Possible Mechanism for Damping of Electrostatic Instability Related to Inhomogeneous Distribution of Energy Density in the Auroral Ionosphere

Satellite observations show that the electrostatic instability, which is expected to occur in most cases due to an inhomogeneous energy density caused by a strongly inhomogeneous transverse electric field (shear of plasma convection velocity), occasionally does not develop inside nonlinear plasma structures in the auroral ionosphere, even though the velocity shear is sufficient for its excitation. In this paper, it is shown that the instability damping can be caused by out-of-phase variations of the electric field and field-aligned current acting in these structures. Therefore, the mismatch of sources of free energy required for the wave generation nearly nullifies their common effect.     

近磁尾TC-1观测到伴随有高速流的ULF波及不稳定性分析

2004年8月3日近地TC-1卫星在磁尾X_GSM~－12R_E的等离子体片内,观测到了伴随着高速流的低于离子回旋频率的波,即超低频波(ULF,Ultra Low Frequency).该波垂直分量的振幅在高速流及其振荡减速期间大致相当;而平行分量振幅在高速流时明显大于其振荡减速时. 利用一个扰动双流模型对完全磁化离子横场漂移驱动的电磁不稳定性计算后,预测结果表明:(1)对于垂直分量来说,横场漂移速度与Alfvén速度的比值影响不稳定性增长率和激发波频率,随其比值增加,增长率变大,激发波频率从负值增加到正值.(2)对于平行分量来说,温度各向异性时等离子体热速度与Alfvén速度比值只影响不稳定性增长率和激发波频率,未改变不稳定性模类别;而温度各向同性时离子横场漂移速度与Alfvén速度比值既影响不稳定性模的种类及其分支,又影响激发波频率.进一步将卫星观测到的等离子体密度、温度、整体流速和磁场代入模型方程,进行数值计算与上述预测结果对比后发现:卫星观测中垂直分量的功率谱密度(PSD,Power Spectrum Density)增强时间和频段与理论模型中由β_//、β_⊥和v_⊥/V_A引起不稳定性激发的波一致;卫星观测中平行分量的功率谱密度增强时间与理论模型基本相符,但是前者的频率明显地低于后者.因此,除了需考虑平行磁场的离子整体流速对不稳定性激发波频率的可能影响,还需要统计上进一步核实伴随有高速流的ULF波与不稳定性的相关性.     

利用地震噪声准实时监测短周期面波波速变化

依据由噪声信号提取面波格林函数的原理,利用福建省地震台网25个宽频带台站2007年7月2日—8月29日的脉动观测资料,得到了瑞雷波群速度在福建地区的分布,并将该结果作为下一步相对变化动态成像的背景速度分布．分布结果表明,福建地区周期为3—5s的瑞雷波群速度大致在2.9—3.1km/s之间,平均速度为3.0km/s,瑞雷波群速度分布呈北高南低的现象,这与福建地区北部多山、南部多平原盆地的地理环境有很好的吻合．而且,该群速度分布图在漳州盆地地区表现出一个非常明显的低速,这主要是因为受到盆地沉积层的影响．通过滑动窗（窗长为20d,步长1d）技术得到了观测区内周期约为3-5s的瑞雷波波速分布变化的连续图像;再利用扣除背景影响的技术,得到了2007年8月14日—2008年7月1日福建地区瑞雷波波速的相对变化时空动态图像．通过分析相对变化时空动态图像与该时间范围内发生的地震的对应关系,表明福建地区瑞雷波波速在多次网内中等强度的地震或震群（ML＞3.0）中均表现出震前波速升高,震后下降恢复的变化趋势．初步分析认为,这可能与震前整个地区受到的应力增大震后应力得到释放所导致的介质变化有关．      

Multidimensional nonlinear ion-acoustic waves in a plasma in view of relativistic effects

The structure and dynamics of ion-acoustic waves in an unmagnetized plasma, including the case of weakly relativistic collisional plasma (when it is necessary to take into account the high energy particle flows which are observed in the magnetospheric plasma), are studied analytically and numerically on the basis of a model of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) equation. It is shown that, if the velocity of plasma particles approaches the speed of light, the relativistic effects start to strongly influence on the wave characteristics, such as its phase velocity, amplitude, and characteristic wavelength, with the propagation of the twodimensional solitary ion-acoustic wave. The results can be used in the study of nonlinear wave processes in the magnetosphere and in laser and astrophysical plasma.     

Formation of electron beams by the interaction of a whistler wave packet with radiation belt electrons

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the properties of electron beams formed by cyclotron interactions between radiation belt electrons and a quasi-monochromatic whistler wave packet from a ground-based VLF transmitter. The beams are formed due to trapping of the electrons at the forward edge of the wave packet, their acceleration inside the wave packet, the escape of the accelerated electrons from the moving backward edge of the wave packet, and their following free motion in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. A combination of these processes provides the main features of the spatial-temporal evolution of the beams which are investigated both analytically and numerically. It is shown that one or two beams can appear at one point at the same time, and that the density of the beams increases during their expansion. Motion of the pumping wave packet in the inhomogeneous magnetic field provides the variations of the initial velocity and position of the beam injection which change the spatial and temporal gradients of the parallel velocity of the beam, in contrast with the case of the pure adiabatic motion of an individual electron. Such a behaviour can be significant for the generation of secondary emissions. Numerical calculations demonstrate a wide variety of the spatio–temporal patterns of the beam parallel velocity depending on the plasma and wave packet parameters. It is shown that the most significant parameters which determine the beam characteristics are the wave packet length about the equator, its group velocity, and the initial energy and pitch angle of the electrons.     

Improved bounds on linear instability of barotropic zonal flow within the shallow water equations

Here we develop mathematical results to describe the location of linear instability of a parallel mean flow within the framework of the shallow water equations; growth estimates of near neutral modes (for disturbances subcritical with respect to gravity wave speed) in the cases of non-rotating and rotating shallow water. The bottom topography is taken to be one-dimensional and the isobaths are parallel to the mean flow. In the case of a rotating fluid, the isobaths and the mean flow are assumed to be zonal. The flow is front-like: there is a monotonic increase of mean flow velocity. Our results show that for barotropic flows the location of instabilities will be a semi-ellipse region in the complex wave velocity plane, that is based on the wave-number, Froude number, and depth of the fluid layer. We also explore the instability region for the case of spatially unbounded mean velocity profiles for non-rotating shallow water.     

非均匀运动等离子体中波传播的边值问题

本文使用热等离子体模型,研究了电磁波和电声波在具有非均匀电子密度剖面和非均匀速度剖面等离子体层中,斜入射波的非相对论性的传播过程,求得了传播方程边值问题的数值解。同时讨论了由于引入等离子体运动速度V₀以后对截止频率和可传播角度的影响。     

Elastic wave propagation in inhomogeneous anisotropic media

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Time domain method for calculating free field motion of a layered half-space subjected to obliquely incident body waves

In numerical simulation of wave scattering under oblique incident body waves using the finite element method, the free field motion at the incident lateral boundary induced by the background layered half-space complicates the computational area. In order to replace the complex frequency domain method, a time-domain method to calculate the free field motion of a layered half-space subjected to oblique incident body waves is developed in this paper. The new method decouples the equations of motion used in the finite element method and offers an interpolation formula of the free field motion. This formula is based on the fact that the apparent horizontal velocity of the free field motion is constant and can be calculated exactly. Both the theoretical analysis and numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method offers a high degree of accuracy.     

Nongyrotropic particle distributions in space plasmas

In nonstationary, strong inhomogeneous or open plasmas particle orbits are rather complicated. If the nonstationary time scale is smaller than the gyration period, if the inhomogeneity scale is smaller than the gyration radius, i.e. at magnetic plasma boundaries, or if the plasma has sources and sinks in phase space, then nongyrotropic distribution functions occur. The stability of such plasma configurations is studied in the framework of linear dispersion theory. In an open plasma nongyrotropy drives unstable waves parallel and perpendicular to the background magnetic field, whereas in the gyrotropic limit the plasma is stable. In nonstationary plasmas nongyrotropy drives perpendicular unstable waves only. Temporal modulation couples a seed mode with its side lobes and thus it renders unstable wave growth more difficult. As an example of an inhomogeneous plasma a magnetic halfspace is discussed. In a layer with thickness of the thermal proton gyroradius a nongyrotropic distribution is formed which may excite unstable parallel and perpendicular propagating waves.     

Nongyrotropy in magnetoplasmas: simulation of wave excitation and phase-space diffusion

Nongyrotropic (gyrophase bunched) ion distributions in a magnetoplasma are studied by analytical methods and by two-dimensional hybrid code simulations. Nongyrotropy may not occur in a plasma being simultaneously homogeneous, stationary, and solenoidal in phase space. A detailed study is performed for a homogeneous and stationary plasma with sources and sinks in phase space. The analytical investigation cast in the framework of linearized Maxwell-Vlasov theory yields a coupling of low-frequency left-handed, right-handed, and longitudinal modes. Nongyrotropic ion distributions are unstable; they excite left-handed waves. The growth rate is comparable to that of the ion ring instability. The hybrid code simulation study confirms the expected propagation direction parallel to the background magnetic field. Three diffusion processes are studied: arc lengthening, arc broadening, and arc radius decreasing corresponding to particle energy diffusion. The characteristic diffusion time-scales are found to be of the order of 101 wave cycles.     

从高频垂测反射回波散射谱反演电离层不均匀结构方法初探

在背景各向异性不均匀的随机起伏电离层中高频电波散射理论的基础上,进行了不同漂移速度方向下高频垂测反射回波的相位和幅度功率谱的数值计算．结合理论分析,提出了根据非常波和寻常波的相位和幅度功率谱的谱线振荡形态以及变化趋势的分析来估计电离层不均匀体的谱结构以及漂移速度的大小及方向等参量的新方法．     

Surface Wave Group Velocity Tomography Imaging from Ambient Noise for Fujian Province and Its Adjacent Areas

Two-month continuous waveforms of 108 broadband seismic stations in Fujian Province and its adjacent areas are used to compute noise cross-correlation function (NCF). The signal quality of NCF is improved via the application of time-frequency phase weighted stacking. The Rayleigh and Love waves group velocities between 1s-20s are measured on the symmetrical component of the NCF with the multiple filter method. More than 5,000 Rayleigh wave dispersion curves and about 4,000 Love wave dispersion curves are obtained and used to invert for group velocity maps. This data set provides about 50km resolution that is demonstrated with checkerboard tests. Considering the off great circle effect in inhomogeneous medium, the ray path is traced based on the travel time field computed with a finite difference method. The inverted group velocity maps show good correlation with the geological features in the upper and middle crust. The Fuzhou basin and Zhangzhou basin showed low velocity on the short period group velocity maps. On the long period group velocity maps, the low velocity anomaly in the high heat flow region near Zhangzhou and clear velocity contrast across the Zhenghe-Dapu faults, which suggests that the Zhenghe-Dapu fault might be a deep fault.     

S-wave velocity and Poisson''''s ratio structure of crust in Yunnan and its implication

Receiver function of body wave under the 23 stations in Yunnan was extracted from 3-component broadband digital recording of teleseismic event. Thus, the S-wave velocity structure and distribution characteristics of Poisson's ratio in crust of Yunnan are obtained by inversion. The results show that the crustal thickness is gradually thinned from north to south. The crustal thickness in Zhongdian of northwest reaches as many as 62.0 km and the one in Jinghong of further south end is only 30.2 km. What should be especially noted is that there exists a Moho upheaval running in NS in the Chuxiong region and a Moho concave is generally parallel to it in Dongchuan. In addition, there exists an obvious transversal inhomogeneity for the S-wave velocity structure in upper mantle and crust in the Yunnan region. The low velocity layer exists not only in 10.0-15.0 km in upper crust in some regions, but also in 30.0-40.0 km in lower crust. Generally, the Poisson's ratio is on the high side, however it has a better co     

黏弹性EDA介质中地震波的衰减特性研究

本文首先由Christoffel方程推导出黏弹性EDA介质中均匀、 非均匀P波、 SV波和SH波的相速度表达式, 然后参照极端各向异性介质的相关计算方法, 推导出EDA介质中均匀、 非均匀地震波相衰减系数和群衰减系数的表达式, 并通过数值计算分析了相速度、 相衰减系数、 群衰减系数与裂隙方位的关系. 结果表明: 均匀介质中SH波的相速度和相衰减系数均可指示裂隙的走向; 非均匀介质中SH波相衰减系数随非均匀角的增大而增大, 且其对称轴与介质对称轴的夹角也相应增加; 由于地震波振幅的衰减随岩石物理性质的变化比地震波速度的变化更为灵敏, 而且携带了更多的岩石物理性质信息, 因此可用来探明裂隙走向、 密度及含水特性, 进而应用于预测、 预防地下工程地质灾害事故.      

Analysis of high-frequency local coupling instability induced by multi-transmitting formula—P-SV wave simulation in a 2D waveguide

Local coupling instability will occur when the numerical scheme of absorbing boundary condition and that of the field wave equation allow energies to spontaneously enter into the computational domain. That is, the two schemes support common wave solutions with group velocity pointed into the computation domain. The key to eliminate local coupling instability is to avoid such wave solutions. For lumped-mass finite element simulation of P-SV wave motion in a 2D waveguide, an approach for stable implementation of high order multi-transmitting formula is provided. With a uniform rectangular mesh, it is proven and validated that high-frequency local coupling instability can be eliminated by setting the ratio of the element size equal to or greater than \(\sqrt 2 \) times the ratio of the P wave velocity to the S wave velocity. These results can be valuable for dealing instability problems induced by other absorbing boundary conditions.     

速度光滑对反射地震信号的影响分析

光滑处理使得单界面成为非均匀薄层,界面反射转变为层反射.为了探讨光滑处理的影响,以平面波作为入射波场,首先利用过渡层反射系数推导了反射信号的理论公式,然后就非均匀薄层下反射系数的计算问题,给出了具体的实现算法,并通过与经典Epstein过渡层反射系数解析结果的对比说明了算法的精度.最后在单界面及其被光滑后界面的对比分析中,得出了几点重要结论：随着光滑次数的增加,反射信号的到时基本保持不变,而反射信号的主频与能量呈减少趋势,其中信号能量在低光滑次数的衰减速率明显大于高光滑次数.     

电子束流激发的电子声波数值模拟

通过一维静电粒子模拟程序研究了电子束流不稳定性,其中束流电子的温度远大于背景电子的温度.结果发现,所激发的波动主要是电子声波,波动的演化经历了线性增长和非线性饱和两个阶段.在非线性饱和阶段,由于电子声波相速度随频率是变化的,它可以通过非线性相互作用将背景比较冷的电子加速到很高的能量.此外,还研究了束流电子的温度、束流电子和背景电子的相对密度以及束流电子的漂移速度对电子束流不稳定性的影响.     

横向非均匀介质多道瑞雷波频散曲线正演

作为近地表横波速度结构成像的主要手段之一,面波多道分析法的正问题研究对现场观测系统设计及后续反演计算具有重要意义.目前面波频散曲线的正演主要分为两类:一是对水平层状介质中面波的本征值问题进行求解,该类方法计算效率高但较难考虑地下介质在横向上的不均匀性;二是基于波动方程的全波场模拟,该类方法在理论上可考虑任意复杂的地质模型但计算成本相对较高.本文基于振幅归一化加权的聚束分析,提出了一种适用于横向非均匀介质模型的多道瑞雷波频散曲线正演方法.首先,基于聚束分析的计算公式推导得到了经振幅归一化加权后输出功率谱中相速度与局部相速度之间的关系,然后通过黄金分割极值搜索算法计算得到了多道瑞雷波数据的理论频散曲线.数值分析结果表明,该算法能够快速地实现横向非均匀介质中多道瑞雷波频散曲线的正演计算,所求取的频散曲线与采用二维弹性波时间域有限差分模拟分析得到的结果误差较小,这在一定程度上说明了该计算方法的可靠性,从而可为面波多道分析法中的观测系统快速优化设计以及横向非均匀介质中频散曲线的反演解释提供理论支撑.     

Oblique wave scattering by undulating porous bottom in a two-layer fluid: Fourier transform approach

The problem involving scattering of oblique waves by small undulation on the porous ocean bed in a two-layer fluid is investigated within the framework of linearised theory of water waves where the upper layer is free to the atmosphere. In such a two-layer fluid, there exist waves with two different wave numbers (modes): wave with lower wave number propagates along the free surface whilst that with higher wave number propagates along the interface. When an oblique incident wave of a particular mode encounters the undulating bottom, it gets reflected and transmitted into waves of both modes so that some of the wave energy transferred from one mode to another mode. Perturbation analysis in conjunction with Fourier transform technique is used to derive the first-order corrections of velocity potentials, reflection and transmission coefficients at both modes due to oblique incident waves of both modes. One special type of undulating bottom topography is considered as an example to evaluate the related coefficients in detail. These coefficients are shown in graphical forms to demonstrate the transformation of water wave energy between the two modes. Comparisons between the present results with those in the literature are made for particular cases and the agreements are found to be satisfactory. In addition, energy identity, an important relation in the study of water wave theory, is derived with the help of the Green’s integral theorem.