液化场地桥台地震破坏模式研究综述

桥台是连接桥梁和路堤的重要结构,在桥梁的整个结构中占据了极其重要的位置。桥台破坏不仅引起自身功能丧失,还可能引发落梁等震害,并最终导致桥梁垮塌。而位于液化场地中的桥台,地震对其影响非常严重。目前国内对桥台震害的研究与我国快速发展的桥梁建设相比仍然不足。在查阅了大量国内外文献资料的基础上,针对液化场地桥台地震破坏模式的研究现状进行深入分析,总结了目前关于液化场地桥台震害破坏原因及破坏模式影响因素等问题的研究成果,论述了目前研究中存在的问题及以后的研究方向,探讨了地震区桥台震害研究领域需要解决的问题。     

梁的约束对液化场地桥台震害模式的影响分析

为深入研究液化场地梁的约束对桥台震害模式的影响,首先在对唐山地震中胜利桥震害调查的基础上,采用有限元软件UWLC对该桥震害进行数值模拟分析,并将数值模拟结果与实际震害结果进行对比验证。研究结果表明:数值模拟结果与实际震害结果基本一致,说明采用UWLC软件进行震害数值模拟分析是可行的。然后对有、无桩基条件下梁的约束力和液化层厚度对桥台震害模式的影响分别进行数值模拟分析。研究结果表明:在地震作用下,桥梁发生落梁破坏后会导致桥台的滑移破坏更为严重。与无桩基的重力式桥台不同,桩基桥台的震害模式均表现为前倾式破坏,这主要是因为桩基础限制了桥台底部的水平移动。梁的约束力对桩基桥台震后残余位移的影响程度要明显小于无桩基桥台。对于重力式桥台,液化砂层对地震波的中高频段有一定滤波作用,反映出液化层的减震作用;而对于桩基桥台,由于桩-土-台身的相互作用,液化砂层的减震效果不明显。     

液化场地重力式桥台震害模式及地震响应研究

地震液化区的桥台震害是桥梁结构的一种重要震害形式。以1976年唐山地震中发生震害的胜利桥为例,采用UWLC软件对胜利桥震害进行了数值模拟分析。研究液化场地重力式桥台的震害模式与地震响应,并将数值模拟结果与实际震害结果进行了对比验证;研究了桥台顶端侧向约束力和桥台底部液化层厚度对桥台震害模式的影响,并对桥台的两种不同地基处理措施的抗震效果进行了分析。研究结果表明:数值模拟结果与实际震害结果基本一致;梁的约束力对桥台的震害模式影响较大,进行桥台震害分析应考虑梁的约束力作用;桥台底部液化层厚度对桥台的震害模式影响不大。     

饱和砂土液化特性的振动台试验研究

基于地震模拟振动台试验,配制3组不同平均粒径和3组不同细粒含量的6个砂土模型,通过埋置于砂土内部的传感器监测模型内部不同位置的超孔隙水压力等指标,分析砂土模型内部的超孔隙水压力时程曲线及孔压比时程曲线,归纳出地震波加载峰值、砂土平均粒径、细粒含量及埋置深度等因素对饱和砂土液化特性的影响规律。试验结果表明:随着地震波加载峰值的增大,砂土模型液化程度逐渐增大,液化势逐渐增大,抗液化强度逐渐减小;随着砂土埋置深度的增加,砂土细粒含量的增加,砂土平均粒径的增加,砂土模型液化程度逐渐减小,液化势逐渐减小,其抗液化强度逐渐增大。同时,试验结果还表明,砂土液化各影响因素对砂土液化的影响程度依次为地震波强度＞砂土埋置深度＞砂土平均粒径、细粒含量。试验结果可为后续数值模拟的参数选取提供支持,为研究其他因素对砂土液化的影响提供参考。     

遮帘式板桩码头地基地震液化破坏机理

遮帘式板桩码头作为一种新型的板桩结构型式,其抗震性能研究是设计建造过程中的重要环节。在FEM-FDM水土耦合计算的平台上引入循环弹塑性本构模型,借助FORTRAN编程软件形成饱和砂土动力液化分析的数值方法,可有效模拟饱和砂土在地震动力作用下的非线性及大变形特性,同时也可模拟砂土液化流动对遮帘桩和前墙的动土压力。研究表明:地震作用下可液化土层超孔隙水压力比增长并发生较大的水平流动变形,对前墙的水平破坏大于竖向破坏;前墙剪力最大值位于海床与前墙交界处;遮帘桩剪力最大值位移与前墙底平行的位置;后拉杆拉力逐渐变大,前拉杆拉力逐渐变小。通过对板桩码头地震液化灾害的分析,可为抗震和抗液化设计提供参考依据。     

含弱渗透性覆盖层饱和砂土地震液化特性研究

针对含弱渗透性覆盖层的饱和砂土地基进行一组离心机振动台试验,并采用OpenSees对试验模型进行数值模拟。通过模型试验与数值模拟结果对比讨论OpenSees对于饱和砂土地基地震液化模拟的精度;采用水平方向的Arias强度表示传入某一位置的地震动强度,并以液化时水平方向Arias强度作为该土层的抗液化强度;采用OpenSees计算不同地震动输入时饱和砂土的反应,以此检验Arias强度作为抗液化强度的准确性。结果表明,引起饱和砂土液化所需要的地震动强度随深度增加而增加;当传入的地震强度达到砂土发生液化所需要的地震强度时,该层砂土将会发生液化。     

砂土液化引起大位移对地下管道影响的非线性分析

地下管线是生命线工程的主要部分,已经成为现代工农业生产和城镇生活的大动脉。已有震害调查表明,饱和砂土液化引起的地基大变形(侧向变形和沉降)是导致强震区生命线工程震害的主要原因。采用三维非线性有限差分分析方法来研究砂土液化引起的大位移对地下管道的破坏特征,分析砂土液化的斜坡变形特征、孔隙水的演化过程。结果表明,砂土液化引起的大位移对地下管道有破坏作用,导致管道变形规律与其斜坡的位移规律相同,地下管线的变形随着振动频率和幅值的增加其非线性增大。     

高原地区路基地震液化数值模拟研究

在青海玉树地震之后,有大量路基出现由于液化而导致的病害问题。以青海S308线结古—曲麻莱段公路路基变形为例,通过FLAC3D数值模拟软件还原该路基在地震中的变形破坏过程,得出如下结论:(1)无地下水情况下,边坡出现明显塑性屈服的振动强度是0.6g,塑性屈服首先发生在填土厚度较薄的路基两端。(2)若砂土完全饱水,随振幅的增加,饱和砂土层液化趋势逐渐增强。振幅小于0.3g时砂土层没有液化。振幅为0.4g时5s以后砂土层出现液化;振幅大于0.5g以后,从振动的开始就出现了液化。(3)下伏饱和砂土的路基动力破坏机理为:饱和砂土层近地表处屈服屈服区在饱和砂土层中向中部扩展饱和砂土层屈服贯通饱和砂土层完全屈服填土后部首先破坏填土破坏区在填土-砂土界面向下扩展填土后部地表屈服开裂破坏区在填土内扩展。至最终破坏时,填土中后部大范围开裂屈服,但填土前部依然保持完整。     

砂土地震液化后大位移室内试验研究探讨

砂土地震液化引起的地面大位移会对结构产生灾难性的破坏，这已引起了人们的重视，但对其进行研究时间较短。作者在大量阅读有关资料的基础上，详细介绍了液化后地面大位移研究的室内试验设备、试验方法、试样的制备、试验的主要规律及国内的研究现状，并对试验技术和结果进行了探讨，指出以室内试验为基础提出液化后的本构模型及实用计算方法是今后工作的重点。     

基于OpenSees的砂土本构模型对比研究

饱和砂土液化是由地震引起的一种最常见的工程地质现象,也是造成重大地震灾害的主要原因之一。由于成因的复杂性和所造成灾害的严重性,饱和砂土液化一直是土动力学和岩土地震工程研究领域的重要课题。针对饱和砂土液化问题,基于开源地震工程数值计算平台OpenSees,对材料库中的4种砂土本构模型进行数值计算。采用二维u-p单元模拟土颗粒位移和孔隙水压力,分析和对比4种模型在循环动力荷载作用下的加速度、超孔隙水压力、位移、剪应力-剪应变和平均有效应力路径方面的响应结果。研究结果表明:(1)砂土对输入加速度表现出一定的放大效应,对于不同的模型,该放大效应存在一些差异;(2) Stress Density模型在循环动力荷载作用下易产生永久变形;(3)在循环动力荷载作用下,PDMY模型和CycLiqCPSP模型的强度逐渐降低,直到完全消失;(4) Stress Density模型和Manzari Dafalias模型在循环动力荷载下表现出明显的剪胀效应。研究成果对砂土液化的数值模拟问题具有重要的理论价值,可为饱和砂土的液化模拟和砂土本构模型的选取提供参考。     

汶川Ms8.0级大地震中成都地区液化特征研究

汶川大地震中成都地区液化及其震害现象较为显著.通过现场调查和工程地质资料分析,成都地区的液化特点为:液化带主要集中都江堰市液化在烈度Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、X和X度区均有出现,但Ⅶ度区最为集中液化喷水高度多在1-3m之间,最高一处超过10m液化场地喷出物涵盖了多种土类,约67％为粉细砂,且有卵砾石,约占11％液化带普遍伴随地裂缝,...     

某长江大桥深度超过15米的砂土层液化势的综合评价

不同抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法或国内外其他有代表性的液化判别方法所采用的地震动参数和土性指标及其埋藏条件是不同的,因而采用这些方法对同一工程场地进行液化势预测时其评价结果通常有一些差异,甚至会得到相反的结论。为了给重大工程建设提供较为合理、可信的地基液化势预测结果,采用多种液化判别方法进行场地液化势的综合评价是比较客观的,也是必要的。本文结合某长江大桥桥基工程,采用建筑抗震设计规范的砂土液化判别方法、国内外有代表性的液化判别方法、有限元数值分析法等多种方法逐一对该工程场地砂性土层进行液化判别,并结合室内动三轴液化试验结果,对主桥墩不考虑冲刷条件和考虑一般冲刷深度5m条件时的砂性土层进行了液化势的综合评价,并将各土层的液化势分为液化、可能液化和不液化3个等级,得到了较为合理可靠的判别结果。     

Probabilistic seismic performance and loss assessment of a bridge–foundation–soil system

This paper presents the probabilistic seismic performance and loss assessment of an actual bridge–foundation–soil system, the Fitzgerald Avenue twin bridges in Christchurch, New Zealand. A two-dimensional finite element model of the longitudinal direction of the system is modelled using advanced soil and structural constitutive models. Ground motions at multiple levels of intensity are selected based on the seismic hazard deaggregation at the site. Based on rigorous examination of several deterministic analyses, engineering demand parameters (EDP's), which capture the global and local demand, and consequent damage to the bridge and foundation are determined. A probabilistic seismic loss assessment of the structure considering both direct repair and loss of functionality consequences was performed to holistically assess the seismic risk of the system.It was found that the non-horizontal stratification of the soils, liquefaction, and soil–structure interaction had pronounced effects on the seismic demand distribution of the bridge components, of which the north abutment piles and central pier were critical in the systems seismic performance. The consequences due to loss of functionality of the bridge during repair were significantly larger than the direct repair costs, with over a 2% in 50 year probability of the total loss exceeding twice the book-value of the structure.     

地基土粉砂层动力特性分析试验研究

本文通过对某核电厂取水明渠导流堤地基土粉砂层室内共振柱试验及动三轴液化试验,测定了动剪切模量、阻尼比与动剪应变幅的双曲线关系,分析了粉砂的动力变形特性,探讨了砂土的抗液化强度与液化振次之间的乘幂函数关系,确定了该地基土的抗液化强度指标。为评价导流堤的地震稳定和液化分析提供了相关参数,同时对堤坝工程场地的地震安全性评价和液化评判有良好的借鉴和参考价值。     

Liquefaction macrophenomena in the great Wenchuan earthquake

On May 12, 2008 at 14:28, a catastrophic magnitude M 8.0 earthquake struck the Sichuan Province of China.The epicenter was located at Wenchuan (31.00°N, 103.40°E). Liquefaction macrophenomena and corresponding destruction was observed throughout a vast area of 500 km long and 200 km wide following the earthquake. This paper illustrates the geographic distribution of the liquefaction and the relationship between liquefaction behavior and seismic intensity, and summarizes the liquefaction macrophenomena, including sandboils and waterspouts, ground subsidence, ground fissures etc., and relevant liquefaction features. A brief summary of the structural damage caused by liquefaction is presented and discussed. Based on comparisons with liquefaction phenomena observed in the 1976 Tangshan and 1975 Haicheng earthquakes, preliminary analyses were performed, which revealed some new features of liquefaction behavior and associated issues arising from this event. The site investigation indicated that the spatial non-uniformity of liquefaction distribution was obvious and most of the liquefied sites were located in regions of seismic intensity Ⅷ. However, liquefaction phenomena at ten different sites in regions of seismic intensity Ⅵ were also observed for the first time in China mainland. Sandboils and waterspouts ranged from centimeters to tens of meters, with most between 1 m to 3 m. Dramatically high water/sand ejections,e.g., more than 10 m, were observed at four different sites. The sand ejections included silty sand, fine sand, medium sand,course sand and gravel, but the ejected sand amount was less than that in the 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Possible liquefaction of natural gravel soils was observed for the first time in China mainland.     

Forces acting on bridge abutments over liquefied ground

Large earthquake-induced displacements of a bridge abutment can occur, when the bridge is built on a floodplain or reclaimed area, i.e., liquefiable ground, and crosses a water channel. Seismic responses of a bridge abutment on liquefiable ground are the consequence of complex interactions between the abutment and surrounding soils. Therefore identification of the factors dominating the abutment response is important for the development of simplified seismic design methods. This paper presents the results of dynamic three-dimensional finite element analyses of bridge abutments adjacent to a river dike, including the effect of liquefaction of the underlying ground using earthquake motions widely used in Japan. The analysis shows that conventional design methods may underestimate the permanent abutment displacements unless the following two items are considered: (1) softening of the soil beneath the liquefiable layer, due to cyclic shearing of the soil surrounding the piles, and (2) the forces acting on the side faces of the abutment.     

Performance-based seismic assessment of skewed bridges with and without considering soil-foundation interaction effects for various site classes

The seismic behavior of skewed bridges has not been well studied compared to straight bridges. Skewed bridges have shown extensive damage, especially due to deck rotation, shear keys failure, abutment unseating and columnbent drift. This research, therefore, aims to study the behavior of skewed and straight highway overpass bridges both with and without taking into account the effects of Soil-Structure Interaction(SSI) due to near-fault ground motions. Due to several sources of uncertainty associated with the ground motions, soil and structure, a probabilistic approach is needed. Thus, a probabilistic methodology similar to the one developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center(PEER) has been utilized to assess the probability of damage due to various levels of shaking using appropriate intensity measures with minimum dispersions. The probabilistic analyses were performed for various bridge confi gurations and site conditions, including sand ranging from loose to dense and clay ranging from soft to stiff, in order to evaluate the effects. The results proved a considerable susceptibility of skewed bridges to deck rotation and shear keys displacement. It was also found that SSI had a decreasing effect on the damage probability for various demands compared to the fixed-base model without including SSI. However, deck rotation for all types of the soil and also abutment unseating for very loose sand and soft clay showed an increase in damage probability compared to the fixed-base model. The damage probability for various demands has also been found to decrease with an increase of soil strength for both sandy and clayey sites. With respect to the variations in the skew angle, an increase in skew angle has had an increasing effect on the amplitude of the seismic response for various demands. Deck rotation has been very sensitive to the increase in the skew angle; therefore, as the skew angle increased, the deck rotation responded accordingly. Furthermore, abutment unseating showed an increasing trend due to an increase in skew angle for both fixed-base and SSI models.     

Estimation of residual shear strength ratios of liquefied soil deposits from shear wave velocity

For sites susceptible to liquefaction induced lateral spreading during a probable earthquake, geotechnical engineers often need to know the undrained residual shear strength of the liquefied soil deposit to estimate lateral spreading displacements, and the forces acting on the piles from the liquefied soils in order to perform post liquefaction stability analyses. The most commonly used methods to estimate the undrained residual shear strength (Sur) of liquefied sand deposits are based on the correlations determined from liquefaction induced flow failures with SPT and CPT data. In this study, 44 lateral spread case histories are analyzed and a new relationship based on only lateral spread case histories is recommended, which estimates the residual shear strength ratio of the liquefiable soil layer from normalized shear wave velocity. The new proposed method is also utilized to estimate the residual lateral displacement of an example bridge problem in an area susceptible to lateral spreading in order to provide insight into how the proposed relationship can be used in geotechnical engineering practice.     

昆明盆地砂土液化灾害评价

系统收集整理昆明盆地238个钻孔资料,根据<建筑抗震设计规范>(CB50011-2001)中砂土液化的判别方法,对其中81个钻孔进行了液化判别和等级划分.结果显示,昆明盆地地形平坦,由北向南高程渐低,自然坡降为1‰～2‰,地层由第四纪的冲积、湖积及湖沼相沉积之砂质粘土、淤泥、草煤及粉砂组成,其液化判定结果与盆地地貌和沉积物的分布规律一致.在Ⅷ度以上地震烈度影响下,滇池北岸到昆明机场的范围内存在砂土液化的可能.