A Study on the Forming Conditions of Basalts in Seamounts of the South China Sea

Volcanic rocks in seamounts of the South China Sea consist mainly of alkali basalt, tholeiitic basalt, trachyandesitic pumice, dacite, etc. Inclusions in the minerals of the volcanic rocks are mainly amorphous melt inclusions, which reflects that the volcanic rocks are characterized by submarine eruption and rapid cooling on the seafloor. Furthermore, fluid-melt inclusions have been discovered for the first time in alkali basalts and mantle-derived xenoliths. indicating a process of differentiation between magma and fluid in the course of mantle partial melting. Alkali basalts and inclusions may have been formed in this nonhomogeneous system. Rock-forming temperatures of four seamounts were estimated as follows: the Zhongnan seamount alkali basalt 1155 ∼ 1185 °C; the Xianbei seamount alkali basalt 960 ∼ 1200 °C; tholeiitic basalt 1040 ∼ 1230 °C; the Daimao seamount tholeiitic basalt 1245 ∼ 1280 °C; and the Jianfeng seamount trachyandestic pumice 880 ∼ 1140 °C. Equilibrium pressures of alkali basalts in the Zhongnan and Xianbei seamounts are 13.57 and 8.8 × 10⁸ Pa, respectively. Pyroxene equilibrium temperatures of mantle xenoliths from the Xianbei seamount were estimated at 1073 ∼ 1121 °C, and pressures at (15.58 ∼ 22.47)×10⁸Pa, suggesting a deep-source (e.g. the asthenosphere) for the alkali basalts. This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and Guangzhou Marine Geology Survey.     

Tertiary Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy in the North Part of the South China Sea

The marine Tertiary sequence in the north part of the South China Sea may be divided into 18 LateOligocene to Pliocene calcareous nannofossil zones and one unnamed Eocene assemblage based on an analysisof calcareous nannofossils from 40 offshore boreholes. The unnamed Eocene assemblage has been found onlyon the northeast margin of the Zhujiangkou basin. The 18 cakareous nannofossil zones of the Late Oligoceneto Pliocene were deposited in succession, but their development degrees are different. Among the 18 calcareousnannofossil zones, those corresponding to Martini's (1971) NN4- NN5 zones, NN11 zone and NN13-NN15zones are well developed, relatively persistent laterally and also widely distributed. They are the importantmarkers for the stratigraphical subdivision and correlation of the Upper Tertiary between the various basins inthe north part of the South China Sea. Based on the calcareous nannofossils and the sedimentsry features coup-led with the foraminifer zonation in certain basins, the present paper discusses the sedimentary characteristicsof the marine Tertiary and as well as the distribution and development of the sedimentary hiatus in the region.The calcareous nannofossil markers for the Upper / Lower Tertiary and the Quaternary / Tertiary boundaries,and the characteristics and geological significance of the reworked calcareous nannofossils are also discussed inthe paper.     

Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of Late Cretaceous to Paleogene Basalts in the Tuyon Basin, South Tianshan Mountains

1. Introduction The Tianshan Mountains is a typical intercontinental orogenic belt in the world. From late Carboniferous to Permian, the old Tianshan formed during the tectonic amalgamation of the Tarim block, Tianshan block and Siberia craton (Carroll et al, 1990). Mid-Cenozoic basalts are widely distributed in both the Tuyon basin of southwest Tianshan and its western part of Tianshan in Jierjisi in late Cretaceous-Paleogene period, which indicates the activation of the old Tianshan.…     

Constraints on the paleogeographic evolution of the North China Craton during the Late Triassic–Jurassic

This paper reports U–Pb–Hf isotopes of detrital zircons from Late Triassic–Jurassic sediments in the Ordos, Ningwu, and Jiyuan basins in the western-central North China Craton (NCC), with the aim of constraining the paleogeographic evolution of the NCC during the Late Triassic–Jurassic. The early Late Triassic samples have three groups of detrital zircons (238–363 Ma, 1.5–2.1 Ga, and 2.2–2.6 Ga), while the latest Late Triassic and Jurassic samples contain four groups of detrital zircons (154–397 Ma, 414–511 Ma, 1.6–2.0 Ga, and 2.2–2.6 Ga). The Precambrian zircons in the Late Triassic–Jurassic samples were sourced from the basement rocks and pre-Late Triassic sediments in the NCC. But the initial source for the 238–363 Ma zircons in the early Late Triassic samples is the Yinshan–Yanshan Orogenic Belt (YYOB), consistent with their negative zircon ε_Hf(t) values (−24 to −2). For the latest Late Triassic and Jurassic samples, the initial source for the 414–511 Ma zircons with ε_Hf(t) values of −18 to +9 is the Northern Qinling Orogen (NQO), and that for the 154–397 Ma zircons with ε_Hf(t) values of −25 to +12 is the YYOB and the southeastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). In combination with previous data of late Paleozoic–Early Triassic sediments in the western-central NCC and Permian–Jurassic sediments in the eastern NCC, this study reveals two shifts in detrital source from the late Paleozoic to Jurassic. In the Late Permian–Early Triassic, the western-central NCC received detritus from the YYOB, southeastern CAOB and NQO. However, in the early Late Triassic, detritus from the CAOB and NQO were sparse in basins located in the western-central NCC, especially in the Yan’an area of the Ordos Basin. We interpret such a shift of detrital source as result of the uplift of the eastern NCC in the Late Triassic. In the latest Late Triassic–Jurassic, the southeastern CAOB and the NQO restarted to be source regions for basins in the western-central NCC, as well as for basins in the eastern NCC. The second shift in detrital source suggests elevation of the orogens surrounding the NCC and subsidence of the eastern NCC in the Jurassic, arguing against the presence of a paleo-plateau in the eastern NCC at that time. It would be subsidence rather than elevation of the eastern NCC in the Jurassic, due to roll-back of the subducted paleo-Pacific plate and consequent upwelling of asthenospheric mantle.     

Effects of landscape patterns on soil erosion processes in a mountain–basin system in the North China

This study was taken up to investigate the effects of landscape patterns on the soil erosion processes in a mountain–basin watershed. The revised universal soil loss equation and sediment delivery distribution models were used to estimate the soil erosion processes. The landscape patterns include the landscape metrics at the landscape level, landscape composition and configuration indicators on the basis of source–sink landscape theory. In the study area, the grassland, bare land, farmland and construction land were the sediment-source landscape; the forest and shrub were the sediment-sink landscape. The correlation analysis results showed that the soil erosion processes were significantly associated with the landscape patterns of the study area. At the landscape level, fragmentation metric was positively correlated with soil erosion; diversity metric was negatively related to soil erosion and sediment yield at the sub-basin scale. Among the source–sink landscape composition and configuration indicators, the composition indicator was positively correlated with soil erosion rate and sediment yield. In the configuration landscape indices, the shape index was negatively correlated with soil erosion rate and sediment yield; the fragmentation index was positively correlated with soil erosion rate and negatively correlated with sediment delivery rate. These results indicated that the optimization measures, such as increase in the area, connectivity and regularity of sediment-sink landscape, or decrease in the proportion, connectivity and regularity of sediment-source landscape, were favorable for soil conservation. Furthermore, the landscape indicators based on the source–sink theory could provide more information for landscape pattern optimization to reduce soil erosion.     

Influences of Low-Temperature Hydrothermal Fluids on the Re-distributions and Occurrences of Associated Elements in Coal——A Case Study from the Late Permian Coals in the Zhijin Coalfield, Guizhou Province. Southern China

The occurrences of associated elements and their genetic factors in the No. 30 coal seam in the Zhijin Coalfield were studied using instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyzer. And, a microscope photometer system (Leitz MPV-Ⅲ) was used to observe the characteristics of coal petrology. According to the influence degree by the siliceous low-temperature hydrothermal fluids, the organic matter is divided into four types: A, B, C, and D of the hydrothermally-altered organic matter (HAOM). The study shows that the high content of Fe (2.31%) is not from pyrite, but mostly from the siliceous low-temperature hydrothermal fluids. The occurrences of the associated elements in the four organic matter types are different. The contents of Fe, Si, and Al are decreasing, but S and Cu are increasing in the order of the HAOM-A, HAOM-B, HAOM-C, and HAOM-D. The losing rate of sulfur i     

Volcanism at the Permian-Triassic Boundary in South China and Its Effects on Mass Extinction

This paper discusses the clayrocks widespread at the Permian-Triassic boundary, which are mostly of volcanic origin. Volcanogenetic textures, structures and minerals such as high-temperature quartz are found in clayrocks at the Permian-Triassic boundary in many places. Thousands of microspherules have been collected from the Boundary clayrocks, many of which exhibit the typical features of the process from melting to cooling and solidification. indicating that they were formed by volcanic eruption or extraterrestrial impact. Volcanic effects on the Permian-Triassic mass extinction may be reflected in conodonts, algae and ammonoids. The Boundary clayrocks are found in many Permian-Triassic sections along the coast of Tethys. Their orighin remains to be studied.     

Middle and Late Tertiary Palaeogeography and Palaeoenvironment on the Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

Based essentially on research results of calcareous nannofossils, combined with some other microfossil da-ta and several secondary depositional breaks, this paper discusses the criteria of division and comparison of themiddle and late Tertiary marine sediments, palaeogeographical and palaeoenvironmental evolution andpalaeoclimates on the northern continental margin of the South China Sea, comprising the Tainan basin, PearlRiver Mouth basin. Southeast Hainan basin and Beibu Gulf basin. Study shows that the upper Oligocene toPliocene strata in the whole area consist essentially of marine sediments except in the Beibu Gulf basin. Theyinclude littoral. neritic and deltaic sediments as well as carbonate rock-bioherm limestone. The sea advancedfrom southeast to northwest. During the transgression there appeared three culminations coinciding to thestages of deposition of nannofossil zones NN4-5, NN11 and 13-15.     

Location of the Suture Zone between the South and North China Blocks in Eastern Dabie Orogen

INTRODUCTION TheDabieMountainsareacollisionalorogenbe tweentheSouthandNorthChinablocks.Theageof theultrahighpressuremetamorphism(Hackeretal., 1998;Rowleyetal.,1997;Amesetal.,1993;Liet al.,1993)andthelateststratainvolvedintheforeland fold thrustbelt(Xueta…     

华北地区南部晚古生代煤的变质成因——地下水热液对煤变质作用影响的进一步探讨

在分析造成华北地区南部晚古生代煤变质分带性的地质因素基础上,阐述了煤变质成因与区域构造格局演化的密切联系;从古地热异常形成机制出发,着重讨论了地下水热液对煤变质作用的影响,建立了煤的地下水效液变质作用地质模式;用古地热-煤变质系统的概念,根据热源、载热体和通道、聚热体3个要素的配置,分析了煤变质成因。     

攀枝花宝鼎煤田煤变质成因探讨及煤质预测

通过对煤的变质成因分析,认为宝鼎煤田煤类多样,分布格局独特的原因是煤层在广泛深成变质作用基础上,局部叠加了岩浆热变质作用的结果。根据研究结果探讨了宝鼎煤田煤变质模式,预测了深部的煤质变化,指出F22断层以西为下一步JM的有利寻找方向。     

抚顺煤田接触热变质带及其煤变质因素分析

通过对抚顺煤田西露天矿的大比便尺填图以及横向追索,发现大量的接触热变质“烧变煤”的存在,观察到接触热变质带与辉绿岩呈明显的热接触关系。在此基础上,结合岩浆岩研究指出抚顺煤田煤变质为一种具有浅成、高温,作用时间较短的岩浆热变质作用的产物。     

华北板块晚古生代古气候变化对聚煤作用的控制

在研究华北板块晚古生代煤炭资源的地质地理分布基础上,对生态域和其他具古气候含义的地质记录的综合分析表明,该板块的煤为无季节性分化的热带雨林气候条件下的产物。由于二叠纪的全球性升温事件和热带一亚带热干旱带向低纬度扩张以及华北板块的向北漂移,使得晚石炭世一亚丁斯克期早期广泛存在的聚煤作用,在亚丁斯克斯晚期一卡赞期收缩至该板块的东南一隅。     

湘中南地区煤变质与地质构造关系的研究

对耒阳一临武径向构造带内的白沙含煤向斜用计算机计算镜质组反射率椭球确定了古构造应力场方向,发现其工变质分带没有联系。笔者还将研究区中的其他几个向斜工的变质程度与构造形迹,构造复杂程度、煤受构造破坏程度进行了对比研究。研究结果表明,煤变质指标等值线延展方向与向斜轴不平行而呈大角度相交;受抗日 强烈的向斜陡翼的煤变质程度并不高于受挤压相对弱的缓倾斜翼;祁阳山字型构造中煤变质指标等值线延展方向穿切前弧而     

华南地区晚二叠世煤的稀土元素特征

在华南地区贵州六盘水、江西乐平和湖北黄石矿区以及重庆钟梁山和磨心坡煤矿晚二叠世煤的稀土元素电感耦合等离子质谱分析数据的基础上,系统研究了华南地区煤的稀土元素的质量分数分布特征、赋存特征、配分模式及其地质控制因素.煤的稀土元素质量分数与灰分质量分数呈正相关关系,部分煤样品由于有富稀土元素的重矿物组合的存在而出现稀土元素的异常高值.同一矿区晚二叠世煤的稀土元素配分模式具有一定的相似性,而不同地区晚二叠世煤的稀土元素配分模式则差异较大.煤的沉积环境、煤中无机矿物的组成以及海水的影响是控制煤的稀土元素质量分数及其配分模式的主要地质因素.     

A Carbon Isotopic Stratigraphic Pattern of the Late Palaeozoic Coals in the North China Platform and Its Palaeoclimatic Implications

This paper gives the stable carbon isotopic data in coals from the Late Namurian to Kazanian stages inthe Serteng Mt., Xishan and Huainan coalfields of the North China Platform. Its stratigraphic pattern shows that sev-eral isotopic shifts are apparent, and the large δ~(13)C negative shifts (approximately 2.5 to 3.0‰) occurred during theStephanian, Artinskian and Kazanian are observed in three Permo-Carboniferous coalfields. Those negative shifts areneither related to the coal rank and coal macerals, nor caused by the variety of peat-forming plants. The general de-crease in the δ~(13)C values of the Stephanian, Artinskian and Kazanian coals is consistent with an overall decrease inthe δ~(13)C values of ambient atmospheric CO_2 and/or a relative increase in atmospheric P_(CO2) during the coal-forming pe-riods. Therefore the authors postulate that the oxidation of peat, and the δ~(13)C-depleted CO_2 flux into the atmosphereduring the above stages may have contributed to coeval palaeoclimatic warming by way of the greenhouse effect.     

华北晚古生代含煤岩系以层序古地理为背景的聚煤特征

华北晚古生代含煤盆地是我国最大的含煤盆地。笔者通过对盆内４９个典型剖面，５０个辅助剖面的环境分析，以及层序地层学研究，将其划分为Ⅰ—Ⅲ级层序及Ⅳ级准层序，共４级地层单元。Ⅳ级准层序相当副层序。一个Ⅳ级准层序内所含的煤体称为煤层。全区自晚石炭世至晚二叠世早期所限定的７个成煤期内，共圈出煤组７个，煤层２０层以上，以Ｂ３，Ｄ２，Ｇ７１煤层最具工业价值。Ｂ３煤层分布于盆地北部，Ｇ７１煤层分布于盆地南部，Ｄ２煤层全盆地均有分布。煤层聚积受多种因素控制，而构造活动及海平面升降则是第一位的控制因素     

黔西晴隆矿区晚二叠世煤地球化学变异的地质成因

运用仪器中子活化分析(INAA)、电离耦合等离子体质谱(ICP—MS)、电离耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP—AES)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、冷原子吸收光谱(CVAAS)、离子选择性电极法(ISE)、逐级化学提取试验(SCEE)等,结合带能谱仪的扫描电镜(SEMEDX)和MPV—Ⅲ显微镜下观察的煤岩学特征的分析,对贵州晴隆矿区上二叠统含煤岩系8号煤层中微量元素的含量和赋存特征及其影响因素进行了研究。发现该煤层中Cu(263.4μg／g)、Cr(154．2μg／g)、Hg(0．86／μg／g)、Mo(82．47μg／g)、Ni(63．3μg／g)、Pb(200．4／μg／g)、Se(4．25／μg／g)、U(154．8／μg／g)、Zn(214．6／μg／g)和Zr(754．3μg／g)等元素异常富集;而As和F的含量不高,其含量分别为1．58／μg／g和83．4μg／g。逐级化学提取结果显示,该煤层中Hg、Mo、Ni、Pb、Se和Zn元素主要赋存在低温热液成因的黄铁矿脉中;Cr、U和Zr主要存在于粘土矿物中,其中Cr和Zr可能与康滇古陆陆源碎屑供给有关;Cu不仅与粘土矿物有关,而且也和煤中黄铁矿有关。表明低温热液流体和陆源碎屑供给对该煤中主要微量有害元素的含量和赋存特征起了决定作用。     

Relationship between Thermal Metamorphism of Coal and the Periodic Variation Law of Geochemical Behavior of Elements: A Study on the C2 Coal Seam in the Fengfeng Mining Area of the Handan Coalfield in Hebei,China

This study highlights the response of the periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of elements to the thermal metamorphism of coal by considering the differentiation mode and differentiation degree of elements of the C2 coal seam in the Fengfeng mining area of the Handan Coalfield in Hebei, China. The periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of elements was observed to change towards a certain direction as the degree of metamorphism of a geological body increased. Based on the coincidence degree (or similarity degree) between the geochemical behavior of elements and periodic variation of elements, the 57 elements in this study were divided into two levels. The periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of first-level elements was largely synchronous with that of their first ionization energy, suggesting that only one differentiation mode exists and the elements are mainly inorganically associated. The differentiation mode of the second-level elements deviated to a certain extent from their first ionization energy; the larger the deviation, the more complicated and diverse was the differentiation mode. Among the second-level elements, the grade of coal metamorphism has evident and intuitive effects on the proportion of elements with particular structural features, such as the 4q+3 type of elements and the odd-odd elements. In addition, the distribution of elements in organic and inorganic matter within coal are subject to the structural features of the elements. The differentiation mode and differentiation intensity of elements could be characterized by the hierarchical parameter and differentiation intensity. The hierarchical parameter and differentiation intensity of certain elements showed a good positive or negative correlation with Rmax in coal. The 57 elements in this study were quantitatively ordered according to the degree of magmatic hydrothermal fluid influence and thermal metamorphism of coal through graphs depicting the goodness of fit, correlation coefficient with Rmax, and differentiation intensity. The results of this study are consistent with the results of previous field research, illustrating the scientific significance and application value of this study on the periodic variation of the geochemical behavior of elements.