地史早期岩石中的铅锌演化--狼山-渣尔泰山中元古代铅锌成矿的物质基础

以中国内蒙古狼山一渣尔泰山中元古代SEDEX型铅．锌成矿带为例，研究了该区从太古代到中元古代地壳岩石的铅锌含量和变化关系以及与成矿的关系。研究发现，从早到晚，岩石SiO2和K2O含量升高，铅含量也与二者同步增加；FeO、MgO、CaO及Na20含量呈下降趋势，锌含量也同步降低。在太古代时，岩石的Zn／Pb比值一般〉8，中元古代时这一比值降低为2～4。矿石的Zn／Pb比值与基底岩石Zn／Pb比值具有很好的一致性。铅锌这种随时间的变化与中元古代铅的暴发性成矿及大规模铅锌共生矿床的形成是同步的，说明基底岩石中的铅和锌是该成矿带SEDEX矿床成矿的物质基础。     

湖南省南部泥盆系中统棋梓桥组Pb.Zn.Fe.Mn含量特征

湖南南部地区(以下简称湘南)棋梓桥组广泛分布(图1),是一个重要的含铅锌矿层位。据最近统计,湘南有1/3的铅锌矿床(点)产于此层位中。棋梓桥组本身的厚度(47—1048米)相对于全区地层总厚(933—27808米)是微不足道的,可是却能集中如此之多的矿床(点),自然要引起人们的重视。近年来,随着层控矿床研究的深入,人们自然就把它与成矿相联系,也就是说把它看作是矿源层或就矿层。作为就矿层这是毋庸置疑的,作为矿源层     

贵州水城铅锌-矿带成矿条件及控矿因素与成因

水城铅-锌矿带是贵州重要的铅锌矿化集中区,铅锌矿主要产于上石炭统碳酸盐岩中,受断裂构造控制明显.铅锌矿产出以延深大、品位富、经济价值高为特点.文章探讨了水城铅-锌矿带的成矿地质背景和控矿地质条件.依据青山、杉树林等典型矿床成矿流体性质及Pb、S、C及O同位素特征,初步建立了成矿模式,指出本区铅锌矿属热水喷流沉积.     

鄂西地区铅锌地球化学异常分布特征及找矿意义

地球化学元素的分布特征反映了元素矿化富集及空间变化的规律.通过对鄂西地区水系沉积物地球化学测量数据的统计分析,圈定了铅锌地球化学异常,并应用因子分析方法确定了主要成矿元素的共生组合及元素组合异常,为鄂西地区铅锌多金属矿勘查提供了有用的找矿信息.Pb、Zn两元素异常主要分布在青峰断裂带附近、神农架地区、黄陵背斜周缘、鹤峰地区和恩施地区南部.Pb、Zn、Cu、Mn四种元素关系密切,反映了该区矿化以铅锌多金属元素矿化富集为主的特征.青峰断裂带附近、神农架地区和恩施南部地区三个区域铅锌多金属元素异常强度大,可以作为鄂西地区铅锌多金属矿下一步找矿勘查重点区.     

豫西南赤土店铅锌矿床地质、流体包裹体和S、Pb同位素地球化学特征

豫西南栾川地区近年铅锌矿勘查取得显著进展,显示出良好的资源前景。赤土店铅锌矿床是新发现的铅锌矿之一,从控矿要素和矿体产状看,有两种矿化类型,即北西西向断裂构造控制的脉状铅锌矿,和石宝沟岩体外围矽卡岩带中的铅锌矿,并以前者为主。在空间上围绕斑岩体往外,构成近斑岩体发育矽卡岩型钼矿化,远斑岩体接触带的围岩矽卡岩中发育矽卡岩型多金属矿床,在斑岩体外围的断裂带中发育脉型铅锌银矿床的空间分布或分带规律。流体包裹体研究显示,成矿阶段温度较高(290～340℃),流体含大量CO2,并发生过流体不混溶分离。S同位素组成(0.20‰～8.30‰,平均3.93‰)显示,硫有深部岩浆(区内斑岩硫集中在2‰～4‰)和地层(分别集中在-13‰～-8‰和6‰～11‰两个区间)两种来源。被矿相学研究证实共生的方铅矿-闪锌矿矿物对计算出平衡温度为388.29℃,亦显示高温特征。Pb同位素组成(206Pb/204Pb=17.005～l7.953,207Pb/204Pb=15.414～15.587,208Pb/204Pb=37.948～39.03)反映,脉状铅锌矿成矿物质可能主要来自斑岩,部分来自地层。综合分析认为,赤土店矿床为与燕山期斑岩有关的铅锌矿,其脉状矿体为岩浆热液充填-交代成因类型。     

云南会泽超大型铅锌矿床成矿元素迁移和沉淀机制

云南会泽铅锌矿床是扬子块西南缘川―滇―黔接壤区的铅锌银多金属矿集区已探明的唯一超大型铅锌矿床,矿床规模大（Pb＋Zn探明储量超过500万吨）、品位高（Pb＋Zn平均品位大于25%）、伴生元素多（Ag、Ge、Cd、Ga等）,有很高的研究和经济价值。本文在总结该矿床地质特征、成矿流体性质及来源基础上,探讨了成矿流体迁移和沉淀机制。研究表明,低温（150～200℃）条件下,Zn主要以硫氢化物络合物迁移,少量呈氯化物络合物形式;Pb主要以氯化物络合物,少量以硫氢化物络合物形式进行迁移;高温（300～400℃）条件下,Pb、Zn主要以氯化物络合物的形式进行迁移。流体混合作用导致成矿流体温度降低,还原硫和Cl-浓度降低,pH值升高和氧逸度降低是成矿元素沉淀的主要机制。     

Exploratory Data Analysis Applied in Mapping Multi-element Soil Geochemical Anomalies for Drill Target Definition: A Case Study from the Unpha Layered Non-magmatic Hydrothermal Pb-Zn Deposit,DPR Korea

A factor analysis was applied to soil geochemical data to define anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization. A favorable main factor with a strong association of the elements Zn, Cu and Pb, related to mineralization, was selected for interpretation. The median + 2MAD (median absolute deviation) method of exploratory data analysis (EDA) and C-A (concentration-area) fractal modeling were then applied to the Mahalanobis distance, as defined by Zn, Cu and Pb from the factor analysis to set the thresholds for defining multi-element anomalies. As a result, the median + 2MAD method more successfully identified the Pb-Zn mineralization than the C-A fractal model. The soil anomaly identified by the median + 2MAD method on the Mahalanobis distances defined by three principal elements (Zn, Cu and Pb) rather than thirteen elements (Co, Zn, Cu, V, Mo, Ni, Cr, Mn, Pb, Ba, Sr, Zr and Ti) was the more favorable reflection of the ore body. The identified soil geochemical anomalies were compared with the in situ economic Pb-Zn ore bodies for validation. The results showed that the median + 2MAD approach is capable of mapping both strong and weak geochemical anomalies related to buried Pb-Zn mineralization, which is therefore useful at the reconnaissance drilling stage.     

湖南东坡多金属矿田铅锌矿床控矿因素及构造控矿模式

东坡多金属矿田是湘南重要的钨、铅、锌等多金属矿化集中区,铅锌矿床主要产在中上泥盆统碳酸盐岩中,受褶皱和断裂控制明显,千里山花岗岩为成矿提供了成矿动力和成矿物质.文章在分析铅锌矿床控矿因素的基础上,建立了控矿模式,并指出了找矿方向.     

The world's lead-zinc mineral resources: Scarcity,data, issues and opportunities

Lead and zinc keep humanity powered and sheltered, yet a comprehensive understanding of Pb-Zn resources in known mineral deposits has been lacking, leading to uncertainty over when we might expect the supply of these metals to face potential constraints. Addressing this, we compile an extensive database of the world's known Pb-Zn mineral deposits and provide in-depth analyses of their contained resources, ore-grades, economic value, by-products and geological settings. Our data indicate that at least 226.1 Mt Pb and 610.3 Mt Zn are present within 851 individual mineral deposits and mine waste projects from 67 countries (and one in international waters), at an average grade of 0.44 %Pb and 1.20 %Zn. The identified resources are dominantly present within sediment-hosted Pb-Zn deposits (490.6 Mt Pb + Zn + Cu), which contain the equivalent of VMS, Skarn, Porphyry, Epithermal and mixed sediment-hosted deposits combined, and 49% of these resources are reported in Australia, Russia, Peru and Canada alone. The reported Pb-Zn resources appear to be sufficient to meet global demand for both Pb and Zn until 2050, although this estimate is most certainly a minimum, as our case studies indicate a prevailing trend of deposits cumulatively producing well beyond their reported resources over time. Indeed, despite increasing historical production of Pb and Zn, estimated reserves and resources have also increased, and this is expected to continue.We also present an analysis and review of additional aspects affecting the future sustainability of Pb-Zn resources, including an account of the history of Pb-Zn mining, case studies and trends in reporting, classifications of the dominant Pb-Zn mineral deposit types, analysis of reported by-product companion metals, review of tailings resource potential and case studies on the numerous challenges in environmental management historically faced for Pb-Zn mining. These analyses, alongside our comprehensive resource data, indicate that the future supply of Pb and Zn is likely to be governed by prevailing economic, social and environmental factors, much more so than sheer resource constraints.     

贵州筲箕湾铅锌矿床硫化物中Tl-Cd-Ga富集机制及地质意义

筲箕湾铅锌矿床位于黔西北铅锌成矿区中部,为该区铅锌矿床中的又一典型代表,其金属资源量（Pb＋Zn）超过20万t。本文利用电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析了不同类型矿石中原生矿石硫化物（黄铁矿、闪锌矿和方铅矿）中分散元素含量,结果显示除Cd含量较高外,Ga、In、Se、Tl和Re的富集程度均较低。不同分散元素在硫化物中表现出不同的富集规律,表现为Ga含量在闪锌矿中最高,黄铁矿次之,方铅矿最低;方铅矿中Tl含量高于闪锌矿,黄铁矿最低;Cd在闪锌矿中含量最高,方铅矿次之,黄铁矿最低;从黄铁矿→方铅矿→闪锌矿In含量依次升高;Re含量表现出在闪锌矿中最高,黄铁矿次之,方铅矿最低;Se富集程度从黄铁矿→方铅矿→闪锌矿依次升高。Ga、In和Re在不同颜色闪锌矿中富集程度相似,而Se、Cd和Tl则相对富集在棕色闪锌矿中。统计发现闪锌矿中Zn含量与Cd、Ga含量不呈类质同象的负相关特征,而其中的Fe含量与Cd、Ga含量间表现出曲线相关或负相关特征,暗示Cd、Ga可能是通过替代先进入闪锌矿中的Fe而占据其晶格,这可能是一种新的机制。闪锌矿Ga、Cd、In含量及Ga/In、Zn/Cd比值等参数,指示筲箕湾铅锌矿床形成于中-高温条件,其矿床成因类型与沉积-改造型相似。     

甘肃省西成铅锌矿田矿源层的确定及其Pb—Zn活化机理研究

本文以地层地球化学、同位素地球化学等理论为指导,论证了西成铅锌矿田成矿金属物质主要来自基底前泥盆系;在查明矿田成矿物理化学条件和基底地层铅锌赋存形式的基础上,以成矿模拟实验为手段,探讨了基底地层中成矿元素Pb、Zn的活化机理及其控制因素。     

MVT矿床中与成矿有关热液方解石的地球化学判据——以青海多才玛超大型铅锌矿床为例

碳酸盐矿物是MVT型铅锌矿床最为常见的热液蚀变矿物,记录了成矿流体特征,其元素或同位素组成对示踪和定位矿体具有一定的指示意义,但由于该类矿床中碳酸盐矿物成因多样,单一的岩相学观察往往难以准确识别与成矿有关和无关的方解石,需要辅以地球化学手段来确定方解石成因。本文利用钻孔编录、岩相学观察、C-O-Sr同位素和原位微量与稀土元素组成分析等手段,探讨了青海多才玛超大型MVT铅锌矿床中与成矿有关和无关两期方解石的矿物化学特征。结果表明,多才玛矿床成矿前方解石(Cal1)空间上与矿体无相关关系,遍布于中二叠统九十道班组灰岩内,阴极发光呈暗棕色至棕黄色,无明显生长环带;成矿期方解石(Cal2)主要产于铅锌矿体内及其上盘围岩中,多呈砂糖粒状-皮壳状充填于围岩裂隙和溶孔内,阴极发光呈暗黄色至亮橙色,常发育生长环带。相对于Cal2, Cal1与围岩的C-O-Sr同位素组成更为接近,这表明水岩反应期间,Cal1组成受围岩影响更大,Cal2组成受影响更小;相比于Cal1,Cal2具有较高的Mn、Fe、Zn、Pb含量和U/Th、V/Cr值以及较低的LREE/HREE值、Mg、Sr含量和弱的Ce负异常,指示成矿...     

Hydrogeochemical exploration for Mississippi valley-type deposits, Arkansas, U.S.A.

Three areas located in northern Arkansas, U.S.A., representing differing host rock and mineralization, were selected to investigate the usefulness of hydrogeochemical exploration for Mississippi Valley-type Pb-Zn mineralization. Despite the geologic differences among the areas, there were no great differences in groundwater chemistry and threshold values. Anomalous Pb concentrations, and also anomalous Zn concentrations to a lesser extent, are useful in detecting the Pb-Zn mineralized areas; however, specific deposits could not be located. Because of the low threshold values (about 20 μg/1) for Pb and Zn, spring water must be utilized in order to avoid plumbing contamination.     

贵州普定五指山地区铅锌矿床成矿模式

黔西北五指山铅锌矿集区是川滇黔接壤铅锌成矿域的重要组成部分之一,近年已探明多个大中型铅锌矿床,提交铅锌金属资源储量超250万t,实现了地质找矿的重大突破。文章对区内典型矿床的地质、地球化学等资料进行综合分析,并与邻区及MVT矿床进行比较。研究结果显示,本区矿体主要赋存于上震旦统灯影组和下寒武统清虚洞组白云岩中,呈层状、似层状和陡倾斜脉状产出,断控和层控特征明显。矿石自然类型为原生硫化矿型,主要金属矿物由闪锌矿和方铅矿组成。矿床形成受构造、层位及岩性、沉积岩相等因素的约束,构造是必要条件和主要控矿因素,灯影组和清虚洞组鲕状白云岩是有利赋矿层位和容矿岩性,局限-半局限的台地-泻湖相沉积为有利沉积岩相条件。成矿物质具有混合特征,其中成矿金属Pb、Zn等主要来源于基底岩石,而矿化剂C和S则分别来自赋矿海相碳酸盐岩及其内的蒸发膏岩。成矿流体属于与右江盆地演化有关的低温中低盐度盆地卤水,矿体是富金属流体在早燕山期区域挤压向伸展转换的动力学背景下卸载,与富硫流体混合的产物,成矿过程与MVT矿床相似。五指山地区铅锌矿床成矿模式的建立,有望推动区内找矿新突破,并为邻区铅锌成矿预测提供理论指导。     

陕西马元地区楠木树铅锌矿床成矿物质来源——来自氢、氧同位素和微量元素的制约

为进一步探讨楠木树铅锌矿床的成矿物质来源,文章对矿床中的25件岩矿石样品进行了系统的微量元素分析,并对矿床中不同阶段的热液脉石矿物进行了包裹体测温和氢、氧同位素测试。结果表明,Pb、Zn等成矿元素在郭家坝组地层中明显富集,而基底变质岩中Pb、Zn元素的丰度明显低于地壳岩石圈丰度;与成矿元素密切相关的元素Ag、Cd、Ge、In在寒武系郭家坝组地层中富集,在基底岩石中亏损;矿石中Ag、Cd、Ge、In等元素的含量明显高于未矿化的围岩。元素迁移分析表明流体运移过程中成矿热液萃取了Zn、Pb及其密切相关的Ag、Cd、Ge、In等组分,使Zn、Pb等成矿组分进一步富集。氢、氧同位素组成显示,与铅锌矿密切相关的石英样品落入变质水范围内,且靠近有机水范围,晚期方解石样品向雨水线漂移,表明早期成矿流体可能来自于深部的盆地卤水,在向上运移的过程中流经富含有机质的地层或有有机流体的加入,晚期有大气降水和海水的加入。     

云南剑川象图铅锌多金属矿成矿地质条件

象图铅锌多金属矿矿化带位于三合洞组(T3s)灰岩中以及顶部灰岩与挖鲁把组(T3wl)薄层状泥岩接触部位层间破碎带中,三个铁、铅、锌矿化体,属沉积改造形成的构造破碎带型铅、锌(铁)矿床。     

攀西大梁子铅锌矿区水系沉积物重金属地球化学特征及源解析

长江上游是整个长江经济带的重要生态屏障。以长江上游攀西大梁子铅锌矿区水系沉积物为研究对象,查明了重金属元素含量的空间分布特征,分析了重金属来源,探讨了在不同pH条件下重金属的淋滤规律,并进行了生态风险评估。研究结果显示:攀西大桥河流域水系沉积物中重金属的空间分布极不均匀,其含量明显要高于长江水系沉积物中重金属的平均含量;重金属生态风险属于很强风险,Hg和Cd呈高度富集、严重污染;Pb和Zn呈中度富集、中等污染。淋滤实验结果表明Pb、Zn、Cd在酸性和中性条件下淋滤浓度先快速下降,后逐渐趋于平衡,而As在快速下降后又有缓慢升高的趋势。大桥河流域水系沉积物中As、Cd、Pb、Zn主要来源于大梁子铅锌矿的采选活动,Hg为岩石风化和土壤剥蚀来源,而Cu和Cr主要为农业和工业活动来源。综合对比发现,攀西成矿带铅锌矿周边土壤富Cd而贫Cr,此外Cd、Pb、Zn、Hg是主要潜在污染物,且生态风险程度较高。     

Lead isotope behaviour in a polyphased Pb-Zn ore deposit: Les Malines (Cévennes,France)

Les Malines Mine (Cévennes, France) provides an example of Pb-Zn ore bodies that underwent a polyphased evolution. On the Pb-Pb diagram, experimental points of the Les Malines ore types always plot in the central part of the field defined for the Cévennes metallogenic province. This homogeneity, the similarities with the Pb isotopic compositions of the surrounding rocks and the comparison with Pb isotopes evolution of whole rocks and minerals of the neighbouring continental lands, which emerged during Triassic and Liassic times, rule out the participation of extraneous Pb during the successive concentration stages and agree with an initial metal stock transformed and mobilized in a Pb closed system. Hercynian K-feldspars are the main source of the Pb preconcentrated during Triassic times. Most of the Cévennes Pb-Zn ore bodies could derive from this Triassic metal stock; nevertheless, local Pb isotopic anomalies suggest hydrothermal sources for some Pb-Zn ore bodies located along the Cévennes fault.     

滇东北铅锌(银)矿矿集区成矿规律研究

滇东北铅锌(银)矿集区,是云南省重要的铅锌(银)产地,含6个矿带,总计上表(截止2008年底)Pb+Zn 766.9 180万t(Pb 291.0723万t、Zn 475.8475万t),占全省上表Pb+Zn储量的19.36%。其主体地质特征与MVT型相似,但也存在差异,可称为MVT型含氟、钡的新亚类———滇东北型。     

ICP-AES光谱法测定铅锌矿石中Cu Pb Zn As Bi

铅锌矿经王水分解处理,标准溶液中配入与样品组分相匹配的标准物质,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法可稳定、准确地测定矿石中铜、铅、锌、砷、铋。