南极鸥奇特的群聚现象

每当南极科学考察船在南极海域抛下锚,立即会召来大群的南极海鸥,它们集中在船尾转圈盘旋,与在甲板上绕圈散步的考察队员形成一道人与鸥自然融合的风景线。南极鸥很少受到污染,羽毛灰、白分明,叫鸣声娓娓动听,飞行姿态优美,每天晨曦即来,很晚离别归巢,给大家带来很大乐趣,是南极考察队员的最好伴侣。在较长时间的观察中,大家发现,南极鸥在某些情况下,会突然以最大的密度聚集在一起,簇拥成团,伴随着激烈的鸣叫,体现一种集体意志,对某种行为作出反应。     

昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区建设探讨

河北省昌黎黄金海岸已被国家批准为第一批国家级海洋类自然保护区。这个保护区以壮丽的沙丘海岸景观为主体,宽1～2公里的沙丘连绵30公里,高一般20～30米,最高点大圩顶达45米。沙丘带的外侧是宽敞的海滩,沙细、坡缓、潮差小。沙丘的内侧有面积8.5km~2的七里海泻湖以及茂密的刺槐、小叶杨人工林带和以砂苫台草、芦苇为主的野生沙生和湿地植物。区内有鸥类、鸭类、鹬类等鸟类168种。浅海水域桡足类等浮游动物53种,鳀鱼、黄鲫等游泳生物78种,文昌鱼、毛蚶等浅海底栖动物150种。黄金海岸自然保护区具有较高的生态     

福建九龙江口秋茄红树林鹧鸪菜几种营养元素含量的季节变化

研究了福建九龙江口秋茄(Kandelia candel)红树林潮间带的红藻鹧鸪菜(Caloglossa leprieurii)的氮、磷、钾、钠、钙与镁6种营养元素含量的季节变化。氮、磷、钾与钠均以春季含量最高；钙与镁分别以秋季和冬季最高。氮与磷含量冬季最低，钾含量秋季最低；钠、钙、镁均以夏季含量最低，6种元素含量的季节变化模式不一致。营养元素含量的季节变化表明鹧鸪菜春季富集的营养物质较多，与春季有较高的生物量一致。营养元素含量的季节变化反映了鹧鸪菜的生长与环境因子的季节变化。鸥鸪菜的氮、磷含量高于土壤含量。并明显高于水体氮、磷含量，说明鹧鸪菜能强烈富集环境中的氮、磷，因此鸥鸪菜类的大型藻类的存在可能是红树林区赤潮极少发生的原因之一。     

法恩群岛

法恩群岛是北海的小岛和礁石群。最大岛豪斯岛被辟为鸟类保护区,这里大量栖息着三趾鸥。三趾鸥是典型的海洋鸟类,繁殖期主要栖息于北极海洋岸边和岛屿上,非繁殖期主要栖息于海洋上。     

稻壳灰作为海水硅酸盐肥料的肥效和安全性研究

增加硅酸盐供给可缓解海域硅酸盐相对缺乏现象,稻壳灰中含有大量无定形态SiO2,是一种理想的海水硅酸盐肥料。为验证稻壳灰的硅酸盐释放性能以及在环境中应用时的安全性,我们在实验室内将稻壳灰添加到海水中测定了Si、P、N营养盐的释放能力及释放周期,并将稻壳灰放于自然海域浸泡一段时间后测定其4种重金属及Mg元素含量的变化。实验结果表明,稻壳灰在海水中可持续缓慢地释放硅酸盐,释放周期可达3个月以上,同时释放少量磷酸盐,不会增加水体中无机氮营养盐含量;稻壳灰向海水中释放极少量的Cd,但不易造成重金属污染,而对海水中的Cu、Pb、Hg有一定地吸附效果,吸附量远小于Mg离子。     

胶州湾滨海湿地的水禽多样性特征及保护

在利用相对数量法进行水禽种群调查基础上,研究胶州湾滨海湿地水禽区系的构成及多样性特征.研究区共有水禽9目20科140种,区系的地理成分以古北界鸟类占绝对优势,季节型成分以冬候鸟和旅鸟为主,生活型成分以涉禽为主;在不同季节研究区水禽的优势种群不同,夏季鸥科和鹭科为优势种群,春、秋季鴴科、鹬科、鹭科为优势种群,冬季雁鸭类、鸥科为优势种群.与青岛市陆禽、鸣禽、猛禽、攀禽等鸟类相比,胶州湾滨海湿地水禽的多样性指数、均匀度指数最高,说明胶州湾滨海湿地对青岛市鸟类多样性保护非常重要,生境破坏是当前水禽多样性保护面临的主要问题,提出了水禽生境保护的对策.     

秦皇岛七里海潟湖湿地非繁殖期鸟类多样性

2016年9月至2017年4月,采用样线法和可变大小样方法相结合,对七里海潟湖湿地非繁殖期鸟类进行了调查研究。调查共记录到鸟类13目27科60种,其中雀形目鸟类10科14种,占物种总数量的23. 33%;非雀形目鸟类17科46种,占物种总数量的76. 67%。湿地水鸟数量占全部鸟类总数量的95. 11%,水鸟类群主要为鸥类、雁鸭类、鸻鹬类和鹭类。鸟类居留类型主要为旅鸟和夏候鸟,分别占物种总数量的35. 00%和33. 33%。鸟类区系方面,以古北界鸟类和广布种鸟类为主,分别占物种总数量的63. 33%和26. 67%。经统计,鸟类多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数的平均值分别是1. 86、0. 39和2. 31。七里海潟湖湿地位于东亚—澳大利西亚迁徙路线上,是重要的鸟类迁徙停歇地和觅食地,鸟类尤其是水鸟资源丰富,应当受到关注和保护。     

夏游龙海天

夏日炎炎，骄阳似火，我们来到了美丽的广东湛江龙海天省级旅游度假区。站在龙海天沙滩，但见那呈弯月形、约300米宽，东西望不到边的银色沙滩上，游人如织，热闹非凡，五颜六色的太阳伞排成长长的一溜儿，俨然一道彩虹，点缀在海天之间，与蓝天碧海，银滩雪浪相映成趣。远观海面，怒潮汹涌，白浪滔天，千帆竞发，百舸争流，鸥岛翱翔，水天一色；近望银滩，情影绰约，     

我国19处滨海湿地繁殖季的水鸟调查和评价

为保护滨海湿地生境以及保持海洋生态平衡和生物多样性,文章选取我国19处具有代表性的滨海湿地,于2018年5-10月的水鸟繁殖季对滨海湿地水鸟进行调查,并基于调查结果评价其种类、数量、分布密度、受重点保护种类、生物多样性和威胁因素。研究结果表明:滨海湿地水鸟共计6目10科70种77680只,其中鸻鹬类、鸥类和鹭类是主要种类,红腹滨鹬(Calidriscanutus)数量明显居多;水鸟种数和分布密度的南北差异可能与大型底栖生物的分布有关;我国滨海湿地对于红腹滨鹬等7种水鸟的生存具有重要意义,且很多水鸟种类被列入国际和国内重点保护名录;滨海湿地水鸟的多样性指数整体处于较好水平,但地区差异较大,均匀度指数和丰富度指数的分布趋势类似;滨海湿地水鸟面临的威胁因素主要包括保护缺位、养殖利益、非法猎捕、围海造地和水体污染,亟须加强保护力度。     

胶州湾海鞘类的调查I．菊海鞘科

被囊动物中的海鞘，在日本、朝鲜及南洋群岛已有记录的约200多种。日本对海鞘类研究较多的有丘浅次郎和时罔隆等学者。时罔隆(1967)据美国国家博物馆所存标本整理了太平洋沿岸海鞘类117种，其中属于中国水域的记录有12种。     

Sexing red‐billed gulls from standard measurements

The standard body measurements of 165 freshly killed adult Red‐billed Gulls (Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus) from breeding colonies on the Kaikoura Peninsula are presented. A discriminant function, calculated from bill length and depth at gonys measurements of sexed specimens, applied to captured gulls can correctly sex 90.1% of the gulls which fall within the range of overlap of male and female measurements.     

Seasonal variations in prey selection by estuarine black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus)

The number of black-headed gulls (Larus ridibundus) in the Clyde Estuary is large. In summer the average density has reached 1350 gulls km^?2 and in winter 180 gulls km^?2. This paper compares prey selection and feeding efficiency in gulls during summer and winter on tidal flats, and considers how seasonal differences may be adaptations to cope with seasonal changes in prey availability.Gross and net rates of energy intake were highest in summer because gulls captured more of the polychaete N. diversicolor than the amphipod C. volutator. In winter, gulls selected for C. volutator and therefore an energetically less profitable diet. Throughout the year gulls selected more C. volutator relative to N. diversicolor than expected on energetic grounds and so apparently did not maximize potential net rate of energy intake.Gulls used three techniques to capture prey and made most intensive use of the ‘crouch’ technique. Crouching gulls attained a much higher net rate of energy intake than ‘upright’ or ‘paddling’ gulls.A log-linear model showed that (a) season, water depth and gull density determined feeding technique and (b) feeding technique and season independently determined foraging success and prey selection. Thus gull density and water depth acted on prey selection through imposed variations in feeding technique.Reasons for gulls selecting energetically unprofitable C. volutator and for the use of several distinct feeding techniques are discussed.     

Jamaica Bay studies III: Abiotic determinants of distribution and abundance of gulls (Larus)

The distribution and abundance of gulls were examined at Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge (New York) from 31 May 1978 to 31 May 1979. Gulls were found to be affected by tidal, temporal and weather-related factors. The distribution of gulls was affected primarily by tidal factors on the bay, and by temporal (seasonal, circadian) and weather-related factors on the freshwater ponds. The most important weather-related factors were temperature, wind velocity and wind direction. Herring (L. argentatus), great black-backed (L. fuscus) and ring-billed gulls (L. delawarensis) fed on the bay at low tides, and used the ponds at high tide. Laughing gulls (L. atricilla) fed on the bay at low tide and on rising tides. Herring and great black-backed gulls were present all year, but were most abundant in the winter, ring-billed gulls were abundant in spring and early fall, and laughing gulls were present in the summer following the breeding season but were absent in winter. Gulls used the ponds during high velocity, north winds, when they usually rested or preened. Multiple regression models were used to determine the factors explaining the variability in the numbers of gulls. Temporal variables were important contributors to accounting for the variability in the numbers of great black-backed and herring gulls only; tidal variables were significant for great black-backed and herring gulls on the bay, and for ring-billed and laughing gulls on all areas; and weather variables were significant for all species.     

厦门滨海湿地冬季鸟类群落多样性研究

1999年12月~2000年2月对厦门滨海湿地12个样区冬季鸟类的种类和数量进行调查。并选取调查地的7个参数定量分析滨海湿地鸟类群落多样性的主要影响因子。结果显示,厦门冬季滨海湿地鸟类共有15科45种。其中,风头潜鸭(Aythya fuligula)、红嘴鸥(Larus ridibundus)、黑腹滨鹬(Calidris alpina)和白鹭(Egretta garzetta)为优势种,其数量之和占总数量的76%。白鹭为厦门湿地的广布种,在12个样区均有分布。厦门冬季湿地鸟类群落的相似性与其滩涂底质的相似性之间存在一定的相关。湿地鸟类群落多样性的主要影响因素包括湿地周边建筑物、交通干扰、人工水产养殖场和周边陆地植被覆盖状况等。湿地鸟类的种群密度则受水域含盐量、交通干扰的显著影响。     

Age at first breeding and change in plumage of kelp gulls Larus dominicanus in South Africa

In South Africa, kelp gulls Larus dominicanus first breed when 4 years old. At least 50% of 4-year-olds breed; virtually all older birds breed annually. Most chicks leave natal colonies in the austral autumn and winter, when about 6 months old, and 60% of them may not return until aged 2 or 3 years. One 3-year-old showed signs of defending territory, but birds only attain full adult plumage when aged 4. The plumage of 3-year-olds is similar to that of adults, but the white spots on the outer primaries are less well developed and the secondaries and inner primaries have no white trailing edge. Chicks are dark, whereas birds aged 1 and 2 years gain increasing amounts of pale or white plumage on the face, neck, underparts and tail.     

Shell damage and shell repair in the Antarctic limpet Nacella concinna from King George Island

Nacella concinna is the most conspicuous macroinvertebrate in the intertidal of King George Island. An important predator, the Kelp gull Larus dominicanus, feeds on Nacella during spring low tides. The gulls deposit empty Nacella shells as regurgitates mainly on roosts on coastal rocks. The regurgitates were found to consist of 40% shell fragments by weight and 60% intact shells. Faeces of Kelp gulls contained much smaller fragments than the regurgitates. Some of the Nacella, particularly those too large to ingest, are handled in the intertidal. The middens are, therefore, inadequate to study size selection by Kelp gulls: the largest Nacella are underrepresented. Seventy-five per cent of the intact Nacella shells from the Larus middens showed one or more shell repairs. Such repairs may be due to unsuccessful attacks by gulls, but more probably they indicate damage caused by rolling ice blocks and stones in the intertidal and shallow subtidal. A number of living Nacella were found stranded on the beach, detached from the rocks. They showed damage along the shell margin and even one Nacella was collected without any shell left. The observed repair frequency of 75% in Nacella was much higher than in other (smaller) intertidal gastropods at Potter Peninsula (3–11%, av. 8%). Comparably high frequencies are observed for instance in tropical intertidal gastropods, where repair is due to heavy unsuccessful crab predation; however, shell-crushing crabs are absent on King George Island. This indicates that palaeontologists should be cautious in ascribing all shell repairs in fossil shells (particularly from tidal environments) to predators. Shell repair in the related Nacella deaurata, collected in a less exposed site at Port Stanley (Falkland Islands), occurred only in 13% of the specimens. Another conspicuous form of shell damage was due to grazing by Nacella on the boring algae living in other Nacella shells. Epigrowth of crustose calcareous algae inhibited such grazing, but in the absence of epigrowth deep hollows were scraped in the shells, the parallel scratches by the radula clearly visible, urging Nacella to repair its shell by producing more shelly material on the inside.     

Interannual variations of the occurrence of epipelagic fish in the diets of the seabirds breeding on Teuri Island, northern Hokkaido, Japan

The diets of breeding seabirds can be a good monitor of marine environmental changes. From 1984 to 2001 we monitored the diets of black-tailed gulls (Larus crassirostris) (“surface foragers”), rhinoceros auklets (Cerorhinca monocerata) (“epipelagic divers”), and Japanese cormorants (Phalacrocorax filamentotus) (“bottom divers”) that breed on Teuri Island at the northern boundary of the Tsushima Warm current in the Sea of Japan/East Sea. Between 1984 and 1987, both the gulls and the auklets foraged on the sardine (Sardinops melanostictus), but after 1992, they switched to the anchovy (Engraulis japonica). This change might reflect the collapse of the sardine stock in the late 1980s. In the 1990s, the year-to-year variations of the percentage of anchovy in the diets of the three seabird species showed similar trends: High in 1994 and 1998–2001; and low in 1992–1993 and 1995–1997. The estimated stock size of the anchovy population in the Tsushima Current area was positively correlated with the percentage of mass of anchovy in the seabirds’ diets. Thus, the short-term annual changes of the total anchovy availability, which might reflect SST or the volume transport of Tsushima Current, possibly affected the seabirds diets on this island.     

Populations of Surface-nesting Seabirds at Marion Island, 1994/95–2002/03

During the 1990s and early 2000s, populations of surface-nesting seabirds at Marion Island showed different trends, but for the majority of species numbers decreased. Reduced numbers of gentoo penguins Pygoscelis papua, eastern rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome filholi, Crozet shags Phalacrocorax [atriceps] melanogenis and probably macaroni penguins E. chrysolophus are most plausibly attributed to an altered availability of food. Decreases in numbers of dark-mantled sooty albatrosses Phoebetria fusca, light-mantled sooty albatrosses P. palpebrata, southern giant petrels Macronectes giganteus and possibly northern giant petrels M. halli may have resulted from mortality of birds in longline fisheries. However, populations of wandering Diomedea exulans and grey-headed Thalassarche chrysostoma albatrosses fluctuated around a stable level. Numbers of Subantarctic skuas Catharacta antarctica and kelp gulls Larus dominicanus breeding at Marion Island also decreased. Kerguelen Sterna virgata and Antarctic S. vittata terns remain scarce at the island. Trends for king penguins Aptenodytes patagonicus were not reliably gauged, but numbers probably remained stable or increased. There were large fluctuations in numbers of king penguin chicks surviving to the end of winter.     

均匀设计在后棘藻培养基中的应用

将均匀设计的方法应用于一种海洋微藻：后棘藻（Ellipsoidion)培养基的优化。设计了硝氮、氨氮、磷酸盐三因素各五个浓度水平的试验，根据均匀设计表设计了10种培养基，检测细胞浓度、脂肪酸含量和产量。结果表明：在硝氮、氨氮浓度均为1．92mmol/L，磷酸盐浓度为0．082mmol/L，细胞浓度达到最大值167．23mg/L。在硝氮浓度为0．84mmol/L，氨氮浓度为3．38mmol/L，磷酸盐浓度为0．07mmol/L时，EPA含量达到最大值7．748％。在硝氮浓度为0．915mmol/L，氨氮浓度为1．92mmol/L，磷酸盐浓度为0．072mmol/L时，EPA产量达到最大值9．999mg/L。     

青山水库轮虫群落结构特征的时空差异对水质变化的影响

为研究青山水库轮虫群落结构特征的时空差异对水质变化的影响,对其进行了四个季度的采样调查。结果共发现轮虫物种30种,分属于9个科,其中优势种为长肢多肢轮虫和针簇多肢轮虫,后者是一种污染指示种,表明水质处于中度污染状态。轮虫平均密度为171 ind./L,平均生物量为0.0158 mg/L。通过对水库理化因子与轮虫群落生物指数进行相关性分析,初步确定水温和溶解氧是青山水库轮虫群落演替的主要影响因子。根据轮虫群落结构聚类分析表明,青山水库分为四大区域。另外,主成分分析结果表明水质的下降可能与营养盐的的增加有关,特别是氮的输入。综合理化指标、营养状态指数、轮虫多样性指数以及优势种指示种等多种评价方法,结果表明2012—2013年青山水库水质属于中度—重度污染之间,营养程度为中度富营养状态,青山水库水环境污染严重。依据理化指标和轮虫群落结构特征来评价水质状况,得到的结果基本一致,因此轮虫可以作为青山水库一个较为理想的检测指标。