地性线自动识别与跟踪及其在地貌等高线图形自动综合中的应用

本文是在文献[2]的基础上对等高线图形进行成组综合的进一步探讨。在利用谷底线进行地貌综合的实例中,提出了按谷间距选取地性线的算法,还提出了关于插值点高程修正,地性线跟踪中补点的运用和地性线调整等关键性的改进措施。     

基于等高线协同的水系高程提取方法

针对现有水系高程提取方法存在效率低、精度不高以及高程逻辑错误等问题,提出了一种基于等高线的水系高程提取方法。该方法通过构建水系与等高线的协同空间关系提高求交效率,采用河流分段趋势面插值方法提高水系高程精度,并建立水系树结构以避免高程逻辑错误。通过与现有方法的对比分析与试验验证,结果表明,该方法能兼顾精度与效率,且不存在高程逻辑错误,比现有方法更优。     

基于等高线隔断线确定DEM适宜分辨率的方法研究

分辨率是等高线数据插值生成格网DEM数据过程中需要考虑的一个重要参数,适宜的分辨率既能将等高线高程信息尽可能保留,又不会因插值造成数据冗余及误差。基于对格网DEM生成方式的理解,提出了等高线隔断线的相关概念,分析了基于地形图矢量化的等高线数据插值生成格网DEM数据,由不同长度等高线隔断线频率统计来确定格网适宜分辨率参考值的方法。同时,不同长度等高线隔断线的长度与其频率相乘得到标准长度,以及等高线隔断线中心点生成的密度分析图,均可在频率特征决定适宜分辨率参考值时起到一定的参考作用。通过样区实验验证,实现简便,可度量性强,与其他相关研究具有一致性,对确定适宜格网分辨率参考值具有一定的借鉴意义。     

基于空间插值彩色扫描地形图等高线的自动矢量化

本文主要描述了一种基于彩色扫描地形图等高线的自动提取以及自动矢量化的方法,提出了通过空间插值解决等高线不连通问题的新方法。首先利用图像分割方法分色提取出栅格等高线,自动矢量化等高线(CLs1),然后对这些不连续的等高线赋值,结合其他地形要素(高程点、山脊线、山谷线等)创建DEM,从DEM中提取等高线(CLs2),最后利用提取出的等高线(CLs2)修正从地形图中自动矢量化得到的等高线(CLs1),得到连通的矢量化等高线。通过实验证明此方法是有效的,提高了等高线自动化程度。     

一种平滑程度可控的等高线平滑方法

提出了一种能够通过具有实际意义的参数控制等高线平滑程度,通过等高线平滑可以控制等高线细节的表达程度的方法,能够完成不同尺度下等高线的简化;算法通过结合曲线平滑和迭代最大残差抑制方法,完成等高线平滑程度控制,此时全体高程点平面位移均低于给定平滑容差.首先通过自适应算法选取最大平滑因子,对全体高程点进行平滑处理,选择点位位移最大高程点进行局部处理,以一定倍率逐渐减小平滑因子,使得该点点位位移低于给定平滑容差;不断重复该过程,直到全体高程点点位位移均低于给定平滑容差,从而完成等高线平滑程度的控制.经实验验证,等高线平滑后曲线曲率更小,曲率变化更加均匀,且等高线精度能够通过参数进行控制.     

地形平坦地区DEM生成算法的比较研究

数字高程模型(DEM)是GIS的基础数据之一,是许多涉及高程信息的空间分析的重要基础。DEM插值精度的好坏直接影响基于DEM的各种地学分析及应用,因此研究高精度的DEM插值算法具有重要意义。介绍了基于水文强化算法的DEM插值算法——ANUDEM,并与传统的TIN建立DEM的算法进行了比较。认为在地形复杂地区由于等高线密集,高程信息丰富,两种插值算法效果都比较好;而在地形平坦地区ANUDEM算法精度优于TINDEM,并且,ANUDEM得到的DEM很好地避免了平山顶、阶梯状地形,其派生的等高线和水系与原始数据更加吻合。相对于TINDEM算法,ANUDEM算法更适合地形平坦地区的DEM建立。     

插值和拟合方法在高程异常模型建立中的应用

不同的高程异常模型求解的正常高是有差异的,为了获取临沂市最优的高程异常模型,通过临沂市均匀分布的离散高程异常点,利用插值和拟合的方式生成高程异常曲面;并以临沂市的GPS精化高程作为检测点,分析了各种模型之间的差别。     

基于改进AKIMA算法的等高线山顶点提取

山顶点是重要的地形特征点之一,其自动提取是数字地形分析的重要内容之一。研究从等高线数据中提取山顶点的角度出发,采用AKIMA算法的改进方法——三点求导分段三次多项式插值方法,将其应用于等高线山顶点提取及其高程插值,并分别以等高线数据和DEM数据作为源数据进行山顶点提取实验。研究结果表明:与邻域分析方法相比,本方法具有更高的算法效率的同时还能保证更高的正确率,且提取的山顶点高程精度符合要求。     

基于MapBasic的等高线赋值设计与实现

等高线是地形表达常用的形式之一,它是地理信息系统基础的数据模型,而高程则是构成等高线的重要属性。本设计利用MapBasic编程语言实现了对矢量化后的无值等高线批量赋予高程值[1],有效地提高了等高线高程录入的效率和准确度。文章首先介绍了自动赋值算法的基本思想,然后,结合MapBasic关键代码,从赋值等高线的获取与排序、等高线属性的修改与赋值等方面阐述了MapInfo中实现等高线自动赋值的思路,并最终给出实验结果。     

基于FME的高程点与等高线高程矛盾检测

为解决高程点与等高线高程矛盾,对高程点与等高线的空间关系进行了分析,参考测绘成果质检常用方法,提出了2种高程不一致检测算法;并结合FME编程特点,融合2种算法的优点,快速实现编程。该检测程序简单高效、包容性强。     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的设计与实现

随着城市面貌日新月异,地下管网的建设也在持续推进,作为城市的地下“神经网络”,全天24 h保障城市的正常运转和发展。本文以实现城市管网管理系统的高可用、无插件、智能化为目标,采用“地上地下一体”“二三维一体”的设计理念,研究基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的关键技术,实现了管线设施管理的信息数字化、空间化与图形化。