南海北部大陆坡区斜压海流的垂向结构

对南海北部陆坡区一定点站连续28.6d的27个等间隔水层(11,15,…,115m)的ADCP海流观测资料进行正压海流、斜压海流分解, 运用调和分析、功率谱分析和能量计算等方法着重对观测点各水层的斜压海流的时间序列进行研究.得到如下结果:(1)斜压海流向岸分量平均值、斜压海流两分量样本标准差、斜压海流K1分潮流振幅、斜压海流的平均涡动动能以及斜压海流向岸分量功率谱显著的谱峰值的垂向分布均随深度的增加由大变小再变大.(2)斜压海流的日周期显著, 斜压海流的日分潮流的椭圆长轴方向偏NW-SE向, 日分潮流作顺时针方向旋转;斜压海流的日分潮流迟角的垂向分布是:约以67m为界,界面附近水层的迟角变化较大,远离界面的水层的迟角分布较稳定,界面上、下水体的迟角反向;67m层以浅水层, 相对集中在300°附近,67m以深水层,主要分布在120°周围.(3)斜压海流的平均涡动动能较大,约占实测海流平均动能的41%,其向岸分量大于沿岸分量, 且其大小与日分潮流椭圆的长短轴分布相对应.(4)斜压海流功率谱峰值显著周期在24h左右;19与99m层相同,为23.6h,55m层为24.4h;斜压海流向岸分量与沿岸分量功率谱的显著谱峰值的垂向分布有所不同, 前者随深度增加由大变小再变大,后者则随深度增加而减小.     

Mechanism of horizontal mass- and salt-exchange between the waters of continental slope and central part of the Black Sea

Estimation of horizontal salt transfer from the central part of the Black Sea to the continental slope is carried out based on numerical modeling. A box hydrodynamic model of the Black Sea based on the POM model is used. Horizontal transport caused by seasonal variability of vertical velocity in the central part of the Black Sea and horizontal turbulent diffusion is considered. In this work we demonstrate that, in the 0- to 30-m layer on average for the year, there is an outflow of salty water under the impact of both factors. In the surface layer, the transport caused by seasonal variability contributes significantly (30%). In the 80- to 150-m layer on average over the year, the waters from the continental slope arrive into the central part of the basin; they are characterized by higher salinity due to the inflow of the Marmara Sea waters across the Bosporus Strait.     

Seasonal variability of acoustic characteristics in the northern Black Sea continental slope area

The peculiarities of seasonal variability of the calculated sound speed and elements of its vertical stratification in the northern Black Sea continental slope are considered. Typical acoustic structures have been identified. The impact of seasonal variability of the sound speed upon the ray characteristics of acoustic fields is studied. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Peculiarities of the currents field in the north-western part of the Black Sea

On the basis of the results derived by theoretical analysis [1] and laboratory physical modelling [2] of the circulation seawater and stratification, induced by buoyancy fluxes, the suggestion has been made that, possibly, the Black Sea currents system is three-layered. It has been supposed that an anticyclonic current flows in the basin. To verify this deduction, the data from MHI's archived dataset have been treated, and results from twoad hoc expeditions are submitted here. Analysis of the vertical structure of currents, based on thein situ velocity measurements, using various means and calculations of the geostrophic circulation, has confirmed that a flow with the theoretically predicted parameters may exist in the Black Sea. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Studies of the hydrophysical processes over the shelf and upper part of the continental slope of the Black Sea with the use of traditional and new observation techniques

Results of the studies of the spatiotemporal variability in the hydrophysical and hydrodynamical structure of the shelf area and its dependence on the water dynamics of the deep-water zone of the Black Sea off Gelendzhik are presented and discussed. The field materials were collected in early October of 2006 with the use of traditional and new measurement techniques. A combined analysis of on-line satellite oceanological information, data of onboard surveys, and data time series of the vertical profiling of the hydrophysical characteristics at a moored buoy station was performed.     

Vertical structure of low-frequency currents in the southwestern East Sea (Sea of Japan)

The vertical structure of low-frequency flows in the central Ulleung Interplain Gap of the southwestern East Sea (Sea of Japan) is analyzed based on full-depth current measurement during November 2002–April 2004. Record-length mean flows are directed toward the Ulleung Basin (Tsushima Basin) throughout the entire water column. Upper current variability above the permanent thermocline with a dominant period of about 50–60 days is shown to be closely related to the displacement of an anticyclonic warm eddy associated with the westward meander of the Offshore Branch. Fluctuations of deep currents below the permanent thermocline have a dominant period of about 40 days. Coherence between the current near the seabed and shallower depths is statistically significant up to 360 m for a period range between 15 and 100 days, but less significantly correlated with currents in the upper 200 m. Data from the densely equipped mooring line reveal that mean and eddy kinetic energies are minima at 1000 m, where isotherm slopes are also relatively flat. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses suggest that more than 79% of total variances of upper and deep currents can be explained by their respective first EOF mode characterized by nearly depth-independent eigenvectors. Spectral and EOF analyses of observed currents suggest that most of the deep current variability is not directly related to local upper current variability during the observation period.     

Fine vertical structure of currents and hydrological elements in the Black Sea

Data on the fine vertical structure of currents and hydrological elements in the Black Sea, obtained through the use of a hydrophysical OLT profiler, are examined. Vertical exchange coefficients are evaluated, whose distribution is characterized by the occurrence of minima in the seasonal pycnocline and main halocline, a maximum in the core of the cold intermediate layer (CIL), and relatively steady values within the 300–500 m layer. The vertical exchange coefficient values, are consistent with the data acquired through other techniques, and the profiles of this parameter vertically are more detailed.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Seasonal variability and the types of currents in the upper layer of the Black Sea

Spectral analysis of the climatic circulation in the upper 10 m layer of the Black Sea has been carried out. The current field was calculated from a three-dimensional baroclinic non-linear model. The mode composition of the circulation was derived. It is shown that the surface climatic circulation can be represented as the superposition of a finite number of elementary currents of two types:n- andm-modes. Only 4n-modes are shown to be energy-dominant throughout the year. A relation is established between the different sources of energy supply of currents and the modes which assimilate this energy. Problems concerning the nature of the classical Black Sea currents such as the main Black Sea current (MBSC) and the Knipovich spectacles are discussed. A scenario of the field large-scale experiment is suggested which allows the reconstruction of the amplitudes of the first 10n- and the first 10m-modes from mooring data.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

南沙群岛西南大陆斜坡海域浮游动物的垂直分布

浮游动物是海洋生态系统物质和能量转移的关键环节,也是渔业资源的重要饵料,其种类组成和数量分布均有明显的垂直分层现象。利用2011年4月在南沙群岛西南大陆斜坡海域开展的18个站点90份样品的调查数据,对该海域浮游动物的垂直分布进行了研究,表明:(1)该海域浮游动物种类组成丰富,共出现18个类群580种(类);(2)浮游动物种类组成垂直变化明显,特定水层出现的种类数占总种数的43.6%,各水层均出现的种类仅占总种数的15.8%;(3)优势种组成复杂,垂直变化明显,单一种类的优势度不高;(4)浮游动物平均密度和湿重生物量分别为206.27ind/m3、94.03mg/m3,密度和生物量均以0~2m层和30~75m层较高,沿水深梯度的变化呈明显的双峰型;(5)浮游动物数量的垂直变化主要受温跃层影响,温跃层内浮游动物数量最高,温跃层上方和下方的水层内数量较低;(6)南沙西南大陆斜坡区浮游动物生产力水平较高,表明该海域渔业资源有一定的开发潜力。     

Vertical transport in the Black Sea

Investigations of the vertical exchange coefficientK _z , considering turbulent and advective transport, are summarized. The values ofK _z are determined from the climaticT, S characteristics, heat and salinity fluxes, and the rate of the low-Bosporus water transformation over the entire Black Sea water column; namely, in the upper mixed layer, the active layer, the cold intermediate layer, the halocline, and in the deep and near-bottom waters. A characteristic for annual fluctuations ofK _z in the active layer is given; it is noted that the coefficient tends to grow in transit from the centre of the cyclonic gyre toward its periphery.Translated by V. Puchkin.     

南海东北部陆坡区中上层浮游动物的垂直分布*

根据2016年3月和9月南海东北部陆坡区浮游动物垂直分层采样, 比较浮游动物种类组成、丰度和生物量的垂直分布和季节变化, 探讨影响其差异的原因。文中共鉴定浮游动物225种, 其中3月和9月分别出现150种和169种; 桡足类种数达132种, 其次是毛颚类和管水母类, 各18种; 浮游动物种数在50~100m水层最高, 一般随水深增加而减少。浮游动物丰度和生物量主要集中在0~100m, 二者在100m以深水层随深度增加而降低, 而水柱生物量在100~1000m占总水柱生物量的60%以上。浮游动物优势种季节和垂直变化明显, 3月近海种如普通波水蚤(Undinula vulgaris)和微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)等在100m以上水层丰度较高; 9月外海种如达氏筛哲水蚤(Cosmocalanus darwinii)和黄角光水蚤(Lucicutia flavicornis)等在100m以浅水层相对于3月丰度增加; 隆线似哲水蚤(Calanoides carinatus)在3月丰度和平均体长高于9月, 并且体长较大者主要分布在深层。浮游动物可分0~100m、100~400m和400~1000m三个群落, 因不同水层种类组成和丰度差异引起。浮游动物丰度和生物量的垂直变化与温度、叶绿素a质量浓度等因子呈显著正相关。南海东北部陆坡浮游动物季节和垂直变化受季风、沿岸流和中尺度涡的影响。     

Evaluation of the level of technogenic pollution in the coastal zone of the Black Sea near Gelendzhik

The content of technogenic pollutants in the coastal zone of the northeastern part of the Black Sea was evaluated. The quantitative evaluation of the level of technogenic load on the waters of Gelendzhik and Golubaya (Rybatskaya) bays was performed. A list of pollutants exceeding MPC standards was compiled.     

南海中北部中新世陆坡凹陷沉积充填与古陆坡形态演变

对中德合作“南海地球科学联合研究”和“中国边缘海的形成演化及重大资源的关键问题”的有关航次获得的地震资料进行层序地层和沉积相解释,并结合前人的研究成果,对南海中北部陆坡凹陷的构造和沉积特征进行了研究.研究结果表明,南海中北部陆坡区凹陷的构造演化经历了裂陷期、裂陷-坳陷过渡期和坳陷期三个阶段,沉积环境经历了河流-湖泊、浅海和深海的演化过程,不同演化阶段形成不同的地形形态.南海中北部地形演变可分为三个阶段,即早第三纪、早中新世-中中新世中期和中中新世中期-现在,其中早中新世中期-中中新世中期的沉积充填使陆坡形态发生了重要的转变,这次转变基本上奠定了现代意义上的陆架-陆坡-海盆的格局.     

Coastal upwelling in the Gelendzhik area of the Black Sea: Effect of wind and dynamics

Long series data of a thermistor chain in the Black Sea coastal zone near Gelendzhik were analyzed. A thermistor chain installed 1 km offshore and at a depth of 22 m. There are full and incomplete upwelling events observed. The study of upwelling genesis based on: wind speed data from the NCEP/CFSR reanalysis and Gelendzhik weather station, velocity and direction of coastal currents measured by ADCP profiler moored on the bottom near the thermistor chain. Over the whole observation period (warm seasons of 2013–2015), more than 40 events of upwelling were registered four of them were full upwellings, when presence of under-thermocline water was observed near the sea surface. For every upwelling event, conditions prior to the changes in thermic structure, were analyzed. It is found that full upwelling generally occur under synergistic wind and current forcing. Fairly strong forcing of one of these factors is sufficient for partial upwelling to occur.     

The statistical structure of synoptic variability ocean currents at the continental slope of the Laptev Sea and features of their generation by anemobaric forces

Based on vector-algebraic analysis of random processes, we study the statistical structure of the synoptic variability of currents measured by an ADCP in the upper mixed layer in the central part of the continental slope of the Laptev Sea in 2006–2007. The results of statistical analysis show that in some cases the synoptic currents in the surface layer of the sea are signs of wind drift currents. This is indicated by the high correlation between the tangential friction of wind and currents, as well as the reversal of the depth of current vectors and the major axes of the ellipses of the mean-square deviation of the Ekman spiral. Due to the large variability of wind flows and stratification of water masses, the penetration depth of these currents is small and varies from 6 to 30 m, with pronounced seasonal variation. In deeper layers, no relationship between the currents and anemobaric forces is traced. It is concluded that the fluctuations of synoptic scale currents in the area of the continental slope of the Laptev Sea represent a superposition of Ekman drift currents and movements associated with free baroclinic Kelvin waves. These currents are the dominant contributor in the upper 30-m layer of the ocean, while waves play a key role in deeper waters.     

Vertical structure and seasonal variation of tidal and residual currents in the northern Huanghai Sea

Analysis of tidal current and sea level has been made based on the observations from the summer of 2006 to the winter of 2007,respectively.The result indicates that a two-layer structure of residual current exists in summer,with its upper layer going northwestward and the lower layer southeastward.In addition,some strong residuals exist in the neighboring depth of the pycnocline during the current period of astronomical tide.In winter,except some individual layersthe residual currents mostly direct to the northwest,from which we can see the fluctuation of abnormal sea-level and the appearance of associated current because of the changes of the wind field.The analysis of tidal ellipse indicates that the direction of the maximum semidiurnal component is clockwise from summer to winter,with an angle of 16-18.Moreover,in summer the semidiurnal component rotates with depth clockwise while the diurnal component counterclockwise.However,the vertical structure is almost homogeneous in winter.     

Some peculiarities of the Black Sea inertial currents

By treating observations involving long-term buoy moorings, numerical characteristics of the periods, amplitudes, phases and orbits of inertial currents in some Black Sea areas have been obtained. The inertial component's contribution to the total velocity field and turbulent exchange has been determined. As a result, the maximal heights of the internal waves generated by the inertial currents have been estimated. Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin.     

Vertical mesostructure of deep waters in the Black Sea

Studies of mesoscaleT, S characteristics of deep waters in the Black Sea carried out during 1978–1988 are generalized. Transformed lower Bosphorus waters are spread in the layer from 400 m to the bottom following density isosurfaces corresponding to this water. This is the way that interlayers ofT, S inversions are formed; their vertical thickness reaches 100–200 m in the Anatolian flow. The streamwise decrease of theT, S maxima and the location of isotherms in the cross-sections of these tongues permit the estimation of the order of the values of the coefficients of the vertical and horizontal turbulent diffusion.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Seasonal anomalies of water salinity in the Gelendzhik region of the Black Sea according to shipborne monitoring data

The paper presents results of analyzing the data on the variability of salinity in the upper layer of the coastal zone (including the seasonal thermocline) of the Black Sea during the 2010–2013 warm seasons (April–November). The data for the analysis were obtained from the regularly conducted CTD probing the by R/V Ashamba on a cross section abeam the Golubaya Bay (Gelendzhik). The relationship between salinity anomalies, coastal precipitation, and wind forcing is analyzed. It is shown that the contribution of thermal stratification to the density stratification in the seasonal thermocline is almost always greater than the contribution of salinity stratification, and the ratio of the former to the latter increases from April to November.