椭球点空间直角坐标转换的研究

地面点沿着法线方向投影到椭球面上的点称为椭球点。同一地面点在不同三维空间直角坐标系下投影的椭球点称为同名椭球点。本研究利用"布尔沙"模型进行不同坐标系下同名椭球点的三维空间直角坐标之间转换问题,即从经典"布尔沙"模型出发,利用最小二乘原理推导同名椭球点三维空间直角坐标之间的坐标转换原理,叙述转换的方法步骤,并用实例证明方法的可行性。     

大欧拉角的空间直角坐标转换方法探讨

首先指出建立使用大旋转角的空间直角坐标转换模型的必要性，接着推导出以罗德里格矩阵为旋转矩阵的大欧拉角空间直角坐标转换的数学模型，然后以布尔沙模型为例、以Visual C#．NET2003编制了计算软件。该算法具有性能稳定、计算收敛速度快、精确度高、转换参数初始值可以为任意值的优点。     

随机误差对七参数转换模型的影响分析

针对在七参数坐标转换过程中,控制点本身含有的各种误差会对坐标转换的结果产生影响的问题,该文探讨了随机误差对七参数转换模型的影响:以七参数坐标转换模型为研究对象,模拟不同尺度范围的空间直角坐标,给定七参数数值求解另一组空间直角坐标,然后加入不同幅度的随机误差,利用最小二乘准则求解参数,从数值角度分析随机误差对七参数数值以及坐标转换结果的影响。实验结果显示,大范围的七参数模型解算的稳定性优于小范围的模型解算,以及X、Y、Z方向某一方向上的误差对另两个方向的解算结果影响较小。     

ITRF2000框架坐标转换到ITRF1997框架下的研究与应用

在随着2000国家大地坐标系在全国不断推广与应用,将ITRF2000框架下的坐标转换到CGCS2000框架时,需先转换到ITRF1997框架下。本文采用布尔沙-沃尔夫模型对基于不同基准的两框架之间进行坐标转换,设计了七参数求解程序,并通过实例分析验证其准确性和可靠性。     

三维七参数与二维七参数坐标转换的研究

为了验证三维七参数和二维七参数坐标转换模型的可靠性,严格推导三维七参数及二维七参数转换模型,并用IGS站数据进行检验。结果表明,由三维七参数和二维七参数转换模型求出的坐标参数与布尔沙模型求出的坐标参数存在着明显差异,证明用前两种模型求解的坐标转换参数只是普通的回归参数,它们不再具有坐标旋转、平移、缩放的实际意义,但均可以用于大区域坐标转换。     

加权总体最小二乘在重心化Bursa模型中的应用

研究了基于加权总体最小二乘的重心化布尔沙模型的坐标转换算法,针对坐标转换中原始坐标和目标坐标均存在误差的问题,根据误差的影响程度不同而给予不同的权值,利用加权总体最小二乘方法求解转换参数。坐标重心化的方法可以解决布尔沙模型在局部地区容易出现病态的问题,将两种方法结合可以很好地提高坐标转换的精度,通过实例验证了该方法的优越性。     

GNSS点位误差转换方法研究

鉴于GNSS点位误差在大地坐标系和空间直角坐标系之间的转换公式复杂和参数单位不统一,借助子午圈曲率半径和平行圈半径将大地坐标系下经纬度的角度量误差转换为长度量误差,并推导了形式简单且为正交矩阵的误差转换矩阵。理论和算例证明,该误差转换公式可代替现有的空间直角坐标系与高斯平面直角坐标系之间复杂的误差转换公式。     

基于GDAL的GIS产品坐标系统批量转换

对Proj.4库中用于坐标系统转换的赫尔默特模型进行了修正,结合GDAL库的相关函数,实现了矢量数据及栅格数据的坐标系统转换。对于栅格数据的国家2000坐标系到1954年北京坐标系及1980西安坐标系的转换,由于栅格数据不具有空间直角坐标,不能按照矢量数据的转换方法进行,为此对七参数的求取进行了修正。精度评定表明,该方法及程序能够实现矢量及栅格数据的坐标系统转换。     

一种平面坐标系转换的新思路及在曲线测设中的应用

测量中平面坐标系的转换应用较多,在公路中带有缓和曲线的曲线测设中ZH切线直角坐标系和HZ切线直角坐标系之间的转换,以及ZH切线直角坐标系和施工测量坐标系之间的转换都涉及平面直角坐标系之间的转换。"工程测量学"教材不同版本给出了不同的公式,公式的由来及正确性值得推敲。本文详述了平面坐标系转换公式的推导过程,对左手坐标系和右手坐标系分别论述,指出了转换公式不同的原因及相互转换的方法,并结合曲线测设的实际应用进行了说明,具有一定的实用意义。     

基于非线性平差模型的坐标转换公式

用线性近似法以及非线性参数估计法讨论了直角坐标系七参数转换模型,指出改进的Gauss-Newton方法具有理论严密、计算简洁、易于编程、精度较高等特点.对于处理类似坐标转换的非线性模型具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。     

Monitoring drought dynamics in the Aravalli region (India) using different indices based on ground and remote sensing data

The hard-rock hilly Aravalli terrain of Rajasthan province of India suffers with frequent drought due to poor and delayed monsoon, abnormally high summer-temperature and insufficient water resources. In the present study, detailed analysis of meteorological and hydrological data of the Aravalli region has been carried out for the years 1984–2003. Standardised Precipitation Index (SPI) has been used to quantify the precipitation deficit. Standardised Water-Level Index (SWI) has been developed to assess ground-water recharge-deficit. Vegetative drought indices like Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI) and Vegetation Health Index (VHI) have been computed using NDVI values obtained from Global Vegetation Index (GVI) and thermal channel data of NOAA AVHRR satellite. Detailed analyses of spatial and temporal drought dynamics during monsoon and non-monsoon seasons have been carried out through drought index maps generated in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) environment. Analysis and interpretation of these maps reveal that negative SPI anomalies not always correspond to drought. In the Aravalli region, aquifer-stress shifts its position time to time, and in certain pockets it is more frequent. In comparison to hydrological stress, vegetative stress in the Aravalli region is found to be slower to begin but quicker to withdraw.     

Landslide risk analysis between Giri and Tons Rivers in Himachal Himalaya (India)

The area around Sataun in the Sirmur district of Himachal Pradesh, India (falling between the rivers Giri and Tons; both tributaries of the Yamuna River) was studied for landslide vulnerability on behalf of the inhabitants. The study was made using extensive remote sensing data (satellite and airborne). It is well supported by field evidence, demographic and infrastructural details and aided by Geographic Information System (GIS) based techniques. Field observations testify that slope, aspect, geology, tectonic planes, drainage, and land use all influence landslides in the region. These parameters were taken into consideration using the statistical approach of landslide hazard zonation. Using the census data of 1991, vulnerability of the populace to the landslide hazard was accessed. As most of the infrastructure in the region is concentrated around population centres, population data alone was used for vulnerability studies.     

Gravity Changes Before Large Earthquakes in China: 1998-2005

Although it is well known that coseismic gravity changes take place during an earthquake, previous research has not yielded convincing evidence demonstrating that significant gravity changes occur before large earthquakes. Furthermore, even if we suspect that gravity changes occur before large earthquakes, we have yet to demonstrate how to consistently observe these changes for useful earthquake forecast that would bring benefits to society. We analyzed ground gravity survey data obtained in 1998, 2000, 200...     

GNSS系统及其技术的发展研究

阐述了国际上卫星导航系统的总体发展,对美、俄、欧、中的四大全球系统,以及相关的区域系统和增强系统进行了简单的介绍,研究分析了GNSS系统及其技术的发展趋势,同时分析了我国Compass全球系统面临的机遇和挑战,并提出了我国未来工作的建议.     

“4D”技术及其应用

介绍“４Ｄ”（即数字地面模型、数字正射影像、数字栅格地图和数字线划地图）系列产品的生产流程、关键技术、及其在耕地保护、防灾减灾救灾和城市规划等方面的应用方法。     

Virtual Australia: its key elements – know,think, communicate

Abstract

Virtual Australia is not a well-defined or agreed concept. This discussion paper conceptualises Virtual Australia as a ‘virtual [digital] model containing and representing all non-trivial objects and their contextual environment – from blue sky to bedrock – in real world Australia’. It describes a scenario for Virtual Australia, one or two decades from now, in which the locations and conditions of non-trivial objects and their environment are updated automatically through a combination of remote sensing and wireless communication technologies in support of a ‘Supranet’. It then examines the concept of the ‘Supranet’ – a pervasive information network based largely on wireless technology linking the physical world to a virtual model in real time – and develops and discusses three principal characteristics of the Supranet: the ability to have or collect specific information (know); the ability to process information (think); and the ability to communicate that information. If, in the near future, any or all non-trivial devices are to some extent able to know, think and communicate, the potential for object autonomy will be realised.     

地理数据库的关系模型及其实现

本文从以图论观点分析地理实体入手,系统阐述了地理数据库关系模型的设计法和过程。作者于1984年4～9月间在微型机上设计建立了关系型地理数据库的实方验系统(RGDB)。该系统采用了本文提出的关系模型,采用了可动态扩库的子库组合结构,这种结构具有灵活性和提高空间利用率的优点。RGDB含有多种功能的数据操作命令,除了具有一般检索功能外,还能进行“开窗”选取和十分“自由”的映象选取。本文对RGDB系统的主要性能和实现途径作了扼要介绍。     

Toward seamless indoor-outdoor applications: Developing stakeholder-oriented location-based services

Location-Based Services (LBS),an emerging new business based on smartphone and mobile networks,are becoming more and more popular.Most of these LBSs,however,only offer non-seamless indoor/outdoor applications and simple applications without giving stakeholders the chance to play an active role.Our specific aim is to solve these issues.This paper presents concepts to solve these issues by expanding the Open Location Services Interface Standard (OpenLS) to allow seamless indoor/outdoor positioning and to extend the content of the services to include information recommended by stakeholders.     

基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的设计与实现

随着城市面貌日新月异,地下管网的建设也在持续推进,作为城市的地下“神经网络”,全天24 h保障城市的正常运转和发展。本文以实现城市管网管理系统的高可用、无插件、智能化为目标,采用“地上地下一体”“二三维一体”的设计理念,研究基于WebGL的三维智慧管网系统的关键技术,实现了管线设施管理的信息数字化、空间化与图形化。