Modeling and experimental research of turbulent jet propagation in the stratified environment of coastal water areas

The results of model calculations and experimental research of turbulent jet propagation in a stratified environment with reference to the Sand Island wastewater outfall (Hawaii) are considered. The jet’s emergence and initial dilution were estimated on the basis of model calculations and experimental data of the stratified environment characteristics in 2003–2004. The reason for the appearance of the bidirectional quasi-isopycnic structure in the waste and ocean water mixing area was clarified, and an analysis of the TS index was carried out. The jet’s features as calculated from the model and obtained from measurements with hydrophysical and hydrooptical instrumentation were found to closely correspond. The effects of the tides and hydrophysical conditions on the waste water’s turbulent jet characteristics (the jet’s floating-up depth level) have been revealed. The outcomes of the study corroborate the efficiency of the model as a tool for research of deep outfall turbulent jet propagation in the stratified environment of coastal water areas.     

Studies of hydrophysical processes during monitoring of the anthropogenic impact on coastal basins using the example of Mamala Bay of Oahu Island in Hawaii

This paper presents the main results of processing the data obtained in the study of hydrophysical processes during multidisciplinary monitoring of the anthropogenic impact on the coastal basin of Mamala Bay (Oahu Island, Hawaii). The results of the hydrophysical measurements carried out in August–September of 2002–2004 using stationary moorings and dropped and towed ship sensors were analyzed as the initial data. On the basis of these measurements, spatiotemporal, statistical, and spectral characteristics of different hydrophysical parameters of the marine envrionement in the basin of Mamala Bay were calculated, including three-dimensional components of the velocity vectors, the spectra of different components of velocities, the spectra of temperature fluctuations, and the characteristics of internal waves. The variability of the temperature fields and the correlation of the tidal phenomena with the temperature measurements and fluctuations caused by internal waves were analyzed. The materials and methods of the oceanographic studies and the results of the analysis of the meteorological and hydrological conditions are presented. The results obtained are used for a multidisciplinary analysis of the satellite and sea truth data.     

Technique for Simulation of Black Sea Circulation with Increased Resolution in the Area of the IO RAS Polygon

A numerical technique is presented for simulating the hydrophysical fields of the Black Sea on a variable-step grid with refinement in the area of IO RAS polygon. Model primitive equations are written in spherical coordinates with an arbitrary arrangement of poles. In order to increase the horizontal resolution of the coastal zone in the area of the IO RAS polygon in the northeastern part of the sea near Gelendzhik, one of the poles is placed at a land point (38.35° E, 44.75° N). The model horizontal resolution varies from 150 m in the area of the IO RAS polygon to 4.6 km in the southwestern part of the Black Sea. The numerical technique makes it possible to simulate a large-scale structure of Black Sea circulation as well as the meso- and submesoscale dynamics of the coastal zone. In order to compute the atmospheric forcing, the results of the regional climate model WRF with a resolution of about 10 km in space and 1 h in time are used. In order to demonstrate the technique, Black Sea hydrophysical fields for 2011–2012 and a passive tracer transport representing self-cleaning of Gelendzhik Bay in July 2012 are simulated.     

Simulation of Hydrophysical Processes in Coastal Regions of the Sea

In the present work, we generalize the results of our investigations in the field of simulation of hydrophysical and ecological processes in coastal regions of various seas and some closed basins. The developed and applied mathematical models and the results of numerical experiments are briefly analyzed.     

Study of long-term variability of Black Sea dynamics on the basis of circulation model assimilation of remote measurements

The Black Sea dynamics for two decades (1993–2012) is analyzed. The study is carried out in numerical simulation with the use of a circulation model and assimilation of satellite measurements of free surface elevations and sea-surface temperatures (SSTs). The Black Sea circulation model has a spatial resolution of 4.8 km and 35 vertical levels, which thicken toward the surface. Arrays of ERA-Interim data are used for simulating the atmospheric forcing. A set of 3D arrays of the Black Sea hydrophysical fields is calculated on a regular grid with a time resolution of 24 h. The results are analyzed and compared with available contact measurements of temperature and salinity. This comparison shows a quite good quality of the resulted hydrophysical fields of the Black Sea.     

Hydrophysical state of the Gulf of Feodosia in May 2015

Distribution of Sea of Azov water on the Crimean shelf and its penetration into the Gulf of Feodosia result in significant changes in the hydrophysical and hydrochemical structure of the water area. This inflow is also estimated as a major source of anthropogenic pollution in the region. At the same time, the Gulf of Feodosia is one of the least investigated areas of Russian Black Sea coast. The paper focuses on the hydrophysical structure of the Gulf of Feodosia and southeastern part of the Crimean shelf. The results of a field survey in May 2015 made it possible to reveal the presence of Sea of Azov water in the gulf and describe its thermohaline properties, along with the character of distribution. It is shown that contamination of Sea of Azov water in the gulf could mostly be determined by the synoptic dynamic processes in the area rather than by the seasonal variability of discharge in the Kerch Strait. The possible influence of the distribution of Sea of Azov water on the formation of cyclonic gyres in the coastal area of the region is indirectly confirmed by in situ measurements.     

Sub-inertial oscillations in the Black Sea generated by the semidiurnal tidal potential

The Black Sea shelf is a region of intense manifestation of various dynamical processes. Under the influence of different natural forces, eddy-wave phenomena develop here, which influence the general circulation of sea waters, biological productivity, and the condition of the engineering structures. Modern numerical models allow us to simulate and analyze the processes of the joint dynamics of marine circulation and large-scale waves. In this work, we study the spatiotemporal spectral characteristics of the sea level and velocity fluctuations formed due to atmospheric forcing and tidal potential. The hydrophysical fields are calculated using the Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences (INM RAS), σ model based on primitive equations. We use the CORE data as atmospheric forcing at the sea surface; the tidal potential is described by the semidiurnal lunar constituent M₂. Analyzing the simulation results makes it possible to emphasize that accounting for the semidiurnal tidal potential not only improves the accuracy of the sea-level calculation at coastal stations, but also generates subinertial baroclinic oscillations previously found in the Black Sea from the data of in situ observations.     

Simulations of Hydrophysical Fields with High Spatial Resolution over the Northwestern Shelf of the Black Sea

Two numerical experiments on reconstructing velocity fields, sea level, temperature, and salinity were conducted with account for real atmospheric forcing in autumn 2007 using the Marine Hydrophysical Institute (MHI) hydrodynamic model with an open boundary (northwestern shelf) adjusted to the coastal region of the Black Sea. A high spatial resolution of 500 m and 1.6 km was used, while the bottom topography had a resolution of ~1.6 km. The higher spatial resolution made it possible to reconstruct detailed mesoscale and submesoscale structures of the hydrophysical fields in the upper and deep layers over the northwestern shelf and to obtain quantitative and qualitative characteristics of eddies and jets that are more accurate compared to previous calculations. It was shown that improvement of the spatial resolution up to a few hundred meters makes it possible to take into account the detailed bottom topography and shape of the coastline in the numerical model, which in turn yields a more accurate quantitative and qualitative reconstruction of the mesoscale and submesoscale properties of coastal circulation.     

Application of the dynamico-stochastic modelling to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of large ocean currents based on hydrophysical data

The paper considers the reconstruction of ocean currents from the asynchronously-compiled temperature and salinity data using three different techniques: the diagnostic method, the sequential objective analysis and the four-dimensional (4D) analysis based on dynamico-stochastic modelling. Intercomparison of the techniques is implemented on the basis of numerical model experiments carried out for the Newfoundland energetically-active area. Assessed is the accuracy of reconstruction of various hydrophysical fields using the techniques suggested. The advantage of applying 4D analysis is shown.Translated by V. Puchkin. UDK 551.465: 519.24.     

Ecosystems of Siberian Arctic Seas–2020: The Kara Sea (Cruise 81 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh)

Cruise 81 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh was organized by Shirshov Institute of Oceanology and took place from August 27 to September 25, 2020 under the Program “Marine Ecosystems of the Siberian Arctic.” Participants included 76 scientists from the institutes of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University, VNIRO, and the NRC Kurchatov Institute and specialists from the Emergency Situations Ministry. Coordinated hydrophysical, hydrochemical, biooceanological, geochemical, and radioecological research was carried out over the Kara Sea, on the shelf near the St. Anna Trough, the continental slope, the Novaya Zemlya depression, and bays of the eastern coast of Novaya Zemlya. The condition of disposed radioactive waste in bays of the archipelago was assessed.

     

On the nature of short-period oscillations of the main Black Sea pycnocline, submesoscale eddies, and response of the marine environment to the catastrophic shower of 2012

Field studies performed at the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences (SIO RAS), Black Sea hydrophysical polygon in 2012 are illustrated. The variations in the vertical distribution of the hydrophysical characteristics (water temperature, salinity, and density, as well as current velocity) in the upper 200-m layer of the Black Sea above the continental slope in the cold season, obtained using an Aqualog autonomous profiler on a moored buoy station, have been analyzed. It has been established that the position of the permanent pycno-halocline and the hydrosulphuric zone upper boundary intensively oscillate with a characteristic period of 5–10 days. These oscillations cause short-period variations in the thickness of the oxigenated layer by 20–40 m, which reaches one-third of the total thickness of the layer. Measurements performed with autonomous stations (bottom ADCP, thermochain) at the experimental subsatellite polygon in the Gelendzhik coastal zone, as well as meteorological, ship, and satellite data obtained during the catastrophic rains and flooding on July 6–7, 2012, and afterward, have been simultaneously analyzed. It has been established that a catastrophic flow of turbid fresh water into the sea caused the formation of a belt of freshened (by 1.0–2.7 psu) less dense water with a high suspension concentration on the shelf and the upper continental slope. This water formed a quasi-geostrophic northwestward along-shore current, the velocity of which reached 40–50 cm/s. Therefore, the freshened and turbid water mostly escaped from the Gelendzhik region northwestward for two days after the flood, and the remaining water became free of suspension owing to its settlement during approximately the same period. The fields of the current velocity and suspension concentration in a submesoscale cyclonic eddy, identified on the satellite image, were measured at the hydrophysical polygon. It has been established that a high (when compared to the background values) suspension concentration in the surface-water layer in an eddy is related to intense upwelling at the eddy center and the rising of suspension (apparently phytoplankton) from the thermocline layer, where the suspension concentration is maximal.     

Structure and kinematics of waters in the region of the Argentine Islands in the autumn of 1998

On the basis of the data of the complex oceanographic experiment carried out in the course of the second Ukrainian Antarctic expedition in March 1998, we study the structure and kinematics of waters in the region of the archipelago of Argentine Islands. The regularities of thermohaline stratification of waters are discovered. We determine the most important environmental parameters premoting the variability of hydrophysical fields on time scales varying from several days up to a week, analyse the data of actual observations over the currents, and estimate the relative contribtions of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal waves to the total dispersion of hydrophysical parameters of the environment. The residual currents are filtered out. We propose a hypothesis about the mechanism of their formation. Various types of tidal currents are revealed and the directions of propagation of diurnal and semidiurnal tidal waves are determined. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Subsatellite polygon for studying hydrophysical processes in the Black Sea shelf-slope zone

The first data on the creation of the subsatellite polygon on the Black Sea shelf and continental slope in the Gelendzhik area (designed in order to permanently monitor the state of the aquatic environment and biota) and the plans for maintaining and developing this polygon are presented. The autonomous measuring systems of the polygon in the composition of bottom stations with acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCP), Aqualog robotic profilers, and thermo-chains on moored buoy stations should make it possible to regularly obtain hydrophysical, hydrochemical, and bio-optical data with a high spatial-time resolution and transmit these data to the coastal center on a real-time basis. These field data should be used to study the characteristics and formation mechanisms of the marine environment and biota variability, as well as the water-exchange processes in the shelf-deep basin system, ocean-atmosphere coupling, and many other processes. These data are used to calibrate the satellite measurements and verify the water circulation numerical simulation. It is assumed to use these data in order to warn about the hazardous natural phenomena and control the marine environment state and its variation under the action of anthropogenic and natural factors, including climatic trends. It is planned to use the polygon subsatellite monitoring methods and equipment in other coastal areas, including other Black Sea sectors, in order to create a unified system for monitoring the Black Sea shelf-slope zone.     

Submesoscale eddies at the caucasus Black Sea shelf and the mechanisms of their generation

The results of observations of submesoscale eddies (with a diameter of 2–8 km) on the narrow Black Sea shelf are presented. These observations were carried out in the Gelendzhik region in the autumn seasons of 2007–2008 using traditional and new methods of hydrophysical investigations. The mechanisms of generation of such eddies are discussed.     

Features of hydrophysical and hydrochemical conditions in Blagopoluchiya Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago)

The report presents the results of hydrophysical and hydrochemical studies in Blagopoluchiya Bay (Novaya Zemlya Archipelago) based on data of integrated expeditions of the Institute of Oceanology in the Kara Sea in 2007, 2013, and 2014. The main focus was the influence of the Ob and Yenisei rivers, as well as of the runoff of meltwaters from the coasts of the archipelago on the hydrochemical and hydrophysical structures of the bay waters. The features of water exchange between the bay and adjacent aquatic area are considered, along with the renewal mechanisms for deep waters in the bay (deeper than 100 m). The possible occurrence of stagnant effects in deep layers of the bay is evaluated.     

Evaluation of perfluoromethyldecalin as a deliberate tracer for the study of water mixing processes

A deliberate tracer experiment has been carried out in an enclosed lagoon in a coastal area. The tracer used was a perfluorocarbon, perfluoro- -methyldecalin (PMD), analysed using liquid-liquid extraction and electron capture gas chromatography. The results show good recovery of the tracer, indicating that adsorption and volatilization did not occur to an appreciable extent over the short time period of the experiment. A mathematical model, PHOENICS, developed for simulation of flow systems, was used to simulate the experiment.     

Studies of the hydrophysical processes over the shelf and upper part of the continental slope of the Black Sea with the use of traditional and new observation techniques

Results of the studies of the spatiotemporal variability in the hydrophysical and hydrodynamical structure of the shelf area and its dependence on the water dynamics of the deep-water zone of the Black Sea off Gelendzhik are presented and discussed. The field materials were collected in early October of 2006 with the use of traditional and new measurement techniques. A combined analysis of on-line satellite oceanological information, data of onboard surveys, and data time series of the vertical profiling of the hydrophysical characteristics at a moored buoy station was performed.     

河北曹妃甸沿海海平面变化分析

采用回归分析方法,对曹妃甸现有海平面数据与邻近的塘沽沿海相对应的海平面数据进行相关分析,用建立的回归方程及塘沽历史海平面时间序列,推算了曹妃甸历史海平面时间序列,进而分析了曹妃甸海平面变化特征,同时预测了曹妃甸未来海平面可能上升的高度。分析结果表明:曹妃甸沿海海平面1951—2013年呈长期波动上升趋势,变化年速率为3.2mm/a;1980—2013年上升加快,变化年速率为6.6mm/a,高于同期中国沿海海平面的上升速率;20世纪90年代至2013年上升更进一步加快,变化年速率为11.1mm/a。可为曹妃甸沿海城市规划、滨岸工程设计和防灾减灾提供参考。     

The coastal profile in the eastern Gulf of Finland: The results of a survey and the reconstruction of the evolution in the Late Holocene

The studies carried out by the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology using side-scan profiling, echo sounding, and surface sediment sampling allowed revealing the detailed structure of the underwater coastal slope in the eastern Gulf of Finland. In particular, a submarine sand terrace was found at depths of 4–5 m. An attempt at the reconstruction of the coastal evolution over the period of the Late Holocene was made using mathematical modeling in order to explain the observed morphology of the submarine coastal slope. The key assumption of the concept suggested is that, at the earlier stage, the tectonic processes played the main role, while, at the later stage, the sea-level changes were of greater importance. The tectonic block comprising the investigated area of the Gulf of Finland at first rapidly increased and then it stabilized and was influenced by the sea level’s rise. These processes resulted in the formation of a series of terraces. The earlier of those are now located on dry land, while the later terraces are observed on the submarine slope. Within the concept proposed, the coastal evolution in the Late Holocene appears as a process of the gradual erosion of the above-water terraces and the formation of new underwater terraces. During the transgressive phases, the rate of the coast’s recession reached 0.5 m year⁻¹, while decreasing by a factor of two during the intermediate stages. The submarine terrace developed over the period of 3.2–1.2 thousand years ago, and it extended in equal measure due to the coast’s recession and the material’s accumulation near its external edge. During that period, the coast retreated by approximately 500 m, while the average accumulation rate could have been as high as 0.7 m³ m⁻¹ year⁻¹.     

The hydrometeorologic conditions facilitating shoaling of marketable fish off the Somali coast during summer monsoon

abtract The paper concentrates on the structure and synoptic variability of the meteorological, hydrophysical and chemical fields in the Somali continental shelf area during summer monsoon. Tidal front is shown to be a typical element of the water stratification in the studied area, whose state and dynamics thoroughly in.quence the fisheries situations. It has been found out that commercial aggregations of fishes regularly pooled up and dispersed in the frontal zone, depending on the natural synoptic-scale processes taking place. Translated by Vladimh" A. Puchkin.