冲绳海槽沉积物地球化学的基本特征

冲绳海槽是介于东海大陆架和西北太平洋之间的一个现代沉积凹地,其特殊的地理位置吸引着众多的中外学者争相研究。近年来我们曾对冲绳海槽进行了一系列的海洋地质调查研究工作,本文即为该海槽沉积物地球化学特征的初步总结(调查站位见图1)。     

冲绳海槽96、155号岩心放射虫与年代地层及古气候特征

本文根据对冲绳海槽96、155号岩心中的放射虫化石分析,结合有孔虫、孢粉、植物硅酸体等综合研究资料及AMS14C测年、磁性地层学的测试结果,粗略地探讨了冲绳海槽晚第四纪以来的古海洋学特点及东海大陆架古气候变化的规律.     

末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽深水氧化性与通风演化研究进展与展望

过去二十年,末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽深层水沉积氧化性与通风演化、碳埋藏与释放等研究一直备受关注。尽管目前该研究方向已开展了大量的工作,但由于多种替代指标的复杂性和局限性,与冲绳海槽黑潮动力学相关的深水环流和沉积氧化还原研究目前仍然存在较大争议。本文系统总结了末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽深层水沉积氧化性与通风演化的研究进展,发现高有机质沉降通量和高古生产力是末次盛冰期（LGM）至冰消期期间冲绳海槽深层水缺氧的主要原因;Younger Drays(YD)和Heinrich Stadial 1(HS1)事件期间深水通风增强、含氧量增加与北太平洋中层水（NPIW）强化和侵入有关;早全新世以来黑潮加强引发的深水通风抵消了上升流驱动的生产力提高的影响,使得冲绳海槽深层水处于氧化状态。最后提出未来冲绳海槽古海洋学研究应加强对轨道-千年尺度深层水水源识别与演化示踪、不同气候状态下古生产力与沉积氧化还原耦合关系,以及深层水演化的环境与气候效应等方面的研究。     

东海的构造运动及演化

东海新生代(包括白垩世)构造运动主要根据地震资料,反映了九次构造运动.其中六次代表了影响整个东海的全区性构造运动,对东海陆架盆地成生演化具重大影响的有三次,即基隆、玉泉和龙井运动;对冲绳海槽盆地有影响的是两次即龙井和冲绳海槽运动.东海构造运动的演化有自西向东逐渐推进之势.早第三纪断陷作用在陆架西部有较强的表现,玉泉运动时其重心移至陆架东部,龙井运动后构造及沉积作用转向钓鱼岛隆褶带以东冲绳海槽,第四纪以来运动的中心则向冲绳海槽南部海槽坳陷转移.     

冲绳海槽晚更新世以来沉积速率的变化与沉积环境的关系

１９９２年６月冲绳海槽进行了热水活动和底质调查。从所采岩芯中挑选有代表性的岩芯６个,对样品进行了放射性同位素Ｔｈ、＾２３０Ｔｈ、＾２３２Ｔｈ、Ｕ、＾２３４Ｕ、＾２３８Ｕ的测定。结果表明,冲绳海槽全新世期间沉积物沉积速率比晚更新世期间低,全新世平均沉积速率为２．１０－８．５０ｃｍ／ｋａ,晚更新世平均沉积速度为７．４０－２０．１０ｃｍ／ａｋ。这揭示了晚更新世低海平面期间大量的陆 火山碎屑冲绳海槽,而全     

冲绳海槽中南部不同环境表层沉积物质来源

对冲绳海槽中南部3种不同沉积环境(东海外陆架、东海陆坡和冲绳海槽)表层沉积物进行了稀土等元素地球化学分析,结果显示,冲绳海槽和陆坡表层沉积物具有与台湾物质来源类似的稀土元素配分模式,La/Sm-Gd/Yb散点图也显示海槽和陆坡沉积物主要分布在台湾物源端元区,表明冲绳海槽中南部海槽和陆坡表层沉积物主要来源于台湾,而外陆架...     

冲绳海槽西部陆坡地震相模式与沉积体系

对冲绳海槽西部陆坡上两个航次(95航次和99航次)共计2000多公里的单道地震资料进行分析和解译,对斜坡沉积环境下沉积体系发育、分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：a)冲绳海槽西部斜坡环境下,上新世以来的沉积层均不同程度的变形和错动;b)存在两种斜坡相地震反射模式——退覆模式和叠覆模式,这两种模式都反映了冲绳海槽西部陆坡得到充足的沉积物供给;c)斜坡环境下主要发育陆架边缘三角洲、重力流沉积和水道充填等沉积体系;d)沉积层发育特征表明,冲绳海槽西部陆坡具有北段坡度缓、沉积物供应丰富、构造相对不活跃,中段坡度陡、沉积物供应充足、构造活动强烈,南段坡度陡、沉积供应相对较少、构造和火山活动十分强烈3种主要沉积环境。西部陆坡的沉积特征也揭示了东海陆架向陆坡提供了大量碎屑沉积物质。     

冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物的重矿物分布和来源

根据冲绳海槽表层沉积物的重矿物含量变化、物源、成因、地貌和沉积特征划分出东海陆坡、琉球岛坡和海槽槽底三个矿物组合区以及六个矿物组合亚区，并对其物质来源和影响范围作了讨论。     

东海地区地热场综述

综述了东海地区地热场的特征及研究进展,根据收集的各航次热流值资料,绘制了东海地区的热流值分布图,并根据热流值的分布特点将东海地区分为陆架区、冲绳海槽区、琉球岛弧和海沟区、菲律宾海盆区等4个区块,详细分析了它们的热流分布成因,在已有的东海南北热结构模型基础上对东海南北热结构差异进行了分析。南冲绳海槽区的地壳热流值和地壳减薄程度都明显高于北冲绳海槽及其它各区,说明高热流值起源于地幔抬升和地壳的减薄,东海的扩张已经从冲绳海槽北部转移到南部。     

东海外陆架-陆坡-冲绳海槽不同沉积单元底质沉积物成因及物源分析

通过对东海外陆架-陆坡-冲绳海槽表层沉积物粒度和黏土矿物组成的分析,探讨了3个不同沉积单元底质沉积物成因及物质来源。结果表明,东海外陆架→陆坡→冲绳海槽,沉积物粒度整体上逐渐变细。东海外陆架沉积物具有明显海滩砂或者破浪带砂的特征,为晚更新世冰消期海侵的产物,属于"残留沉积"。海槽西坡沉积物粒度参数具有重力流沉积特征,反映了沉积物由外陆架向海槽以滑塌或重力流的搬运方式。海槽槽底细颗粒沉积物悬移组分占主导的特点体现了半深海沉积特征,其主要来源于台湾和中国大陆长江、闽江等入海河流。物质来源一方面反映了黑潮对于细颗粒台湾源物质的输运的巨大作用;另一方面体现了来源于中国大陆源细颗粒物质存在以近底侧向搬运、"冬贮夏输"悬浮搬运等多种输运机制。     

About the correlation between the distribution of the azooxantellate scleractinian corals and the abundance of the zooplankton in the surface waters

The correlation between the azooxantellate scleractinian coral distribution and the abundance of the zooplankton in the Atlantic Ocean is discussed. The analysis is based on a dataset of 943 specimens (82 species) sampled at 87 stations that were performed during the scientific cruises of Russian research vessels in the Atlantic. The hypothesis concerning if the coral biodiversity and population density correlate with the zooplankton abundance was tested. The relationships between these parameters are contradictory. High coral biodiversity and population density were registered for the areas of low and average zooplankton abundance in the surface waters.     

美国加入《联合国海洋法公约》问题

1982年第三次联合国海洋法会议产生了《联合国海洋法公约》,美国积极参与并主导了该《公约》的整个谈判过程,对《公约》大部分条款持支持态度,但最终却没有签署《公约》,其原因主要在于它反对《公约》第十一部分关于深海采矿的规定。1994年《执行(公约)第十一部分的协定》对《公约》中与深海采矿有关的部分进行了实质性修改,满足了美国的利益和要求,但美国国内对《公约》还存在其他一些反对意见。目前美国国内各界支持加入《公约》的呼声日益高涨,美国正在积极考虑加入《公约》。     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

黄河入海径流对河口海域盐度影响研究

为研究黄河入海径流变化条件下河口附近海域盐度扩散特征,以更好地保护河口海域生物资源多样性,本文以黄河下游利津水文站的长序列实测径流数据资料为基础,利用近海水动力模型FVCOM,分析径流变化对黄河口海域盐度的影响规律。结果表明：黄河口与莱州湾之间存在顺时针的环流系统,在余流作用以及涨落潮方向的影响下,黄河冲淡水长期向莱州湾扩散;丰水期黄河冲淡水几乎影响了整个莱州湾,27盐度锋可以到达莱州湾中部,27等盐线的表层包络面积为2 665.61 km²,占莱州湾的1/4左右,枯水期低盐度水只有向南扩散的趋势,27以下的低盐度水集中分布在黄河口门附近,27等盐线的表层包络面积只有199.65 km²;5月份,随着入海径流量增加,27等盐线扩散的范围、距离、方向都会发生明显变化。在对近海生物资源有迫切保护需求的情景下,适当减少其他用水户供水量以增加入海生态径流量,可以有效改善黄河口海域附近的盐度情况,为生物资源的生长繁殖创造良好条件。     

加快渔业结构调整 促进海洋经济发展

射阳县位于江苏沿海中部，东临黄海，拥有海岸线长１０９ｋｍ，滩涂面积７万ｈａ，是江苏省渔业生产重点县之一。“九五”期间，射阳县把发展海洋渔业作为全县经济新的增长点来抓，不断加大开发力度，稳定提高捕捞业，全力突破养殖业，积极发展水产品加工业，取得显著成效，已成为海洋经济发展的先导产业和支柱产业，全县现有各类捕捞船只２０５８艘，总功率为７万多千瓦，海水养殖面积１万多公顷，育苗水体６５万ｍ３，水产品加工库容４０００余吨，年产各类海产品达５５万多吨。然而，在当前近海主要经济鱼类资源急剧衰退，伏季休渔期…     

On the peculiarity of the sound channel on the shelf of the North-European basin

Analysis of the sections traversing the polar hydrological front on the shelf of the North-European basin has enabled us to reveal the areas limited by closed isotaches of the sound velocity existing in the interfrontal zone at depths of 50–150 m. These areas represent the closed waveguide which has the property of an underwater sound channel.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

On the Relationship between the Characteristics of the Annual Variations of the Virtual Height of the Ionospheric Sporadic E Layer with the Seasonal Rearrangements of the Stratomesospheric Circulation

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - Analysis of the temporal variations of the virtual heights of the sporadic E layer (h?ES) determined from ionograms with increased accuracy (1...     

A study on the polyculture of the algae, the shrimp and the crab

A study was made on the polyculture of the red algae Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia f. Liui Zhang et Xia, f. nov. , the shrimp Penaeus penicillatus Alcock and the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) . The photosynthesis of the algae produces the oxygen on which the shrimp and the crab breathe. The algae are the reproductive place of the organism for the food of the shrimp and the carb, also is the shelter of the shrimp and the crab. The shrimp and the crab regard the algae as the vegetable     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.