熵视角下的广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力分析

通过对城市生态系统的结构和功能分析, 以及城市作为耗散结构系统的熵变分析, 构建广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力评价指标体系;运用信息熵构建了广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力评价模型;将熵权与指标时间序列变化相结合, 分析指标时间序列变化对广州城市生态系统可持续发展能力的影响, 从而提出广州城市生态系统可持续发展的针对性措施。研究结果显示:在2004-2010 年间, (1) 广州市社会经济生态系统对自然生态系统的需求不断增大, 城市环境污染问题得到有效控制, 城市生态系统内部不断朝着有序、健康的方向发展;(2) 自然生态系统对社会经济系统的支持能力总体逐渐上升, 生态环境的改善使广州城市生态系统的协调性和活力得到增强, 城市生态系统可持续发展能力总体呈上升趋势。该研究方法能反映出城市作为复合生态系统的结构、功能和演化机制, 能有效地弥补城市可持续发展研究中所存在的可持续发展对策比较笼统、缺乏针对性的不足。     

环境伦理与区域可持续发展(英文)

The scientific environmental ethics plays a key role in the recognition of the human-environment interactions. Modern environmental ethics is the philosophical re-thinking of modern human race environmental behavior. The development of environmental ethics theory, as well as its application in reality, determines the viewpoints of environmental ethics. Sustainable development implies harmony on human-environment interactions and inter-generation responsibility, with emphasis on a harmonious relationship among population, resources, environment and development, so as to lay a sustainable and healthy foundation of resources and environment for future generations. The harmonious society construction in China that is raised by the Chinese central government should be covered by environmental ethics. The connotation of open environmental ethics includes a respect for nature, care for the individual human race, and respect for the development of future generations, which means giving consideration to natural values, individual and human race benefits and welfare across generations. The role of environmental ethics in regional development consists of cognition, criticism, education, inspiration, adjusting, legislation and promoting environmental regulations. The major problems in regional development are extensive resource exploration, fast population growth, irrational industrial structure, unfair welfare distribution and the twofold effects of science and technology development. The formulation of environmental ethics that aims at regional sustainable development, can not only harmonize the relationship of population, resource, environment and economic development, but also guide behavior selection, push social and political system transformation, strengthen the legal system, and raise environmental awareness of the public.     

长江三角洲地区生态足迹的时空动态及其可持续发展分析(英文)

In the urbanizing world,the Yangtze Delta Region (YDR) as one of the most developed regions in China,has drawn a lot of the world’s attention for the remarkable economic development achieved in the past decades.Nevertheless,the rapid economic development was certain to be accompanied by unprecedented consumption and loss of natural resources.Therefore,the analysis of the ecological situation and driving factors of environmental impact was of great significance to serve the local sustainable development decision-making and build a harmonious society.In this paper,the ecological footprint (EF) was taken as the index of the ecological environmental impact.With the help of Geographic Information System (GIS),we studied the spatiotemporal change of ecological footprint at two scales (region and city) and assessed urban sustainable development ability in YDR.Then we discussed the driving factors that affected the change of ecological footprint by the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology (STIRPAT) model.The results showed that increasing trends of regional ecological footprint during 1998-2008 (1.70-2.53 ha/cap) were accompanied by decreasing ecological capacity (0.31-0.25 ha/cap) but expanding ecological deficit (1.39-2.28 ha/cap).The distribution pattern of ecological footprint and the degree of sustainable development varied distinctly from city to city in YDR.In 2008,the highest values of ecological footprint (3.85 ha/cap) and the lowest one of sustainable development index (SDI=1) in YDR were both presented in Shanghai.GDP per capita (A) was the most dominant driving force of EF and the classical EKC hypothesis did not exist between A and EF in 1998-2008.Consequently,increasing in ecological supply and reducing in human demand due to technological advances or other factors were one of the most effective ways to promote sustainable development in YDR.Moreover,importance should be attached to change our definition and measurement of prosperity and success.     

北京城市湿地时空演变及驱动力定量分析(英文)

The decision tree and the threshold methods have been adopted to delineate boundaries and features of water bodies from LANDSAT images. After a spatial overlay analysis and using a remote sensing technique and the wetland inventory data in Beijing, the water bodies were visually classified into different types of urban wetlands, and data on the urban wetlands of Beijing in 1986, 1991, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2007 were obtained. Thirteen driving factors that affect wetland change were selected, and gray correlation analysis was employed to calculate the correlation between each driving factor and the total area of urban wetlands. Then, six major driving factors were selected based on the correlation coefficient, and the contribution rates of these six driving factors to the area change of various urban wetlands were calculated based on canonical correlation analysis. After that, this research analyzed the relationship and mechanism between the main driving factors and various types of wetlands. Five conclusions can be drawn. (1) The total area of surface water bodies in Beijing increased from 1986 to 1996, and gradually decreased from 1996 to 2007. (2) The areas of the river wetlands, water storage areas and pool and culture areas gradually decreased, and its variation tendency is consistent with that of the total area of wetlands. The area of the mining water areas and wastewater treatment plants slightly increased. (3) The six factors of driving forces are the annual rainfall, the evaporation, the quantity of inflow water, the volume of groundwater available, the urbanization rate and the daily average discharge of wastewater are the main factors affecting changes in the wetland areas, and they correlate well with the total area of wetlands. (4) The hydrologic indicators of water resources such as the quantity of inflow water and the volume of groundwater are the most important and direct driving forces that affect the change of the wetland area. These factors have a combined contribution rate of 43.94%. (5) Climate factors such as rainfall and evaporation are external factors that affect the changes in wetland area, and they have a contribution rate of 36.54%. (6) Human activities such as the urbanization rate and the daily average quantity of waste-water are major artificial driving factors. They have an influence rate of 19.52%.     

长江三角洲城市群发展的优势及动态变化(英文)

Urban agglomeration on Yangtze River Delta (UA-YRD) had some advantages in the aspects of water, land, ecological environment, location and transportation. Relying on the resource-environment bases and other advantages, UA-YRD has achieved great develop-ment. Based on index system and model of comprehensive evaluation, the paper calculates the development level of UA-YRD since 1978. The result shows that from 1978 to 2007, the development level increased year by year at an annual rate of 0.0333, and the process of development could be divided into three stages, i.e. low-speed development stage (1978-1991), rapid development stage (1991-2000), and high-speed development stage (2000-2007). The speeds are 0.0083, 0.0356 and 0.0766, respectively. During the 30-year development, foreign economic activity has the greatest effect on development, followed by transportation, industrial economic activity and telecommunication (in order). Additionally, different driving forces have different effects in different stages. The paper suggests that more attention should be paid to the high-speed development stage and the important driving forces to drive its development. At the same time, the limitation of resource and environment should not be neglected and a long effective mechanism needs to be established to sustain harmonious development among the UA development, resource utilization and environmental protection. Some comparative studies should be carried out urgently to support and promote sustainable development of UA effectively, especially towards evolution, driving forces and braking forces.     

长沙市人居环境与经济协调发展的不确定性评价(英文)

The coordinated development of human settlement environment and economy is of vital significance to urban sustainable development and urban ecosystem health. Urban human settlement and economic systems exist in urban ecosystems, which are a structural complexity. Therefore the research is being challenged by some uncertain factors between human settlements and economic systems. However most of the researches were focused on its determinate objective aspects and qualitative analyses while less concern on the quantitative evaluation of coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy, especially little on its uncertain aspect. At present, the urgent task is to study the coordinated development of urban settlement environment and economy in terms of the effect of uncertainty. This study analyzed the uncertain characteristics, which would be confronted at different stages, such as confirming the index categories, their bound values, and their construction rate, etc. According to the actual urban conditions, many construction principles based on uncertainties are put forward and an indicating system for human settlement and economic evaluation is established. Moreover, the application of fuzzy mathematics presents a new method and a calculation model for the comprehensive assessment of the coordinated development of urban human settlement environment and economy. The application of the method and model in Changsha city of China showed that the assessment results can reflect not only the overall coordination degree of the city, but also the mode of interactive mechanism between urban economic system and human settlement environment.     

新疆克拉玛依市生态敏感性研究(英文)

Karamay City is a typical mining city, relying on oilfield exploration and development. After 60 years of construction and development, Karamay has become the first large oilfield and an important base of the national petroleum and petrochemical industry in China. Based on spatial analysis, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) grid computing and overlay techniques, whilst considering the effect of oilfield development and aimed at the ecological problems of Karamay City in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, we conducted research on the spatial characteristics of the comprehensive ecological sensitivity of Karamay. The ecological problems of natural environment evolution include soil erosion, land deserti-fication, soil salinization, and biodiversity reduction. The most significant disturbance factor from the activities of humans in this area is oilfield exploitation. This study carries out an analysis of single factor ecological problem sensitivity and integrated ecological sensitivity. The results of the research are as follows: (1) Soil erosion is relatively sensitive, especially in Karamay district, Dushanzi district, north of Urho district and west of Baijiantan district, which is mainly a result of the vertical dropping slopes, serious rainfall erosion and the distribution of scattered woodland. (2) The main types of land desertification are represented by high and moderate grade sensitivities, and high and extremely high sensitive areas are distributed in the intersection of Karamay and Baijiantan districts. This is due to evaporation exceeding rainfall in these areas, and the soil mainly consists of sand and is seldom covered by vegetation. (3) The soil salinizatiion sensitivity grades are mainly moderate, high and extremely high. The highly sensitive areas are mainly distributed in southeast of Baijiantan district, north and east of Karamay district and east of Urho district. The primary causes are evaporation exceeding rainfall and extreme human activities. (4) The main types of biodiversity sensitivity are light and moderate grade. Highly sensitive areas are located in the east and south of Karamay district, north of the Baiyang River basin and parts of the wetland areas. (5) Oil fields development areas are highly ecologically sensitive, which are located in the northern oilfields of Urho district, western oilfields of Baijiantan district, northwestern oilfields of Karamay district and central oilfields of Dushanzi district. (6) The main types of integrated ecological sen-sitivity are high and moderate. The high and extremely highly sensitive areas are located in the central and northern parts of Karamay district, and southwest of Baijiantan district. The evaluation results will provide guidance for the future planning and development, the protection of the ecological environment and the realization of harmonious social, economic, and ecological development in Karamay City.     

熵视角下的中国海洋生态系统可持续发展能力分析

通过对海洋生态系统特征的分析,构建了海洋生态系统可持续发展能力评价指标体系;运用信息熵构建了海洋生态系统可持续发展能力评价模型,分析各个指标对海洋生态系统可持续发展能力的影响,从而提出提高海洋生态系统可持续发展能力的相关性的措施。研究结果显示：2004~2011年,人类对海洋自然生态系统的需求日益加大;在国家和政府的重视下,海洋污染问题得到了改善,海洋生态系统内部朝着有序健康方向发展,自然生态系统的支撑能力不断提高,中国海洋生态系统可持续发展能力总体呈上升趋势。     

青藏高原太阳辐射对高山草甸净生态系统二氧化碳的影响(英文)

On the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow is the most widespread vegetation type. The alpine meadow has a low biological productivity and low vegetation coverage in the growing season. The daytime NEE between the atmosphere and the alpine meadow ecosystem was influenced by solar radiation. To analyze the characteristics of change in NEE and to calculate the parameters related to photosynthesis and respiration in different solar radiation environments, the NEE measurements were taken in Damxung from July to August in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 using the eddy covariance technique. Solar radiation was grouped into three levels according to the net radiation, which was more than 155 W m-2 d-1 on clear days, 144±5 W m-2 d-1 on partly cloudy days and less than 134 W m-2 d-1 on cloudy days. The diurnal relationships between NEE and PAR varied with differences in solar radiation, which was a rectangular hyperbola form on clear days, two different concave curves on partly cloudy days and an irregular triangle form on cloudy days. The mean CO2 absorption rate showed a decreasing trend with increasing solar radiation. The daytime absorption maximum occurred around 10:00 on clear days with an average of slightly less –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, around 11:00 on partly cloudy days with an average of about –0.2 mg m-2 d-1, and around 12:00 on cloudy days with an average of about –0.25 mg m-2 d-1. As solar radiation increased, the Amax and the Q10 decreased. However, the R10 increased and the maximum of the α occurred on partly cloudy days. The optimum net solar radiation was about 134–155 W m-2 d-1, which induced a PAR of about 1800-2000 μmol m-2 s-1 and soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm of about 14℃. Therefore, on the Tibetan Plateau, the alpine meadow ecosystem will have a higher carbon absorption potential while solar radiation decreases in the future.     

中国城市扩展对气温观测的影响及其高估程度(英文)

Since the implementation of the reform and opening up policy in China in the late 1970s, some meteorological stations ’entered’ cities passively due to urban expansion. Changes in the surface and built environment around the stations have influenced observations of air temperature. When the observational data from urban stations are applied in the interpolation of national or regional scale air temperature dataset, they could lead to overestimation of regional air temperature and inaccurate assessment of warming. In this study, the underlying surface surrounding 756 meteorological stations across China was identified based on remote sensing images over a number of time intervals to distinguish the rural stations that ’entered’ into cities. Then, after removing the observational data from these stations which have been influenced by urban expansion, a dataset of background air temperatures was generated by interpolating the observational data from the remaining rural stations. The mean urban heat island effect intensity since 1970 was estimated by comparing the original observational records from urban stations with the background air temperature interpolated. The result shows that urban heat island effect does occur due to urban expansion, with a higher intensity in winter than in other seasons. Then the overestimation of regional air temperature is evaluated by comparing the two kinds of grid datasets of air temperature which are respectively interpolated by all stations’ and rural stations’ observational data. Spatially, the overestimation is relatively higher in eastern China than in the central part of China; however, both areas exhibit a much higher effect than is observed in western China. We concluded that in the last 40 years the mean temperature in China increased by about 1.58℃, of which about 0.01℃ was attributed to urban expansion, with a contribution of up to 0.09℃ in the core areas from the overestimation of air temperature.     

广州城市游憩商业区(RBD)对城市发展的影响

城市游憩商业区作为城市中一种新的功能区已逐渐成为城市新的空间要素，为旅游者，本地及周边地区的居民承担着提供旅游，休闲，娱乐、购物等功能，并作为城市游憩系统中的重要组成部分，通过对初具规模的广州城市RBD－天河城地段进行实证研究，分析城市RBD分别对城市商业，城市游憩，城市交通以及城市地域空间的影响。     

广州城市可持续发展及企业行为研究

广州城市总体上朝可持续方向发展,但多呈现弱可持续发展状态。主要原因是经济增长牺牲了部分环境,具体表现在生活用水浪费、工业用水重复率低、工业粉尘排放量大、物质利用率低。企业是城市经济的实体单元,其环保意识和环保行为对城市可持续发展起着至关重要的作用。调查发现,企业的经营目标已转向利润最大化,但环境意识较薄弱。广州企业的环保行为表现出被动的特点,且环保投入比例过低,环保机构作用弱,多进行末端处理,需进一步改善。     

转型时期广州城市公共服务设施空间分析

通过构建城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平指数模型,借助三维模拟及GIS空间自相关技术,探讨了广州城市公共服务设施空间分布格局、公平性特征及其形成机制.结果表明:广州城市公共服务设施空间分布呈核心-边缘格局,区域供给规模差异大且与人口分布不相协调,区际及不同类型设施的空间聚集水平差异显著;城市公共服务设施空间分布综合公平...     

基于信息熵的兰州市用地结构动态演变及其驱动力

在GIS技术支持下,以兰州市建成区1959-2004年城市用地结构及相关经济社会统计数据为基础,借助系统论中的信息熵原理,揭示了兰州市建成区用地结构动态演变特征,阐述了影响建成区用地结构动态演变的主要自然、政策、经济社会和城市规划等驱动力,最后利用主成分和多元线性回归相结合的分析方法,对该区用地结构动态演变的经济社会主要驱动因子进行了分析与探讨。研究表明:该区用地结构动态演变的信息熵H经历了三个阶段:1959-1979年持续下降阶段与1979-2001年剧烈上升后缓慢增长阶段,以及2001-2004年急速回落阶段;均衡度在持续下降,稳定上升之后,在后期有所回落,优势度相反;用地结构无序化的剧烈变化期位于1979-1989年间,之后至2001年,无序化进程缓慢;影响兰州市建成区用地结构动态演变的主要经济社会驱动力为:城市经济社会发展阶段和城市建设投资规模、人口增长及就业状况和产业结构比例、城市建设水平等等,其中前两者影响更为明显。     

城市生态足迹计算与分析——以广州为例

生态足迹是近年来较为流行的定量测度人类对自然利用程度的新方法。生态足迹分析可定量反映城市人类活动对自然生态环境产生的压力和影响程度,为城市生态系统研究提供了新的思路和研究方向。本文以广州市为案例,估算2000年广州市的生态足迹,并分析了1995～2000年间广州生态足迹动态变化过程。结果表明:2000年广州市生态足迹为2.5ha/人,当地生态承载力为0.2ha/人,生态足迹是生态承载力的12倍半;近5年间万元GDP生态足迹逐年下降,但人均生态足迹略有上升。这说明广州市总体上经济发展方式正逐步由粗放型转变为集约型,但今后仍需注重提高其资源利用效率,提倡节约型的生产和生活消费模式,减少其生态足迹,逐步迈向生态城市,实现城市的可持续发展。     

基于能值分析的城市可持续发展水平与经济增长关系研究——以泉州市为例

城市作为一定区域的中心,在区域经济社会发展中起着举足轻重的作用,如何实现城市的可持续发展,也一直是地理学人地关系研究的热点问题。针对当前城市可持续发展研究中忽视其动态机制的现状,以泉州市为例,在运用能值分析法对可持续发展水平进行定量测度的基础上,通过构建可持续发展库兹涅茨曲线模型(SDKC)对泉州市的城市可持续发展水平与经济增长之间的动态关系进行分析,并运用改进的灰色斜率关联度模型对曲线成因进行了讨论。研究结果表明:泉州城市可持续发展水平与经济增长间存在先降后升的U型SDKC关系;城市可持续发展水平与经济规模,第二、三产业比重,出口依存度和政府影响力呈负相关,与第一产业比重、广义技术减排、外商投资呈正相关,并据此提出一些政策建议。     

西安市城市景观的正负生态系统服务测算及空间格局

综合测评城市景观的复合（正负）生态系统服务功能和评价不同城市景观类型的生态系统服务贡献,对优化、调控在城市化影响下的景观转换和城市生态环境建设等具有重要的科学意义。运用景观生态学理论与生态系统服务理论,基于研究区的TM遥感影像和Erdas、ArcGIS 10.1软件对西安市建成区2013年城市景观的复合生态系统服务进行测算和空间分析。结果表明：① 西安城市景观产生的负向生态系统服务价值远高于正向生态系统服务价值,净生态系统服务达-12.71×10⁸元;在城市化过程中,随着自然景观向半人工景观、人工景观的转变,导致景观生态系统服务的价值急剧下降,负向生态系统服务占主导,87.81%的土地复合生态系统服务为负值,仅有12.19%的土地复合生态系统服务为正值,以建筑用地为主体的城市景观体系必然会导致生态系统服务的下降。② 西安市城市景观的总正向生态系统服务空间分布差异明显,整体呈现为研究区中心值低于四周,沿行道绿地、公园绿地等景观形成格网状、斑块状分布的高值区;总负向生态系统服务整体上呈现中心值高于四周,高值区较集聚,自然景观和半人工景观是维系城市正向生态系统服务的主要景观类型。③ 城市景观的空间分布基本上决定了复合生态系统服务的空间大格局,西安市各城市景观类型的空间组合与镶嵌状况,使得生态系统服务正负值呈斑块状、棋盘状交错分布的格局。愈向城市外围,复合生态系统服务价值越高;城中林地、绿地和水域分布的地方是复合生态系统服务价值网状高值区。     

基于改进熵值模型的城市土地集约利用动态评价——以广州市为例

从社会、经济和生态3个方面构建了城市土地集约利用评价指标体系,借助改进熵值模型和综合评价方法对2003—2007年的广州市城市土地集约利用水平进行了综合评价。结果表明:(1)经济状况是影响城市土地集约利用水平的最重要因素,其次为社会状况和生态环境状况。(2)近年来,广州城市土地集约利用水平稳步提升,经济、社会和环境各子系统基本朝有序方向发展,而2004—2006年广州市城市土地利用出现了短暂无序化发展征兆,主要是由于其经济增长放缓、环保投入降低所致。(3)通过对广州市与广东省的纵向和横向对比发现,近年来,广州市的空气质量和珠江广州段水质并未明显改善,环保投入和城市绿化建设更是仅相当于或低于全省的平均水平,这意味着广州市在推进节约集约用地试点示范工作中必须加大环境保护投入,注重人口、土地、环境与经济发展的协调关系。     

广州市土地利用时空变化研究

土地利用变化包括土地数量变化、质量变化和空间变化.土地利用空间变化作为土地利用变化研究的重要内容,对了解一个地区土地利用变化规律有着深刻意义.广州市属于我国发达地区,研究广州市土地利用空间变化有助于加深对我国发达地区的土地利用变化情况的了解.利用1990,2000年广州市土地利用数据,并结合ArcGis 的分析功能,分析了广州市10年间的土地利用空间变化状况,发现广州市土地利用变化有一定方向性,并且不同辖区的土地利用变化类型不同.10年间全市和各辖区的土地利用程度和信息熵都有所增加.但除了番禺,各辖区的土地利用类型组合却保持不变.