可控冲击矛模拟试验

改进了可控冲击矛试验设备、试验方案，在提高测量精度的基础上进行了试验，获得了大量数据。利用计算机并运用最小二乘法对各数据点进行拟合处理，得出了可控冲击矛钻进轨迹和轨迹偏移的规律。     

非开挖可控冲击矛轨迹变化的试验研究

冲击矛技术作为非开挖技术的一个重要手段,由于其自身所具有的一些优势而被广泛采用。但是,冲击矛从其形成产品到现在,在施工时方向是不可控的,而可控冲击矛目前国内外还没有成形产品。欲使冲击矛的钻进方向可控,可以改变冲击矛的方向,使钻头轴线与冲击器轴线存在一定夹角是一个有效的办法。影响可控冲击矛轨迹变化的因素很多,由于目前没有成形冲击矛,因此,制做可控冲击矛的模型来进行模拟试验。通过试验去发现可控冲击矛轨迹的曲率半径变化与上述各种影响因素之间的关系,并通过建立数学模型来说明。     

水平冲击矛钻进轨迹理论分析

本文首先对被研究对象水平冲击予及土体做了若干假设，并在此基础上建立起力学模型，然后找出研究对象所有受力并对它们进行分析，简化，最后从力学角度对水平冲击矛钻进轨迹进行了分析。     

三重复式软岩取心钻具

首先对被研究对象－冲击矛及土体作出若干假设，并在此基础上建立力学模型，然后找出研究对象的所有受力并对它们进行分析、简化，最后从运动学角度对可控冲击矛偏转机理进行了分析。     

可控土层挤密非开挖管线铺设方法及应用

介绍了4种方向可控的土层挤密式非开挖管线铺设方法：可控冲击矛挤密工法、可控冲击矛水平钻进技术、先导式土层挤密施工技术和土层挤密式微型隧道施工技术。同时，还对各种施工方法的使用条件和应用情况作了简要论述。     

地面跟踪导航系统在KCM-130Ⅱ型可控冲击矛中应用的初步研究

将Subsite750定向钻进导航系统应用到KCM-130Ⅱ型可控冲击矛中,实现了对冲击矛地下位置和矛头偏转状态的实时监控。由于KCM-130Ⅱ型可控冲击矛矛头控向机构的特殊性,导航仪钟面显示与矛头的偏转角和转动角之间并不是简单的一一对应关系。为此,结合工程实际中矛头偏转方向的调整过程,对如何由导航仪钟面显示来确定矛头的偏转角和转动角进行了研究,并给出了它们之间的关系和具体操作办法。     

微型隧道铺管技术的现状和将来

本文详细介绍了各种非开挖管线施工技术的发展和趋势，包括可控的不可控制铺管方法，可控的方法有：定向或导向钻进法、水平螺旋钻进法、微型隧道法；不可控的方法有：气动矛法、夯管法水平顶杆法等。     

非开挖可控冲击矛用传扭胶管的研究设计

在试验基础上，分析了现有多种胶管的传扭能力，并参考国外胶管的结构，从而研究设计出传扭胶管，应用于非开挖可控冲击矛。     

基于侵彻力学理论的非开挖钻进方法的初步研究

将军事领域中钻地导弹与电磁炮弹的有关研究,与非开挖工程领域相结合,提出了极限冲击矛施工法这一概念,并基于侵彻力学理论对极限冲击矛作了初步的研究,包括装备结构,工作原理及公式推导,该方法新颖独特,研究意义很大。     

砂卵石层旋冲挤密钻进机具研究与应用

针对松散地层自稳能力差,因钻孔掉块、缩径等引起提钻遇卡的问题,设计了PDH-130型新型双向旋冲挤密钻具,利用浮动芯管改变活塞配气行程,实现正向冲击回转挤密钻进及提钻时的反冲击功能。根据现场试验情况,对双向冲击矛结构进行了改进,以满足砂土、砂卵石等复杂地层旋冲挤密钻进施工要求。     

Rates of zinc and trace metal release from dissolving sphalerite at pH 2.0–4.0

High-Fe and low-Fe sphalerite samples were reacted under controlled pH conditions to determine nonoxidative rates of release of Zn and trace metals from the solid-phase. The release (solubilization) of trace metals from dissolving sphalerite to the aqueous phase can be characterized by a kinetic distribution coefficient, (D_tr), which is defined as [(R_tr/X(tr)_Sph)/(R_Zn/X(Zn)_Sph)], where R is the trace metal or Zn release rate, and X is the mole fraction of the trace metal or Zn in sphalerite. This coefficient describes the relationship of the sphalerite dissolution rate to the trace metal mole fraction in the solid and its aqueous concentration. The distribution was used to determine some controls on metal release during the dissolution of sphalerite. Departures from the ideal D_tr of 1.0 suggest that some trace metals may be released via different pathways or that other processes (e.g., adsorption, solubility of trace minerals such as galena) affect the observed concentration of metals.     

Thermal metamorphism of primitive meteorites—I. Variation of six trace elements in Allende carbonaceous chondrite heated at 400–1000°C

Determination by neutron activation of 6 trace elements retained in Allende (C3) samples heated at 400–1000°C for 1 week in a low-pressure (initially ~10^?5 atm H₂) atmosphere reveals loss of small proportions of Ga and Se and large proportions of Bi, In and Tl-Co being unaffected. The retentivity patterns for the 5 volatile elements differ and in no way duplicate a step-function. In contrast to these trace elements, sulfur is initially present in discrete mineral(s) and visually it appears to be released over a narrow temperature range. Elements are lost more easily from powder than from chips but the difference is ≤35 per cent. Above 600°C, the process of loss appears due to process(es) with apparent activation energies of 2 kcal/mole (Bi, Tl), 4 kcal/mole (Se) and 22 kcal/mole (In). Loss of Bi, Se and Tl below 600°C involves higher apparent activation energies. Two-element correlation diagrams involving Bi, In and Tl are consistent with the idea that trends among highly-volatile elements in enstatite chondrites arise from metamorphism.     

The effect of water,pressure, and strain on Al/Si order-disorder kinetics in feldspar

The disordering kinetics of Al/Si in albite depend on how the samples are dried, and thus on the presence of trace amounts of water. The disordering rate increases with water content and confining pressure. At 10 kb the activation energy is about 67 kcal/mole compared to about 87 kcal/mole for samples disordered in air. Simultaneous plastic deformation increases the disordering rate and the effect is most pronounced below 900° C at 10^?6/s. Some albite ordering and microcline disordering experiments show similar kinetic behavior. These results are significant for interpreting the structural state and the high-temperature deformation of feldspars.     

Henry’s and non-Henry’s law behavior of Br in simple marine systems

Experimental studies for the partitioning of Br as a trace element between aqueous and solid solutions were carried out in simple marine systems. The evaporation experiments were performed at 25°C and 1 atm in the systems of halite (NaCl), sylvite (KCl), kainite (KMgClSO₄ · 2.75H₂O), carnallite (KMgCl₃ · 6H₂O), and bischofite (MgCl₂ · 6H₂O). The partition coefficients for the systems investigated are constant only at a restricted concentration range. For concentrations lower than 100 to 300 μg Br/g aqueous solutions, D_Br increases with decreasing concentrations. Various evaporation experiments indicate that this observation is not due to kinetic effects (evaporation rates). To find a link between the partition coefficient and the Henry’s law behavior, the activity coefficients of the trace components in the solid solutions were recalculated from the experimentally derived data. It can be shown from these calculations that constant activity coefficients or Henry’s law behavior is reached for higher mole fractions of the trace component in the solid solution in halite and sylvite and thus correspond to constant partition coefficients. For bischofite and carnallite, Henry’s law behavior is restricted to the lower mole fractions, where D_Br is not constant. This behavior is caused by the activity of the trace component in the aqueous solution, which is powered by the stoichiometric factor of this component in the Br-end-member solid solution. For halite, sylvite, and kainite, this factor equals 1 and is 2 for bischofite and 3 for carnallite. However, it is thus impossible to correlate Henry’s law behavior with constant partition coefficients for solid solution systems where the stoichiometric factor of the trace component is greater than 1.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部上三叠统延长组物源方向分析与三角洲沉积体系

首次利用稀土元素和微量化学元素,分析鄂尔多斯盆地中部上三叠统延长组母岩类型和物源方向。研究表明盆地中部延长组砂岩和泥岩的稀土元素地球化学特征、REE分配模式及微量化学元素蜘蛛图解相同,表现为轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损,铕、铈元素亏损;REE分配模式均呈“右倾斜、LREE富集、HREE平坦”型;微量化学元素蜘蛛图解具“四峰三谷一平台”型,曲线呈阶梯状分布;砂岩和泥岩的地球化学特征、REE分配模式及微量化学元素蜘蛛图解与盆地东北缘的太古代、元古代变质岩相一致,而与火成岩的重稀土富集、轻稀土亏损、“V”字型REE分配模式和“三峰两谷”型、曲线呈“W”字型分布的蜘蛛图解的特征有显著的差别。说明延长组母岩是盆地东北缘的太古代、元古代变质岩,主要物源方向为北东向。依据物源方向、沉积环境、砂岩岩石学特征、砂岩稀土元素和微量化学元素的地球化学特征,将鄂尔多斯盆地中部上三叠统延长组沉积划分为两大三角洲沉积体系,即北东向的安塞三角洲沉积体系、志靖三角洲沉积体系、安边三角洲沉积体系和北西向的盐定三角洲沉积体系。在三角洲沉积体系划分的基础上,详细阐述了不同三角洲沉积体系的岩石学特征、稀土元素和微量化学元素的地球化学特征及延长组长6-长2期三角洲沉积体系的演化过程。     

煤层气井压裂曲线和储层污染程度的响应关系

为了研究压裂曲线与储层污染程度的响应关系,以沁水盆地柿庄区块为例,在区块内选取储层敏感性强弱不同的井,通过比较各井压裂施工曲线中油压曲线到达破裂压力后下降行迹特征的差异,总结出油压曲线下降行迹与储层敏感性的响应规律。然后在同一区块内根据油压曲线下降行迹判定几口井的储层敏感性,根据储层渗透率损害比模型计算出几口井开发煤层段的储层渗透率损害比。结果发现,预测出的储层敏感性强井具有较高的储层渗透率损害比,储层受到严重污染;储层敏感性弱井储层受到轻度污染。研究表明油压曲线到达破裂压力点后的下降行迹能够反映储层污染程度,可以为后期工程开发提供依据。      

重庆羊子洞MIS5a/MIS4转换时期石笋微量元素记录及其气候意义

利用重庆丰都羊子洞石笋Y02 ICP-MS测年数据、微量元素数据和石笋氧同位素数据重建了三峡库区76~69 ka B.P.时段的古气候环境信息。将石笋Y02测试数据与太阳辐射曲线、格陵兰NGRIP冰芯和南海海表温度进行对比分析,结果显示石笋Mg/Ca主要响应降水变化,而Sr/Ca、Ba/Ca和U/Ca更多地响应地表土壤状况和当地大气粉尘活动,间接响应降水变化;石笋Y02 δ18O记录出现偏重的趋势比微量元素比值增大时间晚1 ka多,表明石笋微量元素比值可能还受到温度影响。     

The Trace Elements are Bounded by Organic Functional Groups in Coal: A Studying Result Based on FTIR Analysis

The relationship between trace elements in coal and organic functional groups of coal,also some of aromatic structure,was investigated by using curve fitting of infrared spectra.Cluster analysis was also performed according to the degree of affinity of organic groups to the trace elements.The results show that there is a possibility that trace elements,especially LREE,were bound to peripheral organic functional groups of middle rank coal macromolecule.The most possible functional group that binds trace element is the hydroxyl,and to the less degree,the asymmetric-CH_3andCH_2 stretching,-CH_3 stretching,etc.The degree of affinity of trace elements to different functional groups varies.The tendency obeys the natural structural changing law of trace elements—the periodic law.The deviation of some trace elements from this regular trend is attributed to the deviation of intrinsic"confusion degree"(conventional molar entropy)of the matter system of coal basin,which is affected by the inner and outer factors during the evolution.     

甘肃南祁连党河南山中奥陶世火山岩的地球化学特征

甘肃南祁连褶皱带党河南山地区中奥陶世火山岩的岩石学和微量元素、稀土元素的地球化学等研究证明,本区火山岩由基性火山岩和中性火山岩组成。其中,基性火山岩分属碱性玄武岩系列和拉斑玄武岩系列;而中性火山岩为一套钙碱性安山岩,二者均具有低钾、高钠的特点。这些火山岩的稀上元素配分曲线均属于轻稀土富集型,(w(La)／W(Yb))_N=2.73～7777,(w(La)／w(Sm))_N=1.43～3.21,(w(Gd)／w(Yb))_N=1.01～1.92．明显地表现为轻稀土元素配分曲线陡倾,而重稀土元素配分曲线相对平坦的特征。微量元素配分曲线图表现为大离子亲石元素的富集和Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf及Ti不同程度的亏损。这些岩石学和地球化学的特征证明本区火山岩形成于岛弧环境。     

PbO-SiO2 melts: structure and thermodynamics of mixing

Thermodynamic properties of PbO-SiO₂ melts, obtained from published data and calculated from freezing point depressions, reflect the gradual polymerization of silicate anions in the melt as the $\text{SiO}{}_2\text{PbO}$ ratio is increased. The free energy of mixing curve at 1000°C has a minimum at 40 mole % SiO₂ and is convex-upward between 72 and 98 mole % SiO₂. The latter is an indication of metastable liquid immiscibility. The free energy minimum is correlated with the maximum in the distribution of nonbridging oxygens in the melt. In SiO₂-poor melts, the activities of PbO and SiO₂ (pure liquid standard states) show sharp negative deviations from ideality. The PbO activity reflects the paucity of free oxygen species in the melt whereas the SiO₂ activity reflects the depolymerized state of the silicate anions. In more SiO₂-rich melts, the activity of SiO₂ shows a positive deviation from ideality which is qualitatively correlated to a polymerization parameter. The heat of mixing term has a minimum of ?2000 cal at 35 mole % SiO₂ and a maximum of +200 cal at 90 mole % SiO₂. The minimum is associated with the exothermic heat effect obtained during the reaction (O⁰) + (O^2?) = 2(O^?), whereas the maximum corresponds to the endothermic heat effect obtained when coordination polyhedra of oxygens form around the Pb cation. The entropy of mixing curve has the same form but is systematically smaller than a theoretical curve calculated on the assumption of random mixing of oxygen species. The discrepancy is due to the entropy loss obtained by the clustering of oxygen species to form complex silicate species.