Centrifuge modelling of inclined micro-piles for liquefaction remediation of existing buildings

This paper describes four centrifuge tests investigating the performance of non-structural inclined micro-piles as a liquefaction remediation method for existing buildings. Two soil profiles with the same superstructure founded on each were tested under earthquakes of different magnitudes and durations. The first profile consisted of a deep, homogeneous layer of loose, liquefiable sand. The second comprised a shallow layer of loose sand overlying dense sand. Centrifuge tests were carried out with and without inclined micro-piles in each soil profile. The superstructure was modelled as an idealised single degree of freedom (SDOF) system. It is found that the micro-piles have no detrimental effect on the performance of the structure during and after earthquakes. It is also possible that their presence may decrease structural settlements in earthquakes which cause liquefaction to a depth less than that of the improved zone. However, no conclusive evidence is obtained to show that the micro-piles significantly restrain lateral soil movement due to monotonic shearing from the structure or impede the migration of excess pore pressures from the free field to the foundation zone. Both these processes have critical effects on structural settlement. The use of inclined micro-piles for liquefaction remediation should therefore be considered with caution.     

沉箱加桩复合基础地震响应离心试验

针对沉箱加桩复合基础地震响应问题开展动力离心试验研究。采用砂质粉土作为地基土,上部结构简化为质点和柱体,基础类型包括单桩、沉箱、沉箱加桩复合基础,利用层状剪切模型箱消除边界反射,以上海人工中波为输入波,在50 g离心加速度场下进行水平地震试验。根据基础形式的不同进行3组试验,试验结果表明：对于刚度较小的土,地震波向上传播过程中具有加速度衰减的特征;沉箱底部加桩对于降低基础和结构地震响应有积极的效果,有利于增强其抗震能力;地表、基础、结构的地震响应频率特性各不相同,这取决于其各自不同的自振特性;土与基础、基础与结构之间均会发生地震相互作用,但只有与相互作用对象自振频率均较接近的地震频域分量才能引起明显的相互作用。     

地下结构抗震设计的改进等效反应加速度法

对地下结构横向抗震分析中的等效反应加速度法进行综合分析。结合算例,以动力时程法为基准,全面评价了等效反应加速度法的适用性;进而深入分析其误差来源,并做针对性改进优化,通过引入动力响应调整系数β,提出了一种改进等效反应加速度法;结合算例分析,评价了改进等效反应加速度法对不同工况的适用性。结果表明:等效反应加速度法计算所得结构内力及变形均偏小;且计算精度随地层剪切波速的增大整体呈上升趋势,但几乎不受结构埋深的影响;同时,明确了等效反应加速度法的误差源自于其忽略了地下结构对其周围土体动力响应的干扰作用,改进优化后提出了改进等效反应加速度法;相比现有等效反应加速度法,改进等效反应加速度法具有更广泛的适用性及更优的计算精度,可为地下结构抗震设计和分析提供新的计算方法。     

An application of cokriging for estimation of tripartite earthquake response spectra

A tripartite earthquake response spectrum exhibits peak values of acceleration, velocity, and displacement in concert, each as a function of natural frequency of vibration. Because cokriging is a regionalized variable technique for multiple variable estimation, it was employed to jointly estimate peak values of acceleration, velocity, and displacement through a frequency discretization process. The objective of this application was to develop a technique for estimation of response spectra at uninstrumented locations. Because magnitudes of the three response variables differed, these data were normalized prior to cokriging. This process simply involved dividing each type of variable by its maximum value for a given frequency; hence, values of each type of variable ranged between zero and one. This allowed better accuracy in developing cross-variograms. Cokriging proved to be an efficient and accurate technique to use for the estimation of tripartite response spectra.     

近远震作用下黄土滑坡动力响应与变形——以甘肃天水震区黎坪村滑坡为例

中国黄土高原区地震滑坡灾害效应重、潜在风险高,地震滑坡响应和变形机理是研究热点之一。以天水震区黎坪村大型黄土滑坡为例,采用标准正弦波探讨了近远震地震动要素对滑坡动力响应的影响特征,采用汶川远震和岷县近震地震动时程记录反演了滑坡实际变形特征。结果显示,测点PGA放大系数随振幅的变化规律与坡体位置有关,测点PGA放大系数在坡体位置大于0.75倍坡高时,随振幅的增加而减小;当小于0.75倍坡高时,随振幅的增加而显著增强;测点PGA放大系数与频率变化呈负相关性,即随着频率的增加而减小。坡体变形与振幅和持时变化呈正相关性,即测点最大水平和竖直位移随着振幅和持时增加而增加,滑坡急剧变形的临界幅值约为0.05 g;坡体变形与频率变化呈负相关性,坡体测点最大水平和竖直位移随频率变大呈下降趋势,滑坡急剧变形临界频率约为5 Hz;对比分析显示,振幅对坡体失稳的影响程度大于频率的影响程度。相比岷县近震,坡体主滑体滑动与汶川远震产生的高幅值、低频率及长持时的地震波作用密不可分,表明在地震滑坡稳定性研究时,如果忽视远场强震影响,可能导致潜在安全风险。关于近震和远震作用下滑坡动力响应及其变形差异研究方法对地震滑坡稳定性分析研究具有借鉴意义。     

Stochastic finite element methods for the seismic response of soils

Some of the available stochastic finite element methods are adapted and evaluated for the analyses of response of soils with uncertain properties subjected to earthquake induced random ground motion. In this study, the dynamic response of a soil mass, with finite element discretization, is formulated in the frequency domain. The spectral density function of the response variables are obtained from which the evaluation of the root-mean-squared and the most probable extreme values of the response are made. The material non-linearities are incorporated by using strain compatible moduli and damping of soils using an equivalent linear model for stress–strain behaviour of soils and an iterative solution of the response. The spatial variability of the shear modulus is described through a random field model and the earthquake included motion is treated as a stochastic process. The available formulations of direct Monte-Carlo simulation, first-order perturbation method, a spectral decomposition method with Neumann expansion and a spectral decomposition method with Polynomial Chaos are used to develop stochastic finite element analyses of the seismic response of soils. The numerical results from these approaches are compared with respect to their accuracy and computational efficiency. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

复杂断面地下结构地震反应分析的广义反应位移法研究

针对我国现行《城市轨道交通结构抗震设计规范》(GB50909-2014)推荐采用的地下结构抗震分析的反应位移法存在一定的局限性,在借鉴反应位移法基本原理的基础上,提出一种适用于复杂断面地下结构地震反应分析的广义反应位移法。首先,基于子结构方法从理论上论证该方法与反应位移法基本原理的一致性,详细介绍了该方法的力学模型和实施步骤;其次,结合某马蹄形断面的区间隧道实际工程,并以整体动力时程分析方法为基准,分析了不同地震动强度工况下,两种不同广义子结构选取范围的广义反应位移法的计算效果。结果表明,提出的广义反应位移法是一个操作简便、精度较高、实用性较强的简化分析方法,可以在各种断面形式的地下结构的抗震分析与设计中推广使用。     

Validation of a three‐dimensional constitutive model for nonlinear site response and soil‐structure interaction analyses using centrifuge test data

The capability of a bounding surface plasticity model with a vanishing elastic region to capture the multiaxial dynamic hysteretic responses of soil deposits under broadband (eg, earthquake) excitations is explored by using data from centrifuge tests. The said model was proposed by Borja and Amies in 1994 (J. Geotech. Eng., 120, 6, 1051‐1070), which is theoretically capable of representing nonlinear soil behavior in a multiaxial setting. This is an important capability that is required for exploring and quantifying site topography, soil stratigraphy, and kinematic effects in ground motion and soil‐structure interaction analyses. Results obtained herein indicate that the model can accurately predict key response data recorded during centrifuge tests on embedded specimens—including soil pressures and bending strains for structural walls, structures' racking displacements, and surface settlements—under both low‐ and high‐amplitude seismic input motions, which was achieved after performing only a basic material parameter calibration procedure. Comparisons are also made with results obtained using equivalent linear models and a well‐known pressure‐dependent multisurface plasticity model, which suggested that the present model is generally more accurate. The numerical convergence behavior of the model in nonlinear equilibrium iterations is also explored for a variety of numerical implementation and model parameter options. To facilitate broader use by researchers and practicing engineers alike, the model is implemented as a “user material” in ABAQUS Standard for implicit time stepping.     

深厚饱和软土场地中透镜体对上部结构地震响应的影响

工程场地中透镜体对地震动具有明显的影响,且饱和场地与相应干土场地的地震响应具有明显的差别,而目前对于深厚饱和软土场地中透镜体对地震响应的影响还鲜有研究。采用有限元-间接边界元耦合法,建立饱和场地中非线性土-结构动力相互作用模型,对深厚饱和软土场地中透镜体的宽度、厚度和埋深对上部结构动力响应的影响进行了系统地分析,并着重讨论了土骨架-孔隙水耦合作用的影响。研究表明,深厚饱和软土场地中的透镜体可能会明显改变上部结构的动力响应;透镜体的宽度、厚度和埋深对上部结构动力响应有不同程度的影响,且与干土场地中规律存在明显差异;土骨架-孔隙水耦合作用对上部结构动力响应的影响显著。     

瑞利阻尼系数确定方法对高土石坝地震反应的影响研究

土石坝地震反应分析中,瑞利阻尼系数在很大程度上影响计算的精度。改进了阻尼系数的确定方法,采用不同阻尼系数对土石坝进行了时域动力分析,并与频域计算结果进行了比较。结果表明：当坝高超过100 m后,采用结构基频确定瑞利阻尼系数的方法高估了结构的阻尼,导致结构的动力反应偏小;改进后的方法能较好地反映结构的阻尼特性。通过对拟建的双江口直心墙土石坝进行动力分析,进一步验证了改进阻尼系数确定方法的合理性。     

场地地震安全性评价中确定设计地震动参数若干问题研究

本文研究确定设计地震动参数中涉及的若干问题,其中包括基岩水平加速度反应谱衰减关系的选择、震源深度对基岩水平加速度峰值及基岩反应谱曲线的影响、强度包络线函数及输入随机相位的选择、土体非线性特性参数和土层剪切波速值的选择、设计地震动反应谱的标定等问题。本文基于一个典型场地计算剖面,采用一维等效线性化模型并通过逐项变换某些研究参数的方法,研究了各种因素对设计地震动参数可能产生的影响及存在的误差和相应的规律。     

重大地质灾害应急响应技术支撑体系研究

地质灾害应急响应是一种涉及因素多、技术含量高、时间要求紧、工作任务重和社会影响大的危机事件管理行为,也是一种跨阶段、高要求、大集成、快反应和求实效的非常规防灾减灾行动。针对重大地质灾害的应急响应,为了探索减小地质风险和在风险下生存的途径,必须创建一个有灾害意识、有充分准备的政府或社区应急管理技术支撑体系。技术体系包括人才团队、技术装备、理论方法等方面。人才团队要求科学技术素养深厚,工作高效实用;技术装备要求简单、快速并有效;理论方法追求支撑防灾减灾决策的"满意解"或"有用解"。技术支撑具体针对地质灾害"险情应急"和"灾情应急"2种类型,前者突出预测预警与应急处置的防灾方法,后者重在成因分析与减灾行动。工作程序上划分为响应启动、调查评价、监测预警、会商定性、防控论证、决策指挥、实施检验和总结完善8个阶段。技术路线包括地质环境信息获取、分析研判、预测预警、模拟仿真、技术方案论证、风险评估与决策支持6个步骤。为了促进地质灾害应急响应从经验走向科学,从感性判断走向理性量化,尽快提升和加强对重大地质灾害应急管理的技术支撑能力,立足于国家层面的决策需求初步提出了重大地质灾害应急响应的科学技术工作框架体系。     

重大地质灾害应急响应技术支撑体系研究

地质灾害应急响应是一种涉及因素多、技术含量高、时间要求紧、工作任务重和社会影响大的危机事件管理行为,也是一种跨阶段、高要求、大集成、快反应和求实效的非常规防灾减灾行动。针对重大地质灾害的应急响应,为了探索减小地质风险和在风险下生存的途径,必须创建一个有灾害意识、有充分准备的政府或社区应急管理技术支撑体系。技术体系包括人才团队、技术装备、理论方法等方面。人才团队要求科学技术素养深厚,工作高效实用;技术装备要求简单、快速并有效;理论方法追求支撑防灾减灾决策的“满意解”或“有用解”。技术支撑具体针对地质灾害“险情应急”和“灾情应急”2种类型,前者突出预测预警与应急处置的防灾方法,后者重在成因分析与减灾行动。工作程序上划分为响应启动、调查评价、监测预警、会商定性、防控论证、决策指挥、实施检验和总结完善8个阶段。技术路线包括地质环境信息获取、分析研判、预测预警、模拟仿真、技术方案论证、风险评估与决策支持6个步骤。为了促进地质灾害应急响应从经验走向科学,从感性判断走向理性量化,尽快提升和加强对重大地质灾害应急管理的技术支撑能力,立足于国家层面的决策需求初步提出了重大地质灾害应急响应的科学技术工作框架体系。     

Boundary setting method for the seismic dynamic response analysis of engineering rock mass structures using the discontinuous deformation analysis method

Large deformations and discontinuous problems can be calculated using the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) method by solving time steps, and this method is suitable for simulating the seismic dynamic response of engineering rock mass structures. However, the boundary setting must be carefully analyzed. In this paper, four boundary settings for the DDA method are investigated. First, the contributions to the DDA equations for nonreflecting boundaries (including the viscous boundary and the viscoelastic boundary) are deduced based on the Newmark method. Second, a free‐field boundary is introduced in the DDA method with boundary grid generation and coupling calculation algorithms to accurately simulate external source wave motion, such as earthquakes. Third, seismic input boundary treatments are intensively examined, and the force input method is introduced based on nonreflecting boundaries. Finally, the static‐dynamic unified boundary is implemented to ensure consistent boundary transformation. The boundary setting method in the DDA method is discussed, and the suggested treatments are used to analyze the seismic dynamic response of underground caverns. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究——Ⅰ颗粒非恒定运动数学模型及其数值方法

流体激光测速的精度与示踪粒子的跟随特性即流体中异质粒子的非恒定运动特性密切相关。首先对粒子非恒定运动方程进行了探讨,着重考虑了在高颗粒雷诺数时该方程的修正问题,简要分析了该方程的数学属性,并构造了这类方程的数值计算方法。分析表明,高颗粒雷诺数下的粒子非恒定运动方程为非线性奇异积分方程,而当颗粒雷诺数小于1时,则线性化为第二类渥尔特拉(Volterra)积分方程。以几种均匀流中球形小颗粒的非恒定运动为算例,计算结果与其解析解及有关实验数据的比较表明,数值方法具有良好的计算精度。     

煤层脉动水力压裂动静态响应数值模型及求解

煤层脉动水力压裂是一项大范围提高煤层渗透率的新技术,但针对脉动应力波在实际地层的传播、扰动规律研究较少。采用交错网格数高阶有限差分法,结合完全匹配层和准静态围压加载两种边界条件,建立了含围压无限大弹性地层脉动水力压裂动静态响应数值模型,并研究了不同加载方式、频率、振幅、围压条件下煤层最小主应力峰值分布规律。研究表明：由于应力波传播及干涉效应,相同围压、振幅条件下脉动压裂增透扰动区域远大于准静态压裂;煤层增透面积随震源频率和振幅的增加而增大,振幅需要克服由围压控制的启动压力才能产生增透区;增透面积与地层主应力成反相关且最小主应力起主导作用,其由3.5 MPa下降至2.0 MPa时,增透面积最高可提升600%。模型可模拟准静态和脉动加载下煤层的力学响应,其结果可为优化脉动水力压裂工艺参数提供指导。     

初论岩浆热液成矿系统控岩控矿构造深延格局研究方法

热液矿床深部控岩控矿构造展布格局与深部矿床(体)空间定位格局等关键问题一直是制约深部勘查部署和实现找矿突破的焦点和难点。在阐述岩浆热液成矿系统矿田(床)控岩控矿构造深延格局主要研究方法的基础上,基于成矿构造体系控制多金属成矿系统、物化探异常信息系统映射多金属成矿系统的研究思路,以湘南地区黄沙坪—宝山铜锡多金属矿田(简称坪宝矿田)为例,构建了控岩控矿构造深延格局、指示控矿构造深延的综合指标评价体系研究的方法框架。据此,通过坪宝矿田控岩控矿构造解析与斑岩型热液成矿系统矿化蚀变分带等综合研究,提出了矿田内黄沙坪、宝山两个典型矿床控岩控矿构造深延格局及深部找矿有利构造部位,为该矿田(床)深部勘查部署和找矿预测提供了新思路和新方法。该方法无疑对深化其他热液成矿系统构造控岩控矿理论及有效开展深部找矿勘查均具有借鉴意义。