安徽巢湖早三叠世印度期旋回地层研究

安徽巢湖平顶山西剖面印度期地层由一系列多级泥岩/灰岩岩性旋回组成. 以野外剖面岩性变化观察为基础, 辅以岩石磁化率的功率谱分析和小波分析方法, 识别出与米兰柯维奇天文周期对应的短偏心率和岁差旋回, 但倾角周期在本区表现不明显. 在印度期地层中共识别出12个短偏心率周期, 56个岁差周期. 据此旋回分析, 推算出印度期地质时限约为1.1 Ma, 对应的地层平均沉积速率(成岩压实后)约为3.7 cm/ka. 沉积速率曲线表明当时的沉积环境较为稳定. 如果将二叠系-三叠系界线年龄值确定为252.6 Ma, 可推算出印度阶-奥伦尼克阶界线的年龄值为251.5 Ma.     

基于测井曲线频谱分析在伦坡拉盆地古近系米氏旋回层序及可容空间变化趋势中的研究

伦坡拉盆地是目前青藏高原唯一获得工业油气流的一个盆地,然而目前有关该盆地古近系主要沉积地层的地层格架划分尚较薄弱且鲜有探讨.选择伦坡拉盆地西伦2井自然伽马测井曲线为研究对象,运用频谱分析、滤波分析以及Fischer图解等方法,建立了井下牛堡组和丁青湖组天文年代标尺,进行了牛堡组和丁青湖组旋回地层层序划分,初步探讨了该盆地可容空间变化、旋回叠加模式以及层序成因机制.结果显示,伦坡拉盆地丁青湖组和牛堡组地层中主要地层旋回周期之比与米兰科维奇地球轨道周期参数之比一致,表明天文轨道周期旋回对伦坡拉盆地陆相地层的沉积过程具有明显影响.其中,丁青湖组对应于405ka周期保存了约37个长偏心率周期旋回,对应于124.5ka周期发育120个短偏心率旋回,旋回堆积平均速率约为4.75cm/ka,沉积时限约为14.985 Ma左右;牛堡组对应于405ka周期发育46个长偏心率旋回,对应于131.5ka周期发育142个短偏心率旋回,旋回堆积平均速率为7.71cm/ka,沉积时限约为18.63 Ma左右.丁青湖组与牛堡组均经历了两次较大规模的长周期可容空间上升以及下降的过程,可容空间均呈快速上升→快速下降至缓慢上升→缓慢下降的变化趋势.丁青湖组可划分出2个二级旋回层序、6个三级旋回层序、37个四级旋回层序、120个五级旋回层序及270个六级旋回层序,牛堡组可划分出2个二级旋回层序、8个三级旋回层序、46个四级旋回层序、142个五级旋回层序和489个六级旋回层序,其中四级旋回层序的发育受长偏心率周期405ka控制,五级旋回层序主要受短偏心率周期控制,而六级高频旋回层序主要受天文轨道轴斜率周期控制.该研究成果为伦坡拉盆地今后油气勘探工作中的地层分析,建立区域内高频层序单元格架等研究提供一种新的方法和手段.     

地质时期古气候研究中的天文周期的稳定性

在过去500Ma的地质时期内影响地球气候的基本天文频率的预期变化也许能在地质记录中识别出来,并且这种影响已在几种情况下推理得出.计算结果表明,由于过去5亿年内,地-月距离以及日长随地质年龄增大而缩短,导致基本周期如黄赤交角周期及气候差周期由54至35,41至29,23至19和19至16千年的缩短,而在这一时间内,岁差常数由50弧秒/年增至61弧秒/年.由于行星系统不规则运动所造成的基频的改变极小,它们对气候岁差周期、黄赤交角周期及地球绕日轨道的偏心率周期的影响可以忽略不计,医此,用于研究第四纪气候的偏心事周期对前第四纪而言也许可以认为是大致恒定的.     

广西上泥盆统轨道旋回地层与牙形石带的数字定年

轨道旋回地层学的研究表明, 广西上泥盆统弗拉阶-法门阶(F-F)之交盆地相和斜坡相碳酸盐岩地层序列中可分辨出纹层、层束、层束组和超层束组4级旋回层, 它们分别受亚米兰柯维奇旋回、岁差或斜度(黄赤交角)旋回、偏心率旋回和长偏心率旋回控制, 其周期值分别为8000~10000和16667或33333, 100000和400000 a. 泥盆纪偏心率与岁差、偏心率与斜度、长偏心率与偏心率之间的级序结构为1:6, 1:3, 1:4. 运用轨道旋回地层学的研究结果对弗拉阶至法门阶下部12个标准牙形石带的数字定年结果显示, 它们的时间延续分别是(自下而上): falsiovalis带为0.4 Ma, transitans带为0.4 Ma, punctata带为0.4 Ma, 下hassi带为0.3 Ma, 上hassi带为0.4 Ma, jamieae带为0.2 Ma, 下rhenana带为0.8 Ma, 上rhenana带为0.6 Ma, linguiformis带为0.8 Ma, 下triangularis带为0.3 Ma, 中triangularis带为0.3 Ma, 上triangularis带为0.3 Ma. 弗拉阶的时间延续为4.3 Ma. 在F-F事件期, 牙形石是最后绝灭(linguiformis带的最晚期)和最早复苏(包括整个下、中triangularis带)的正常海相生物类群. 牙形石集群绝灭持续的时间为100000~200000 a, 复苏的时间间隔为0.6 Ma. 用已公布的阶间界线数字年龄值之差除以阶内化石带的个数所得的化石带的平均时间延续不能真实地反映生物和环境演变过程的复杂性和非均一性.     

广西东攀二叠系-三叠系界线剖面地球化学高分辨率旋回研究

利用频谱分析方法对广西东攀深水相二叠系-三叠系界线剖面进行了地球化学高分辨率旋回地层研究. 发现米兰柯维奇旋回特征在该剖面保存较为理想, 其中Ce/La比值频谱分析结果显示古生代-中生代之交沉积旋回的周期比恰好近似为5:2:1, 很好的体现了天文轨道控制的沉积旋回现象, 从而进一步支持米兰柯维奇理论.     

新的引潮位完全展开

Doodson进行引潮位展开时的原始数据采自Brown及Newcomb表,其黄赤交角系采用1900年1月1日之值。目前Brown系数已重新计算,黄赤交角每世纪相对变化5×10^{-4;地球轨道偏心率每世纪相对变化25×10-4。由此引起的潮波振幅长趋势变化已可辨别,这就是所谓潮波振幅的时间依赖问题。作者采用EJC表及2000.0年的黄赤交角和地球轨道偏心率数值,重新用计算机演绎了引潮位展开式,解决了时间依赖问题。文中给出了属于J2000.0系统的引潮位完全展开表。}     

天文气候学10万年问题的研究

为了研究第四纪晚更新世(约100万年前到2万年前)古气候的周期变化以及在轨道尺度上气候系统对太阳辐射的响应,本文发展了适合于非线性非平稳数据的分析方法即经验模态分解(EMD),对太阳辐射古气候记录进行了分析,进而重新认识了地球轨道周期变化影响下的太阳辐射的气候意义.研究结果表明,太阳辐射中偏心率的影响是相当大的,而不是以前认为的不到1%的影响,至少它是和太阳辐射的黄赤交角,岁差波段的信号是可以相比拟的.     

南盘江盆地二叠系高频沉积旋回的测井响应及海平面变化趋势

利用Fischer图解旋回分析技术识别碳酸盐岩沉积层序、反演长周期海平面变化趋势仍然以露头剖面为对象,人工识别其中的高频沉积旋回.在地下深部,由于旋回识别技术手段的欠缺还未见应用.本文以自然伽玛测井曲线为研究对象,将旋回分析技术首次引入深部地层,利用一阶差分法,在南盘江盆地二叠系测井曲线中共识别出431个高频沉积旋回,...     

噪声HVSR法在OBS探测中的应用——以珠江口外海OBS台阵为例

噪声谱比法(horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio, HVSR)通常用于确定沉积层的厚度,而应用于海底地震仪(OBS)以获取海底沉积厚度的研究较少.本文将HVSR法应用于珠江口外海域OBS台阵中,验证了该方法用于OBS探测中的可靠性.通过对珠江口外海27台OBS收集的三分量地震噪声记录进行处理,得到了所有台站的HVSR曲线.有23台OBS的HVSR曲线可获取与沉积层厚度相关的峰值频率,通过经验公式可以计算得到沉积层厚度.结果显示,珠江口外海域沉积层(新生代地层)厚度范围为100～3500 m,研究区东南部沉积层远厚于西北部,且沉积厚度受到NEE向滨海断裂带控制.本文获得的结果与以往依靠反射地震剖面和钻井等获得的沉积层厚度结果基本一致.进一步分析发现研究区新生代地层具有多层结构,大部分HVSR曲线在5～12 Hz存在振幅最大的波峰,认为是与第四系厚度相关的峰值频率,继而确定第四系厚度为20～50 m.本研究拓展了HVSR法的应用领域,为获取海底沉积层厚度提供了一种新的可靠方法.     

晚渐新世-早中新世气候变化在赤道大西洋的天文响应

从晚渐新世到早中新世转换时期,大气二氧化碳浓度降低,极地冰盖扩张,全球海平面大幅下降等现象表征的全球性极端气候变冷事件,其发生的原因和机制至今仍存在争议.本文选取赤道大西洋ODP154航次的926站为研究对象,该钻孔的地层记录主要以浅灰色含有孔虫的超微化石白垩软泥与绿灰色的黏土质的超微化石白垩软泥互层沉积为主,从岩芯上可见明显的浅灰色(碳酸钙含量高达80%)-灰绿色(碳酸钙含量60%左右)的米级旋回,据此本文选用能反映碳酸钙含量变化的颜色反射率亮度为古气候替代性指标,对沉积记录进行旋回分析.通过对识别出来的405kyr长偏心率旋回与~40kyr斜率旋回分别进行天文调谐,以渐新世与中新世转换界线处为绝对年龄控制点建立该钻孔的绝对天文年代标尺.通过对时间域序列的亮度指标的频谱变化分析,观察到从晚渐新世到早中新世沉积记录中偏心率周期信号减弱,而斜率周期信号增强;并且在界线处405kyr偏心率周期与~1.2Myr斜率长周期极小值重合,这可能与这一时期的极端气候变冷事件有关.此外,沉积物堆积速率、底栖有孔虫氧同位素及西班牙中部啮齿类动物演替速率都具有~2Myr的变化周期,这或许说明了百万年尺度的地球轨道周期对于地球系统及生态演化有着重要的影响.     

Cyclostratigraphy of the Induan (Early Triassic) in West Pingdingshan Section, Chaohu, Anhui Province

The Induan sequence in the West Pingdingshan Section, Chaohu, Anhui Province, displays a series of superimposed mudstone/limestone cycles. The lithological character of the cycles, combined with power spectral and wavelet analysis of magnetic susceptibility readings, reveals 12 short eccentricity and 56 precession Milankovitch cycles - obliquity cycles are not apparent. The uniformity of cycle thicknesses indicates a stable depositional setting making this section ideal to perform various geo-logical studies. Accordingly, the Induan Stage is estimated to have lasted 1.1 Ma, and the depositional rate for this part of the section is about 3.7 cm/ka. This places the Induan-Olenekian boundary in the West Pingdingshan Section at about 251.5 Ma based on an age of 252.6 Ma for the Permian-Triassic boundary.     

Coherent variations of the obliquity components in global ice volume and ocean carbon reservoir over the past 5 Ma

The Milankovi theory stresses that the summer insolation in the high northern latitudes that is dominated by the precession cycle controls the glacial/interglacial cycles in global climate change.If the climate system responds linearly to the external insolation forcing,the precession cycle of 23 or 19 ka should dominate the variations in the climatic proxy records.I performed spectral and evolutive cross spectral analyses on the high resolution benthic 18O and 13C records from the South China Sea and the North Atlantic,the proxies of global ice volume and ocean carbon reservoir respectively.I found that the obliquity instead of the eccentricity or the precession is the most marked cycle in the global ice volume and ocean carbon reservoir variations over the past 5 Ma.The analysis further reveals that only at the obliquity band instead of the eccentricity or the precession band does the global ice volume and ocean carbon reservoir display consistently high coherency and stable phase relationship over the past 5 Ma.The consistently positive or near-zero phases of the benthic 18O relative to the benthic13C at the obliquity band suggest that the global carbon cycle is involved in the polar ice sheet growth as an important internal feedback,not a determinative driving factor.The obliquity instead of the precession or the eccentricity takes the dominant role of driving the global climate change during the Pliocene and Pleistocene.     

Early onset and origin of 100-kyr cycles in Pleistocene tropical SST records

The large 100-kyr cycles evident in most late-Pleistocene (0–0.6 Ma) paleoclimatic records still lack a satisfactory explanation. Previous studies of the nature of the transition from the early Pleistocene (1.2–1.8 Ma) 41-kyr-dominated climate regime to the 100-kyr world have been based almost exclusively on benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopic (δ¹⁸O) data. It is generally accepted that the late Pleistocene 100-kyr cycles represent a newly evolved sensitivity to eccentricity/precession, superimposed on an earlier, and largely constant, response to obliquity and precession forcing. However, orbitally-resolved Pleistocene sea surface temperature (SST) records from a variety of oceanic regions paint a rather different picture of the global climate transition across the mid-Pleistocene transition (MPT, 0.6–1.2 Ma). Reanalysis of these SST records shows that: (1) an early onset of strong 100-kyr-like cycles in two low-frequency bands (～ 120–145 kyr and ～ 60–80 kyr), derived from the bundling of two/three obliquity cycles into grand cycles (obliquity subharmonics), occurred in tropical SST records during the early Pleistocene, (2) these two early Pleistocene periods converge into the late-Pleistocene 100-kyr period in tropical SST records, (3) the dominance of 100-kyr SST power in the late Pleistocene coincides with a dramatic decline in the 41-kyr SST power, and (4) the correlation of timing of glacial terminations with eccentricity/precession variation could well extend back into the early Pleistocene. We demonstrate that most of these features also occur in δ¹⁸O records, but in a much more subtle manner. These features could be explained in two plausible ways: a shift in climate sensitivity from obliquity to eccentricity/precession (a modified version of the conventional view) or an increasingly nonlinear response to orbital obliquity across the MPT. However, our examination of the development of ～100-kyr cycles favors an obliquity bundling mechanism to form late Pleistocene 100-kyr cycles. We therefore suggest that the late Pleistocene 100-kyr climatic cycles are likely a nonlinear response to orbital obliquity, although the timing of late Pleistocene 100-kyr climatic cycles and their early forms appears to be paced by eccentricity/precession.     

Forcing mechanism of the Pleistocene east Asian monsoon variations in a phase perspective

The variations of the Earth’s geometry (ETP) pre-dominate climate changes such as monsoon on the Earth[1], serving as its external forcing. The loess/ paleosol sequence in Central China provides a good record of terrestrial deposition to study the evolution of the east Asian monsoon[2―4]. However, the deep sea deposition, due to its high resolution dating and abun-dant climate proxies, should be able to provide more climatic information in the geological time, such as the forcing mechanis…     

Magnetic indicator of global paleoclimate cycles in Siberian loess–paleosol sequences

The loess–paleosol sequences of China, Siberia, Alaska and many other regions, along with lake sediments and glaciers, provide the only accurate paleoclimatic terrestrial records for intervals of thousands to hundreds of thousand years. The frequency dependence (FD) of magnetic susceptibility (MS) in such sequences has become the leading parameter for analyzing climatic change and Milankovitch (astronomical) periodicity in Siberian sequences; it is always higher in soil horizons than in loess. The enhanced FD parameter in soils is associated with ferromagnetic minerals, mostly magnetite, produced during pedogenesis. The MS and FD parameters of 670 samples from five sections in Siberia are reported here. Inter-section correlation is used to produce a combined FD time series for the studied sections. Chronological control is established by absolute dating and stratigraphic correlation. Spectral analysis of the FD time series reveals the presence of Milankovitch signals at ～100 kyr (eccentricity), ～40 kyr (obliquity) and ～23 kyr (precession) and demonstrates that Siberian loess–paleosol sequences are excellent continental recorders of long-term paleoclimatic changes. This suggests that the FD parameter can potentially be used more widely for evaluation of climate periodicity in loess/paleosol sequences in other parts of the world.     

Hemipelagic shelf sedimentation and climatic cycles: the basal Jurassic (Blue Lias) of South Britain

The sedimentology, cyclicity and hiatuses of the Blue Lias Formation (basal Jurassic) were investigated at five localities in South Britain. Most carbonate mud, which is the dominant carbonate component, has been neomorphosed to microspar. However, carbonate mud was apparently supplied by coccoliths in zooplankton faecal pellets, suggesting hemipelagic sedimentation. Clay is assumed to have been supplied by rivers. The three sediment types involved reflect cyclic changes in bottom-water oxygenation levels combined with changes in the clay-to-carbonate mud ratio.Walsh power spectra have been applied for the first time to measured sections in order to investigate the control of cyclicity. This application is analogous to palaeoclimatological studies of Pleistocene oxygen-isotope (ice-volume) records. The spectra show that 1 or 2 sedimentary cycles, of constant thickness, occur in four out of five sections, each of which represents several million years. The maximum possible duration of these cycles is too short for their generation by sea-level changes. Their regularity, stability and order of duration (tens of thousands of years) are consistent with the hypothesis of sedimentary cyclicity controlled by climatic change, itself forced by orbital changes in insolation (Milankovitch theory). The duration of both cycles recognised is less than 93,000 years (93 ka) and may record changes in orbital precession (21 ka) and obliquity (41 ka). Assuming that one ammonite zone represents 1 Ma, comparison of the longest-possible with the implied durations of the cycles, suggests that the sections are at best 20–40% complete. Loss of sediment may have occurred during winter storms or hurricanes. A model relating the sedimentary cycles to changes in the volume of runoff is proposed.     

Astrochronology of the late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay (Dorset,England) and implications for Earth system processes

The Late Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF) is an economically important, organic-rich source rock of Kimmeridgian–Early Tithonian age. The main rock types of the KCF in Dorset, UK, include grey to black laminated shale, marl, coccolithic limestone, and dolostone, which occur with an obvious cyclicity at astronomical timescales. In this study, we examine two high-resolution borehole records (Swanworth Quarry 1 and Metherhills 1) obtained as part of a Rapid Global Geological Events (RGGE) sediment drilling project. Datasets examined were total organic carbon (TOC), and borehole wall microconductivity by Formation Microscanner (FMS). Our intent is to assess the rhythmicity of the KCF with respect to the astronomical timescale, and to discuss the results with respect to other key Late Jurassic geological processes. Power spectra of the untuned data reveal a hierarchy of cycles throughout the KCF with ～ 167 m, ～ 40 m, 9.1 m, 3.8 m and 1.6 m wavelengths. Tuning the ～ 40 m cycles to the 405-kyr eccentricity cycle shows the presence of all the astronomical parameters: eccentricity, obliquity, and precession index. In particular, ～ 100-kyr and 405-kyr eccentricity cycles are strongly expressed in both records. The 405-kyr eccentricity cycle corresponds to relative sea-level changes inferred from sequence stratigraphy. Intervals with elevated TOC are associated with strong obliquity forcing. The 405-kyr-tuned duration of the lower KCF (Kimmeridgian Stage) is 3.47 Myr, and the upper KCF (early part of the Tithonian Stage, elegans to fittoni ammonite zones) is 3.32 Myr. Two other chronologies test the consistency of this age model by tuning ～ 8–10 m cycles to 100-kyr (short eccentricity), and ～ 3–5 m cycles to 36-kyr (Jurassic obliquity). The ‘obliquity-tuned’ chronology resolves an accumulation history for the KCF with a variation that strongly resembles that of Earth's orbital eccentricity predicted for 147.2 Ma to 153.8 Ma. There is evidence for significant non-deposition (up to 1 million years) in the lowermost KCF (baylei–mutabilis zones), which would indicate a Kimmeridgian/Oxfordian boundary age of 154.8 Ma. This absolute calibration allows assignment of precise numerical ages to zonal boundaries, sequence surfaces, and polarity chrons of the lower M-sequence.     

Long-period eccentricity control on sedimentary sequences in the continental Madrid Basin (middle Miocene,Spain)

The middle Miocene Valdearenas–Muduex section in the internally-drained, continental Madrid Basin (central Spain) is dated bio-magnetostratigraphically between 15.2 Ma and 11.5 Ma. The section contains two formation-scale, sedimentary sequences, that both consist of a siliciclastic lower part and a calcareous upper part. Siliciclastic sedimentation took place in distal floodplain and fluvial environments, while limestones resulted from carbonate precipitation in calcic soil profiles and in ephemeral lacustrine water bodies. Spectral analysis of the L* colour time series points to the influence of the ～ 405-kyr and 0.97-Myr eccentricity cycles, while the bases of the two calcareous intervals correlate to successive minima of the 2.4-Myr eccentricity cycle. The 405-kyr cycle lags maximum eccentricity, whereas the 0.97 and 2.4-Myr cycles lag minimum eccentricity, each by approximately a quarter of a cycle. No obliquity forcing is detected. The observed orbital configuration of 2.4-Myr minima at the base of limestone-dominated intervals is similar to a previously documented Late Miocene shift in the Teruel Basin of northeast Spain. Our results indicate that long-period eccentricity climate forcing may well be a significant player on long, tectonic time scales in continental basin fill.     

Responses of foraminiferal isotopic variations at ODP Site 1143 in the southern South China Sea to orbital forcing

The foraminiferal δ ¹⁸O and δ ¹³C records for the past 5 Ma at ODP Site 1143 reveal the linear responses of the Plio-Pleistocene climatic changes in the southern South China Sea to orbital forcing at the obliquity and precession bands. The phase of the δ ¹⁸O variations with the orbital forcing is opposite to that of the δ ¹³C, which may be caused by the frequent El Niño events from the equatorial Pacific. The amplification of the Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet at ñ3.3 Ma probably affected the development of the 100-ka climatic cycles. Its further spreading may spur the 100-ka climatic cycle to become the dominant cycle in the late Pleistocene. The “Mid- Pleistocene Transition” event has localized influence on the isotopic variations in the southern South China Sea. The foraminiferal δ ¹³C records for the past 5 Ma at Site 1143 are highly coherent with the orbital forcing at the long eccentricity band, and lead the δ ¹⁸O records at the shorter eccentricity band, highlighting the importance of the carbon cycle in the global climate change.     

三湖坳陷第四系生物气异常识别技术及应用——以诺木洪北地区为例

三湖坳陷的生物气岩性气藏勘探尚处于探索阶段。根据生物气岩性气藏的有利沉积相带,首先进行生物气岩性气藏岩石物理参数分析和含气异常正演模拟,用于指导滩坝砂含气异常的地震反射特征识别;结合构造背景,利用敏感地震属性优选可能的含气区带;最后,在异常区带内,利用频谱分解、时频分析、叠后反演及叠前烃类检测等多手段落实有利目标,形成一套适用于三湖坳陷第四系识别生物气异常的技术。