寒区公路风吹雪害的融雪侵蚀破坏机理研究

以寒区公路路基作为研究对象,采用与天然老的细粒雪密度相似的麸皮作为模型雪,通过室内风洞试验研究雪粒子的起动以及沿路基不同部位堆积和积蚀的过程,确定雪粒子沿路基坡面堆积区域与路基断面之间的关系．通过FLAC数值模拟,考察融雪径流对路基的侵蚀作用;引入融雪侵蚀面积率,研究了融雪侵蚀面积率随融雪量、土体饱和度、路基边坡坡率以...     

Wind tunnel experimental study on shed tunnels to prevent and control blowing snow on highways北大核心CSCD

There is a severe phenomenon of blowing snow by wind in winter in Mayitas area of Xinjiang. Road traffic interruptions and casualties caused by wind and snow disasters often occur. The existing engineering measures can alleviate the problems of low visibility and problems with accumulating snow on pavement caused by wind and snow to a certain extent, but cannot completely eliminate the impact. Aiming at the problem that the blowing snow disaster difficult to be completely cured under strong wind conditions, a shed tunnel engineering treatment scheme is proposed, and a wind tunnel simulation experiment is carried out on the shed tunnel form and snow prevention scheme at the entrance of the tunnel. The wind tunnel experimental section is 8 m long, 1. 3 m horizontally wide and 1 m high. The shed tunnel model is made by 1:60 scale 3D printing method, the snow barrier model is made of wooden strips, and the simulation medium is made of fine sand, refined salt and sawdust. Firstly, three kinds of shed structures, including fully enclosed, overhanging and ventilated, were simulated under the condition of 90° wind direction, and compared with the form of blowing snow stacking. Three parameters for similarity were used:density, particle size and stacking shape. The similarity is determined by weighted Euclidean distance between simulation medium and blowing snow, the similarity of the slump angle of the predecessors is verified, and the most suitable medium for simulating blowing snow is deduced. According to the experimental results, combined with the actual situation of wind blowing and snow disasters in Mayitas, flow field of the closed shed tunnel by a wind direction angle of 30° has been separately conducted with or without protective measures. The results show that when the wind tunnel stacking experiment is used to study the deposition state of blowing snow under non-low temperature conditions, the sawdust has good similarity with the blowing snow in the process of wind and snow movement. A large amount of medium was poured into the ventilated shed during the experiment, which proved that its anti-wind and snow performance was not ideal. By contrast, the closed shed and the overhanging shed have better wind and snow prevention effects. The snow barrier has a good blowing snow inhibition function at the entrance. From the stacking experiment, in the comparison with and without snow barrier, volume of the medium in the shed is very different, which proves that the snow barrier can effectively prevent the blowing snow from entering the shed. Among them, the difference in wind speed inside and outside the shed is obvious, which proves that snow barrier can significantly reduce the wind speed outside the shed and has the function of inhibiting the formation of weak wind areas inside the shed. The study has confirmed that the shed tunnel project with suitable snow barrier layout plan for tunnel entrance protection is an effective means to control wind and snow disasters. For highway traffic in Xinjiang, it is a feasible solution to use shed tunnel engineering to control blowing snow disasters. After dealing with the snow deposition at the entrance of shed tunnel, the shed tunnel engineering form of low-cost environment integration and the vehicle operation safety guarantee measures of long-distance shed tunnel are the problems that need to be solved in the future. © 2022 Tianjin Press of Chinese Herbal Medicines. All rights reserved.     

The effect of wind speed and bed slope on sand transport

This paper reports on a wind tunnel study of the effects of bed slope and wind speed on aeolian mass transport. The use of a sloping wind tunnel has enabled estimation of the friction angle α to be about 40° for saltating particles in the range 170–540 μm. A formula relating dimensionless mass transport to friction speed and bed slope is proposed, and mass transport data for five uniform sand samples and one non-uniform sand sample are shown to fit the equation well. In particular, the relationship reveals an overshoot in mass transport slightly above threshold collisions, a feature also evident when previous experimental data is re-examined. As the number of mid-air collisions between the saltating particles increases greatly with wind speed, the overshoot may occur as a result of increasing energy losses resulting from the collisions. Finally, it is demonstrated that data for saltating snow shows a similar overshoot in the dimensionless transport rate.     

硅酸钾材料加固土遗址耐风蚀颗粒元模拟分析

西北干旱地区土遗址受风化、风蚀等破坏严重,大量土质文物亟待加固抢修。加固后土遗址的各耐环境因素及加固机制研究是土遗址加固的理论基础。首次引入颗粒元程序PFC,通过改变模型中颗粒间平行连接强度,对硅酸钾（简称PS）加固前后的土样进行数值模拟。在考虑实际土样颗粒粒径和密度的前提下,拟合了生土PS加固前后的抗压和抗拉强度,并将拟合后的颗粒元模型应用于风蚀模拟。通过随机生成挟沙风颗粒,以一定的速度撞向土体,模拟挟沙风的吹蚀作用。挟沙风颗粒数与循环步数成正比例,因此,可以用挟沙风颗粒数来代表吹蚀时间的长短。挟沙风颗粒的速度则代表挟沙风风速。模拟结果表明,在20 m/s的挟沙风吹蚀作用下,风蚀程度随吹蚀时间的增加而增大,未加固土样的风蚀程度增幅度远大于加固土样;同样吹蚀时间条件下,加固土样的抗风蚀强度明显高于未加固土样。这些模拟结论与风洞试验结果的统计规律一致。本研究拟合的颗粒流模型可进一步应用于PS加固机制研究及耐风蚀、雨蚀、冻融等诸环境影响分析研究。     

浅埋人防隧洞围岩破坏机理分析

以埋深为6～13 m的某浅埋人防隧洞为研究对象,应用快速拉格朗日有限差分程序（FLAC）对不同跨距、不同岩性的隧洞顶板在不同荷载作用下的破坏规律及破坏机制进行数值模拟研究,确定了隧洞围岩破坏域,并对拱顶敏感块体进行跟踪分析。研究结果表明：隧洞跨距为2 m且顶板岩层为泥岩时,隧洞顶板有一定的承载能力,当上部荷载达到0.7 MPa时隧洞才破坏;隧洞跨距为3 m且顶板岩层为泥岩时,当上部荷载达到0.33 MPa时,隧洞就已经破坏;隧洞顶板为卵石层时,即使上部不施加荷载,在自重应力的作用下,隧洞亦破坏。该研究对类似的浅埋地下工程围岩稳定性分析具有实际意义。     

Wind tunnel experiments on the turbulent transmission over the near surface layer of different surfaces

To understand the generation and development mechanism of soil erosion, data of the wind profile from wind tunnel experiments were used, and the characteristics of the turbulent transmission with free stream velocity and the properties of the surfaces in arid and semi-arid regions were studied by the atmospheric aerodynamic method. The result showed that the turbulent momentum fluxes are proportional to the velocity and the roughness of the surfaces. In addition, they are closely related to the density of the roughness elements; the turbulent exchange coefficient over the near surface layer increases with height.     

The significance of Gobi desert surfaces for dust emissions in China: an experimental study

A series of experiments to determine the direct emission of dust-sized particles from Gobi surfaces by clean wind (wind without sand), and the potential for aeolian abrasion of Gobi surfaces and beds of gravel and mobile sand to produce fine (<100 μm) and dust-sized (<10 μm, PM₁₀) particles under sand-laden winds were conducted. Parent material was obtained from Gobi areas of the Ala Shan Plateau, the region with high dust emissions in arid China. The fine particles produced by aeolian processes were collected using sand traps and sieved the captured materials to exclude particles >100 μm in diameter and then PM₁₀ by sedimentation was acquired. The Gobi surface provided most of the emitted fine particles during the initial dust emission processes, but subsequently, release of the clay coatings of particles by abrasion becomes the dominant source of fine materials. Under sand-laden winds, PM₁₀ production rates produced by aeolian abrasion of Gobi surfaces ranged between 0.002 and 0.244% of blown materials. After removal of sand, silt, or clay with low resistance to erosion from the Gobi surfaces by the wind, the PM₁₀ production rates caused by aeolian abrasion were similar to those from gravel and sand beds. The results also indicated that after the dust-sized particles with low resistance to erosion were removed, the production of dust-sized particles was unrelated to wind velocity. Under aeolian processes, Gobi deserts in this region therefore play a major role in dust emissions from arid and semiarid China.     

A wind tunnel simulation and field verification of desert dust deposition (Avdat Experimental Station, Negev Desert)

The deposition of natural dust in an area of 53 ha, situated in the northern Negev desert, is investigated in detail both in the wind tunnel (dust storm simulations over a topographic scale model) and in the field. The wind tunnel results and the field results show a high degree of agreement, indicating that scale-model simulation may be considered an important technique for future loess and desert research. More dust settles on windward slopes than on leeward slopes, which is in contradistinction with the widespread wind shadow concept. Air-flow separation zones immediately downwind of steep windward slopes have an important impact on dust deposition too. In the case of dust deposition on topographic scale models, a restricted height distortion of the model will not necessarily lead to serious problems. In addition, wind tunnel blockage percentages up to 13% may be allowed in order to obtain acceptable dust deposition patterns for the scale model. A mean gross dust deposition of about 200–250 g m^?2 year^?1 is calculated for the northern Negev desert for 1987. Thus, if the settled dust can be protected against erosion in the cultivated areas in the Negev, the dust content of the top soil will markedly increase with time. However, it has to be borne in mind that cultivation activities themselves may also contribute to a higher soil erosion and, hence, to a higher dust content in the atmosphere. At any rate, a higher dust content in the top soil will unquestionably have an important positive effect on agricultural yields. From the air dust concentration data and the dust deposition data, a deposition velocity of 4.7cms^?1 can be calculated for Avdat dust.     

The scaling law in the hole erosion test with a constant pressure drop

A process called ‘piping’, which often occurs in the soil at dams, levees, and dykes, involves the formation and development of a continuous tunnel between upstream and downstream ends. The hole erosion test is commonly used to quantify the critical stress and the rate of piping erosion progression. The aim of this study is to draw up a model for interpreting the results of this test. A characteristic internal erosion time is defined and expressed as a function of the initial hydraulic gradient and the coefficient of surface erosion. It is established here that the product of the coefficient of erosion and the flow velocity is a significant dimensionless number: when this number is small, the kinetics of erosion are low, and the particle concentration does not have any effect on the flow. This finding applies to most of the available test results. Theoretical and experimental evidence is presented showing that the evolution of the pipe radius during erosion with a constant pressure drop obeys a scaling exponential law. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Wind tunnel experiments on vertical distribution of wind-blown sand flux and change of the quantity of sand erosion and deposition above gravel beds under different sand supplies

Wind tunnel experiments were carried out with respect to the vertical distributions of wind-blown sand flux and the processes of aeolian erosion and deposition under different wind velocities and sand supplies above beds with different gravel coverage. Preliminary results revealed that the vertical distribution of wind-blown sand flux was a way to determine whether the gobi sand stream was the saturated one or not. It had different significances to indicate characteristics of transport and deposition above gobi beds. Whether bed processes are of aeolian erosion or deposition was determined by the sand stream near the surface, especially within 0–6 cm height, while the sand transport was mainly influenced by the sand stream in the saltating layer above the height of 6 cm. The degree of the abundance of sand supply was one of the important factors to determine the saturation level of sand stream, which influenced the characteristic of aeolian erosion and deposition on gravel beds. Given the similar wind condition, the sand transport rates controlled by the saturated flow were between 2 and 8 times of the unsaturated one. Those bed processes controlled by the saturated flow were mainly of deposition, and the amount of sand accumulation increased largely as the wind speed increased. In contrast, the bed processes controlled by the unsaturated flow were mainly of aeolian erosion. Meanwhile, there was an obvious blocking sand ability within the height of 0–2 cm, and the maximal value of sand transport occurred within the surface of 2–5 cm height.     

Wind sedimentation tunnel experiments on the origins of aeolian strata

The origins and sedimentary features of grainfall-, avalanche-, and ripple-produced strata have been studied experimentally in a wind sedimentation tunnel. Rate of deposition, wind velocity and wind duration have been shown to control specific sedimentary features of these types of strata. Grainfall-produced strata were deposited on a horizontal surface, and surfaces sloping up to the angle of initial yield for dry sand (about 34°). Thickness of a grainfall-produced stratum depended upon rate of deposition and duration of a specific wind event. Grainfall-produced strata were both non-graded and graded. Graded strata were produced by changes in wind velocity which controlled size of sand in transport and flying distances of individual grains. Distinctive features of grainfall-produced strata are: (a) gradual thinning, or tapering downwind (e.g. down the simulated slipface and across the simulated interdune; (b) extreme variability of thickness from less than 1 mm (wind gusts of a few seconds) to 10 cm or more (sustained gusts). Aeolian avalanche-produced strata were formed when grainfall-produced strata steepened above the angle of initial yield and sheared downslope. A rapid transition in sedimentary features from top to bottom of the slipface characterized avalanche-produced strata of the slump degeneration type in dry sand derived from grainfall deposition. Fadeout laminae formed near the top of the simulated slipface and about 1 m farther down the slipface were flame structures and drag folds. Near the base of the slipface, the avalanche truncated and then overrode grainfall-produced deposits. Distinctive features of avalanche-produced strata for a 2.5 m long slipface are the deformation structures, a thickness of 1 or 2 cm, sandflow toes, and steep dip (34°). Each avalanche-produced stratum was roughly tabular in cross-section parallel to wind direction, with gradual pinchout upslope. Aeolian ripple-produced strata were deposited on horizontal surfaces, and surfaces sloping to as much as 28°. Thickness of a ripple-produced stratum depended upon rate of deposition, morphology of the ripple, and rate of ripple migration. A maximum thickness of several centimetres was observed for a single ripple-produced stratum. Shape and attitude of ripple foresets was controlled by ripple morphology. Distinctive features of aeolian ripple-produced strata are: (a) presence of ripple foresets; (b) abrupt changes in thickness of a stratum or pinchout over downwind distances of a few centimetres; (c) low average foreset-to-diastem angle (10–15°); (d) low ripple-climb angle (<10°).     

The effect of surface moisture on the entrainment of dune sand by wind: an evaluation of selected models

Abstract Reliable predictions of wind erosion depend on the accuracy of determining whether erosion occurs or not. Among the several factors that govern the initiation of soil movement by wind, surface moisture is one of the most significant. Some widely used models that predict the threshold shear velocity for particle detachment of wet soils by wind were critically reviewed and evaluated. Wind‐tunnel experiments were conducted on pre‐wetted dune sand with moisture contents ranging from 0·00 to 0·04 kg kg^?1. Sand samples were exposed to different wind speeds for 2 min. Moisture content was determined gravimetrically before and after each experiment, and the saltation of sand particles was recorded electronically with a saltiphone. Shear velocities were deduced from the wind speed profiles. For each moisture content, the experiments were repeated at different shear velocities, with the threshold shear velocity being determined by least‐squares analysis of the relationships between particle number rates and shear velocity. Within the 2‐min test runs, temporal changes in particle number rates and moisture contents were detected. A steep increase in the threshold shear velocity with moisture content was observed. When comparing the models, large differences between the predicted results became apparent. At a moisture content of 0·007 kg kg^?1, which is half the moisture content retained to the soil matrix at a water tension (or matric potential) of ?1·5 MPa, the increase in ‘wet’ threshold shear velocity predicted with the different models relative to the dry threshold shear velocity ranged from 117% to 171%. The highest care should therefore be taken when using current models to predict the threshold shear velocity of wet sediment. Nevertheless, the models of Chepil (1956; Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am., 20, 288–292) and Saleh & Fryrear (1995; Soil Sci., 160, 304–309) are the best alternatives available.     

Effect of soil parameters on the threshold wind velocity and maximum eroded mass in a dry environment

The present study aims to investigate the relationships between several soil parameters (texture, organic matter and CaCO₃ content) and the threshold wind velocity and erodibility of different soil types. Our aim was to determine the role of these soil parameters play in soil loss due to wind erosion and also to statistically evaluate these correlations. The erodibility studies were carried out in wind tunnel experiments, and the resulting data were analysed with multiple regression analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis test. We found that both the threshold wind speed and the erodibility of soils were mostly determined by silt fraction (0.05–0.02 mm), while sand fractions had a lesser effect on it. Our experiences with organic matter and CaCO₃ similar, i.e. in spite of their correlation with the erosion, their contribution was not significant in the multivariate regression model. Consequently, based on mechanical composition of soils, one can predict threshold wind velocity and erodibility of soils.     

Variations in dust-related PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> emission from an arid land due to surface composition and topsoil disturbance

Aeolian (wind) erosion is most common in arid regions. The resulted emission of PM₁₀ (particulate matter that is smaller than 10 μm in diameter) from the soil has many environmental and socioeconomic consequences such as soil degradation and air pollution. Topsoil resistance to aeolian transport highly depends on the surface composition. The study aim was to examine variations in PM₁₀ fluxes in a desert-dust source due to surface composition and topsoil disturbance. Aeolian field experiments using a boundary layer wind tunnel alongside soil composition analysis were integrated in this study. The results show variations in PM₁₀ fluxes (ranging from 9.5 to 524.6 mg m^?2 min^?1) in the studied area. Higher wind velocity increased significantly the PM₁₀ fluxes in all surface compositions. A short-term natural disturbance caused changes in the aggregate soil distribution (ASD) and increased significantly PM₁₀ emissions. Considering that PM₁₀ contains clays, organic matter, and absorbed elements, the recorded PM₁₀ fluxes are indicative of the potential soil loss and degradation by wind erosion in such resource-limited ecosystems. The findings have implications in modeling dust emission from a source area with complex surfaces.     

直墙半圆拱巷道爆破震动数值分析

为利于判断巷道围岩在爆破荷载作用下的稳定性及巷道内壁混凝土衬砌的安全,采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析了巷道钻爆法掘进爆破荷载作用下震动区岩体的动力响应。结果表明,近区岩体内部爆破压力、单元有效应力、质点振动速度随爆心距的衰减规律基本符合萨道夫斯基经验公式,单元有效应力与质点振动速度的衰减规律具有很强的相关性;巷道围岩临空面上的质点振动速度以沿巷道方向的振动速度为主,巷道横截面内垂直临空面方向次之,横截面内沿临空面方向为最小。巷道同一横截面处各质点的振动波形基本相同,拱顶的振动速度峰值比帮部的要大10%左右,拱与帮的连接处振动速度峰值较小。巷道围岩沿巷道方向临空面上质点振动速度衰减规律也基本符合萨道夫斯基公式,以上分析结果对采用钻爆法进行岩巷施工时,控制近区震动区爆破荷载对结构的影响具有一定的指导作用。     

锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖损伤特性研究

爆破开挖导致的围岩损伤是围岩稳定性的重要影响因素。采用数值分析及现场检测的方法研究了锦屏二级引水隧洞岩体爆破开挖损伤特性。数值模拟结果表明,引水隧洞开挖引起的围岩应力重分布是围岩损伤的主要原因,爆炸荷载和应力重分布的耦合作用将增大引水隧洞围岩损伤区范围,增大的损伤深度可达1.5 m,考虑开挖荷载瞬态卸荷动态损伤效应的损伤区范围最大,较单独考虑围岩地应力准静态重分布所导致的损伤深度可增大1.9 m,平均损伤深度增大近1倍。现场检测成果较好地验证了数值模拟结果,表明爆破开挖可显著增大围岩的损伤范围。锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞开挖过程中,不可忽视爆炸荷载及开挖瞬态卸荷对围岩的损伤作用。     

Dynamic processes acting on a longitudinal (seif) sand dune

ABSTRACT Field measurements were made on a longitudinal dune in the Sinai Desert in order to understand its morphology and dynamics. The field measurements contradicted the wind structure indicated by the helicoidal flow theory. Rather, it was found that winds coming from two basically different directions at different times and striking the dune obliquely were responsible for sand transport and erosion or deposition along the lee flank.
The essence of this mechanism is the deflection of the wind airflow on the lee flank of the dune to a direction parallel to the crest line. The occurrence of erosion or deposition depends upon the angle of incidence between the wind and the crest line. When this angle is < 40° the velocity of the deflected wind is higher than on the crest line or the windward flank and longitudinal sand transport occurs. When the angle is less acute (> 40°) the velocity of the deflected wind drops and deposition takes place on the lee flank.
The angle of incidence in each wind storm is changed intermittently between 30° and 100° along the dune because the dune meanders and because of the sinuous outline of the crest line. In this manner sand transport and erosion or deposition occurs along the lee flank depending on the angle of incidence between the wind and the crest line. As a result of the deflection of the wind the dune elongates at an average rate of more than 1 m per month. Peaks and saddles along the crest line advance at an average rate of 0.7 m per month.
The lack of uniformity in the effects of the wind on both sides of the dune creates a lack of uniformity in the rate of erosion and deposition. This can explain the formation of peaks along the crest line of the dune.     

On the effect of moisture bonding forces in air-dry soils on threshold friction velocity of wind erosion

Wind erosion is a dominant geomorphological process in arid and semi-arid regions with major impacts on regional climate and desertification. The erosion process occurs when the wind speed exceeds a certain threshold value, which depends on a number of factors including surface soil moisture. The understanding and modelling of aeolian erosion requires a better understanding of the soil erodibility associated with different moisture conditions. In arid regions during the dry season, the atmospheric humidity plays an important role in determining the surface moisture content and the threshold shear velocity. By a series of wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses, this dependence of threshold velocity on near surface air humidity is shown for three soils of different textures: sand, sandy loam, and clay loam. The results show that the threshold shear velocity decreases with increasing values of relative humidity for values of relative humidity between about 40% and 65%, while above and below this range the threshold shear velocity increases with air humidity. A theoretical framework is developed to explain these dependencies assuming an equilibrium between the surface soil moisture and the humidity of the overlying atmosphere. The conditions under which soil-atmosphere equilibrium occurs were tested experimentally in the laboratory for different soils in order to determine the effect of grain surface area and texture on the time required to reach equilibrium starting from different initial conditions.     

Aerodynamic dislodgement of multiple-size sand grains over time

An experimental study was undertaken in a large-scale wind tunnel to investigate sand particle dislodgement by wind over time in the absence of grain-bed collisions. Aerodynamic dislodgement was measured for six groups of sand particles under two known wind velocity profiles. The results show that the dislodgement rate for both fine and coarse particles decreases rapidly during the transition of the particle surface from a non-wind-worked condition to a wind-worked condition, and that the dislodgement rate continues to decay under a wind-worked condition even though the mean grain size of surface particles remains nearly the same. A previously developed theoretical method for calculating the number of particles left on the bed by wind was developed further. The derived method was used to calculate the time-decay of the dislodgement rate and the length of time required for the dislodgement rate to reach an equilibrium. The length of time for dislodgement rate to reach an equilibrium in this study is of the order of 10–15 min. This not only provides further observation of the second, long stage of aeolian sediment transport system development reported previously but also indicates a potentially large variation in the time-decay of transport rate under different conditions. The results indicate that the time-decay of the particle dislodgement rate is related to sorting processes. Because of the artificial method of preparation of the grain surface and the wind velocity profiles, the results of this study should be applied with caution to natural conditions.     

多因素组合影响下向进路充填顶板稳定性计算

下向分层进路充填采矿法中,进路充填顶板的稳定对回采过程安全性至关重要,而分层充填体叠加载荷计算一直是顶板稳定性分析的难点。在充分考虑采动岩体荷载、矿体倾角、相邻分层间回采进路的交错布置、充填体与围岩的接触等工程实际后,推导了进路顶板平衡微分方程,求解得到进路顶板静荷载的理论值。结合回采工艺建立了“多跨梁”力学模型,并得到了回采进路顶板拉应力的理论计算公式,分析得到影响进路顶板稳定性的4个重要理论因素：顶板上部载荷σ v、回采进路跨度l、1:4充填体的厚度h、充填体自身抗拉强度[σt]。为充分考虑进路顶板静载荷和回采爆破动载荷影响,利用FLAC^3D对多因素影响下的顶板稳定性进行了数值模拟正交计算。根据模拟结果,分析了各因素对顶板拉应力的影响规律,利用多元非线性回归的方法建立了多因素组合影响下顶板稳定性评价模型。该模型应用到某铜矿试验采场的实际生产,具有较好的指导作用。