2003年巴楚-伽师6.8级地震中短期异常与预测

对2003年2月24日P楚—伽师6．8级地震中短期异常和中短期预测进行了较系统的分析与总结。结果认为,6．8级地震前新疆6级地震平静4年多,5级地震平静2年,中期阶段地震平静显著;短期阶段5级地震显著增强,震源区出现前震活动,同时全疆定点前兆观测资料出现较为明显的短期异常并观测到少量的临震异常。不同孕震时段的异常特征是6．8级地震中短期预测的依据,因而也是当前经验预报的基础。     

2002年12月25日乌恰5.8级地震的长、中、短期跟踪预测和反思

在乌恰地区地震活动呈现长期平静异常的背景下,通过多种方法对2002年12月25日乌恰5．8级地震进行了1-3年的中长期预测。应用“模糊地震活动度”和“空区参数法”两种方法进行了1年和半年的中期预测,结合对该地区小震活动动态的分析与震例分析,尤其是预警地震的分析判断,提出了3个月的短期预测意见,较好地预测了这次地震。最后对预测情况进行了正反两个方面的总结和反思,提出了七点看法。     

2001年昆仑山口西8.1级地震与1927年古浪8.0级地震的相似性

对20世纪中国大陆巨大地震进行了研究,认为1927年古浪8．0级地震与2001年昆仑山口西8．1级地震在构造上,与川滇地区的相对位置上,以及孕育、发展和发生的过程都具有一定的相似性,这2个地震对其后川滇地区地震活动形势的影响也具有相似性;这2次地震的发生对中国大陆的地震活动强度有一定的缓解作用;2003年至2005年川滇地区地震活动水平为6．0～6．9级。     

宁夏37度区地震活动初探

本文利用选定的宁夏37度区域范围发生的历史强地震资料,及1966—1986年发生的M_L≥2.0级地震资料,对6级以上强地震的空间展布特征、周期特征、相关地震进行了初步探讨,发现该区历史上发生的4次7级以上强烈地震在时空序列上呈现一幅对称迁移活动图象,6级以上强地震的发生有明显的时间间隔规律,同时与华北大区域强地震活动关联较为密切。通过对现今小震活动分级按年度进行频次、平均震级的距平计算,发现该区小震活动在宁夏及邻区发生的6组(8次)5级以上中强震前1—2年,都出现过不同程度的“缺震”异常年份。在异常年份后,该区发生的4级地震具有预测预报宁夏及邻区中强以上地震的短期前兆“信号”作用。在对宁夏区内和邻区的报震时间上也表现出明显的差异。     

中国大陆M73/4地震活动的特点及趋势分析

利用发生在中国大陆地区M≥7 3/4浅源地震资料，得出1900年以来M≥7 3/4地震活动具有成组性和区域性的特点，认为2001年11月14日昆仑山8．1级地震的发生，标志着中国大陆地区M≥7 3/4地震第5个活动组的开始。未来1－6年在以8．1级地震为中心，半径500m－1000km内是发生M≥7 3/4地震的主要场的。通过对M≥7 3/4地震发生后3年7级地震活动研究，中国大陆未来3年内仍具有发生7级地震的可能。     

山西大同-阳高地震活动背景

通过对大同盆地历史地震活动及大同盆地历史地震活动与华北地震区、山西地震带强震活动的关系的研究，得出山西大同-阳高1989年6．1级地震活动是这一地区历史地震的延续，是华北北部中强地震活动的重要组成部分，具有广义前震的重要意义，其后对应发生的河北张北6．2级地震。标志着华北地震区的地震活动期已进入尾声。     

柯坪块体的地震活动特征

分析了柯坪块体1969年以来强震活动特征，发现该块体内6级地震的发生显示出明显的轮回特征，且发震周期与新疆地区强震活跃期吻合；西克尔和乌什2个地震活跃区的地震活动对块体内的6级地震活动有一定的预报意义；一次6级地震发生后该块体内所发生的4．5级以上地震对于预测未来6级地震的发生地点有一定的意义。     

新疆巴楚-伽师6.8级地震序列及震情分析

2003年2月24日新疆巴楚—伽师发生6．8级地震，震中位于1997—1998年伽师9次6级地震分布区域的东南端。这次6．8级地震的余震呈北西向分布，与极震区长轴走向一致，截止2003年4月15日最大余震为5．8级。震源机制解初步分析结果为：震源断错属逆倾滑性质，近南北向的节面可能为主破裂面，主压应力P轴方位为北西西。6．8级地震发生在2003年度全国划定的6—7级地震危险区内。震前根据新疆震情的发展，新疆地震局预报中心在对2月份的震情判定中明确提出“2月或稍长时间新疆两个地震重点危险区有发生中强震的可能”，预测意见对应较好。     

对昆仑山口西8.1级大震后中国大陆地震形势的一点认识

2000年底，我们在《2001—2003年新疆地震大形势研究报告》中曾提出：“2001—2003年，中国大陆的地震活动处在20世纪以来第5个活跃幕末期，仍有较大可能发生Ms≥7．0地震；2001—2003年，新疆境内有可能发生7级左右地震”的预测意见。2001年11月14日，在新疆与青海交界处的新疆若羌县境内发生了8．1级地震，证明了上述预测意见是基本正确的。     

昆仑山口西8.1级地震前地震活动异常图像初步研究

通过对昆仑山口西8．1级地震前较大范围的5级以上地震活动性研究，发现地震前空间上存在着5级地震围空和条带现象，时间进程上出现了5级地震活动增强以及GL值高值波动变化现象。还分析讨论了中国大陆几次8级地震后中国西部强震活动特点，认为新疆地区今后几年6级以上地震活动可能处于相对活跃状态。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.