明,沙尘天气湿降尘几乎全部由<63 μm的颗粒组成（99.45%）,其中10~50 μm、5~10 μm和<5μm的含量分别占49.02%、21.75%和27.14%,平均粒径为13.57 μm,分选差。这一粒度特征与马兰黄土和下蜀黄土很相似。非沙尘天气总悬浮颗粒物的粒度分布范围和均值与湿降尘很接近,自然降尘颗粒则明显较粗。矿物X—衍射物相及半定量分析结果表明,上述三种大气颗粒物都由粘土矿物、石英、钾长石、斜长石、方解石、白云石、石膏、角闪石等组成,所不同的是湿降尘中含有较多来自西北干旱半干旱区远源输入的矿物颗粒;而非沙尘天气总悬浮颗粒物中石膏含量较高（达14.59%）,推测为溶解在大气中的气态污染物 SO2与方解石作用形成的二次污染颗粒。     

格尔木地区沙尘气溶胶硝酸盐含量及来源

沙尘气溶胶中硝酸盐的含量和来源对于全球氮排放估算具有重要意义。为了探讨格尔木沙尘气溶胶中硝酸盐的含量和来源,我们在格尔木2008年沙尘过程多发期1-6月进行了连续观测,并对收集的沙尘气溶胶样品进行了详细的水溶性离子色谱分析。结果显示:沙尘天气的大气总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)平均浓度及NO₃^-平均浓度分别为2 015.94 μg·m^-3和1.8 μg·m^-3,非沙尘天气两者平均浓度分别为274.68 μg·m^-3和0.74 μg·m^-3。观测期间,格尔木NO₃^-浓度和TSP浓度存在明显的季节变化,NO₃^-和TSP浓度变化均为春季>夏季>冬季。TSP与NO₃^-浓度的相关系数为0.67,春季两者相关系数为0.71,且Ca²⁺与NO₃^-浓度显著相关,推测格尔木沙尘气溶胶中NO₃^-离子可能主要来源于干旱区的地表物质。非沙尘天气期间NO₃^-/TSP浓度比值高于沙尘天气,且分布较为分散,表明非沙尘天气NO₃^-浓度受到人为源或气象条件的影响。     

近年来北京沙尘天气特征及成因分析

针对2000-2002年北京沙尘天气增加和2003年沙尘天气迅速减少的现象,统计分析了近几年北京沙尘天气的特征和出现的特点,并从大气环流形势、气候特点、气象要素以及可能影响北京沙尘天气的沙源状况进行分析。2000-2002年春季,我国处于西北气流的控制之下,冷空气势力强,以西或西北路径影响我国。2003年春季亚洲东北部高压脊偏强和日本海气旋较弱,使得冷空气路径偏北,入侵我国的冷空气势力较弱,产生大风沙尘的动力条件减弱。气候特点分析表明,1999-2002年北方大部分地区降水量持续偏少,年平均气温偏高,造成土壤水分蒸发强烈,土壤干燥疏松。2002年冬季至2003年春季,北方地区降水量较常年明显偏多,北京周边地区的主要沙源地一直被积雪覆盖,植被覆盖度扩大,有效抑制了沙尘天气的形成。     

西藏贡嘎沙尘天气气候及环流特征

利用1978-2012年西藏贡嘎的浮尘、扬沙和沙尘暴资料,分析了贡嘎沙尘天气的气候特征。结果表明:贡嘎沙尘天气冬、春季最多,秋季较少,夏季很少发生;扬沙和沙尘暴主要发生在午后,浮尘则全天均可发生;近35年来,扬沙和沙尘暴呈波动减少趋势,减少幅度分别约为7 d-10a和2.2 d-10a,浮尘约以0.5 d/10a的幅度呈不显著增加趋势;基于2005-2012年沙尘天气同期红外差值沙尘指数(IDDI)空间分布图和地面流场、沙地分布图,定性得出贡嘎、尼木、南木林、日喀则、拉孜区域的雅鲁藏布江沿岸沙地是贡嘎沙尘天气的沙尘来源。利用沙尘暴天气个例分析了贡嘎沙尘天气的地面气象要素和高空环流特征,发现相对湿度小、风速大、连续多日无降水是沙尘天气的地面气象要素特征,高空环流形势可分为阻塞型(占40%)、干南支槽型(占17%)、西北气流型(占26%)和热低压型(占17%)等4类。     

新疆沙尘天气的演化特征及影响因子

利用1961-2003年新疆90个气象站地面观测资料,分析了新疆沙尘天气的空间分布特征及演变规律,并构建多元线性回归沙尘因子模型,探讨了气温、气温日较差、气压、平均风速、降水量对沙尘天气的影响程度.新疆沙尘天气的高发区在塔克拉玛干沙漠及南缘,年沙尘日数南疆是北疆的7倍.沙尘天气的高发时段在3～9月,43年内呈明显递减趋势.北疆、南疆沙尘天气的历史演变有着较好的10～15年和8～10年的振荡周期.北疆沙尘天气的主要影响因子是平均风速和气温日较差、降水量,春季明显受气温和平均风速的影响,夏季主要受平均风速和气温日较差的影响.南疆平均风速和降水量的影响占主导地位,春季气温日较差的影响也比较显著.另外,南疆春季沙尘天气对日照时数有着显著的影响.     

黄土高原东部夏半年降水稳定同位素特征及水汽来源分析

大气降水氢氧稳定同位素的组成可以指示降水过程的气候环境变化,分析大气降水稳定同位素的变化,对于研究气候条件下的水文循环过程具有重要意义。本文基于2019年夏半年（4—10月）黄土高原东部8个站点采集的152个降水样本的δ²H和δ¹⁸O的测定,系统分析δ²H和δ¹⁸O的时空分布特征及与气象参数、云下蒸发的关系,并利用HYSPLIT模型分析了水汽来源及运移路径。结果表明：① 研究区夏半年降水δ²H¹和δ¹⁸O存在显著的季节变化,其中5—7月逐渐富集、8—9月逐渐贫化;研究区降水δ²H和δ¹⁸O亦表现出显著的空间差异,整体上呈现由东南向西北逐渐增加的趋势。② 区域大气降水线的结果表明,该区整体上降水受云下蒸发作用较为显著,但位于盆地地区（赵城、阳泉、长治）降水过程受局地内循环影响较明显。③ 该区域降水中δ¹⁸O并未表现出显著温度效应和降水量效应,仅汾河谷地的介休站存在温度效应而介休、临汾站存在降雨量效应。④ 云下蒸发过程对太行山土石山区中部的阳泉站、北部的大同站以及汾河谷地的临汾站影响较为显著,其云底与地表降水的氢氧稳定同位素差异较显著。⑤ 水汽来源分析的结果显示,该区域夏季降水的主要来源为近地及东南方向下的渤海等地,远距离下的西方路径水汽含量占比较小。本文的结果对于增进区域水循环的认识及水资源的合理优化配置具有重要意义。     

沙尘分析及等离子空气清洁系统沙尘去除效果的评价

本研究对在中国和韩国采集的沙尘的粒径分布及质量浓度进行了测定,使用黄沙标准物质对基于静电沉降原理的等离子空气清洁系统的去除沙尘效率进行了评价。本研究所使用的黄沙采集于北京和汉城,其粒径中值在7.0~80μm之间,浓度范围为300~1462μg·m^-3。在单通道测试中,沙尘去除效果随粒径增大和流速降低而增加。系统速度为1.0m·s^-1时,去除率大于80%。在27m2的房间中,进行多通道测试时,浓度为300μg·m^-3的大气颗粒物仅用10min即可降至150μg·m^-3。因此,等离子空气清洁系统能够有效地去除沙尘及保持室内空气质量。     

青藏高原东部高寒草甸区放牧家畜粪花粉组合特征及其环境指示意义

青藏高原是我国重要的高寒草甸分布区和畜牧区,畜牧活动对区域植被和生态的影响作用受到众多学者的广泛关注.通过采集青藏高原东部高寒草甸区共49个放牧家畜粪样品(牦牛粪样品30个、马粪样品11个、羊粪样品8个),并在区域植被调查的基础上,对粪样品开展了花粉分析.结果 表明:这3种类型的粪样品花粉组合以莎草科(Cyperace...     

黄土高原地区极端气候指数时空变化

黄土高原生态环境脆弱,极端气候频发,越来越多的影响到人类的生产生活。通过基于138个气象站点观测资料,利用一元线性方程和Mann-Kendall法分析了黄土高原地区27个极端气候指数的时空变化,得到以下主要结论:(1)极端气温指数中霜冻日数、冰冻日数、日最低气温的极高值和冷持续日数在逐渐减少,生长季长度、夏季日数,热夜日数、日最高气温的极高值、暖持续日数在逐渐增加。(2)极端气温指数中冷昼日数、冷夜日数、日最低气温极低值、日最高气温极高值、气温日较差在子区域与全区变化趋势存在不同,主要表现在黄土塬区、黄土峁状丘陵区和石质山地区。(3)极端降水指数变化趋势平缓,与多年均值接近。在空间分布上,除极强降水量、强降水量和年均雨日降水强度在各子区域上与全区变化趋势一致外,其余指数在各子区域上与全区变化趋势存在不同,主要表现在黄土塬和黄土梁状丘陵区。(4)多数极端气温指数的突变主要发生在1980—1985年和2010—2015年;多数极端降水指数的突变主要发生在1985—1990年和2010—2015年。     

Vegetation and environmental changes in western Chinese Loess Plateau since 13.0 ka BP

Pollen records from the Chinese Loess Plateau revealed a detailed history of vegetation variation and associated climate changes during the last 13.0 ka BP. Before 12.1 ka BP, steppe or desert-steppe vegetation dominated landscape then was replaced by a coniferous forest under a generally wet climate (12.1–11.0 ka BP). The vegetation was deteriorated into steppe landscape and further into a desert-steppe landscape between 11.0 and 9.8 ka BP. After a brief episode of a cool and wet climate (9.8–9.6 ka BP), a relatively mild and dry condition prevailed during the early Holocene (9.6–7.6 ka BP). The most favourable climate of warm and humid period occurred during mid-Holocene (7.6–~4.0 ka BP) marked by forest-steppe landscape and vegetation alternatively changed between steppe and desert- steppe from ~4.0 to ~1.0 ka BP.     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

Erosion environment in the sediment-rich area on the Loess Plateau

Based on the investigation and analysis of characteristics of precipitation, natural environment, socio-economic factors and soil erosion, this paper indicates that the precipitation is the main driving force for the soil erosion in the sediment-rich area, its variability determines the characteristics of soil and water loss; the natural conditions such as the drainage systems, geological and topographic features, the composition of soil and land surface materials, vegetation and climate determine the seriousness of soil and water loss; irrational socio-economic activities of human beings usually accelerated soil and water loss; meanwhile, the low preservation rate and inferiority of soil and water conservation measures made it impossible to make rapid progress on soil and water loss control. Furthermore, the characteristics of erosion environment endowed this area with more sediment that is the main reason for the flooding disasters by the Yellow River. Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the enhancement of soil and water conservation. The soil loss prediction models will provide scientific basis for the planning of soil and water conservation, the designing of soil and water conservation measures and the valuation of effects of soil and water loss control. According to the analysis of the previous studies on soil loss prediction, and the water-sediment variation features, it is thought that study on soil loss prediction under various rainfall conditions and soil-water conservation measures should be carried out.     

13 ka BP以来黄土高原西部的植被与环境演化

Pollen records from the Chinese Loess Plateau revealed a detailed history of vegetation variation and associated climate changes during the last 13.0 ka BP.Before 12.1 ka BP,steppe or desert-steppe vegetation dominated landscape then was replaced by a coniferous forest under a generally wet climate(12.1-11.0 ka BP).The vegetation was deteriorated into steppe landscape and further into a desert-steppe landscape between 11.0 and 9.8 ka BP.After a brief episode of a cool and wet climate(9.8-9.6 ka BP),a relati...     

Land use and land cover change processes in China's eastern Loess Plateau

Using Landsat remote sensing images, we analyzed changes in each land use type and transitions among different land use types during land use and land cover change (LUCC) in Ningwu County, located in the eastern Loess Plateau of China, from 1990 to 2010. We found that grassland, woodland, and farmland were the main land use types in the study area, and the area of each type changed slightly from 1990 to 2010, whereas the area of water, construction land, and unused land increased greatly. For the whole area, the net change and total change were insignificant due to weak human activity intensity in most of the study area, and the LUCC was dominated by quasi-balanced two-way transitions from 1990 to 2010. The insignificant overall amount of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsetting of rapid increases in population, economic growth, and the implementation of a program to return farmland to woodland and grassland in 2000. This program converted more farmland into woodland and grassland from 2000 to 2010 than from 1990 to 2000, but reclamation of woodland and grassland for use as farmland continued from 2000 to 2010, and is a cause for concern to the local government.     

兰州市沙尘天气污染特征及潜在源区

为了解兰州市沙尘天气期间大气污染特征,选取2016—2017年兰州市国家大气环境监测网络系统21个监测站点逐小时数据,对沙尘天气过程中的污染物特征进行分析。在此基础上,结合地面气象参数,运用HYSPLIT模型聚类计算和激光雷达观测等手段,对颗粒物来源和传输过程进行潜在源区贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）分析。结果表明：兰州沙尘天气主要受西北方向、东偏北短距离传输、北部内蒙古路径3类气团影响,其中西北方向气团影响沙尘天气持续时间较长,沙尘过程中消光系数最高,环境空气质量转差显著,其他两类气团影响沙尘天气持续时间较短,有利于污染扩散;沙尘天气发生前期PM₁₀与气态污染物呈现正相关,沙尘天气过程中为负相关,沙尘天气后则再次转为正相关,沙尘天气对气态污染物浓度有降低效果;春季兰州地区颗粒物潜在区分布相对集中,主要来自于兰州西北部河西走廊,PSCF值大于0.7;冬季颗粒物潜在源区分布范围较广,PSCF值集中在0.7~0.9,其中对PM₁₀较大贡献区集中在新疆东南部,贡献值240~320 μg·m^-3。     

黄土高原25万年以来粉尘堆积与侵蚀的定量估算

黄土高原广泛分布第四纪以来的粉尘堆积,是古气候变化的良好记录。但是,将黄土高原视为一个整体、从地质历史的角度来定量分析粉尘堆积-侵蚀的动态过程及其驱动机制的研究较少。本文利用遥感分析和地统计学中的克里格空间估值法,根据对具有代表性的84个实测黄土-古土壤剖面的分析,计算出黄土高原250ka以来各冰期和间冰期的粉尘堆积量和平均堆积速率,为认识区域粉尘沉降与轨道尺度气候变化的关系提供了新证据:间冰期气候偏暖湿,粉尘堆积较慢;冰期气候偏干冷,粉尘堆积加快。结合黄土高原现代降尘观测数据,进一步估算出黄土高原250ka以来各冰期和间冰期的面状侵蚀速率。初步结果发现,自然背景下黄土高原就存在较强的侵蚀作用;冰期的面状侵蚀速率略强于间冰期。