Paterns and regularity of ring distribution of seismic activity before great earthquakes in China

ＰａｔｅｒｎｓａｎｄｒｅｇｕｌａｒｉｔｙｏｆｒｉｎｇｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｂｅｆｏｒｅｇｒｅａｔｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａＳＨＩ－ＲＯＮＧＭＥＩ（梅世蓉），ＺＨＩ－ＰＩＮＧＳＯＮＧ（宋治平）ａｎｄＹＡＮ...     

Maximum entropy spectral characteristics of seismic activity for great earthquakes in China

ＭａｘｉｍｕｍｅｎｔｒｏｐｙｓｐｅｃｔｒａｌｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｉｓｔｉｃｓｏｆｓｅｉｓｍｉｃａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｆｏｒｇｒｅａｔｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓｉｎＣｈｉｎａＺＨＩＰＩＮＧＳＯＮＧ１）（宋治平）ＳＨＩＲＯＮＧＭＥＩ２）（梅世蓉）ＡＮＸＵＮＷ...     

Spatial changes in volcanic and seismic activity prior to great earthquakes

Spatial relationship between volcanism and seismicity prior to the occurrence of several great interplate earthquakes in the circum Pacific area has been examined in order to understand the process of underthrusting in detail. The locations of the epicenters of the great earthquakes have been examined in terms of locations of concentrated volcanic and seismic activity in a short time period in order to determine if there is any relationship between these activities, and whether such relationships can be used to refine the underthrusting model. The study shows that in most cases, (1) there is no volcanic activity in the vicinity of the epicenter of the great earthquake and (2) maximum volcanic activity is localized, i.e., volcanoes adjacent to one another exhibit considerable activity in a short time period. Very little systematic spatial relationship between these three parameters is observed although in most cases, there is no volcanic activity at the time of maximum earthquake activity. Locations of active volcanoes and earthquake activity, during the five years prior to the occurrence of the great earthquake, do not appear to be a guide to the epicenter of the great earthquake. This study therefore suggests that although there is temporal relationship between the occurrence of maximum volcanic and seismic activity and the occurrence of great earthquake, there appears to be no systematic spatial relationship between these three parameters.     

Physical criterion to evaluate seismic activity associated with the seismic cycle of great interplate earthquakes

A new criterion is introduced to judge if the vicinity of the source region of a great interplate earthquake is in an active period. It is based on the stress change caused by the great earthquake. A region is regarded as being in an active period of seismicity if the occurrence rate of earthquakes on faults in the stress shadow of the great earthquake is significantly higher than in the early stage of the seismic cycle, and if the stressing rate of these faults is sufficiently low. This criterion was applied to the seismicity in the central part of southwest Japan before and after the 1944 Tonankai and 1946 Nankai earthquakes. The results show that before the 1944 Tonankai earthquake, the region was in an active period from at least 1927.The region was in a quiet period for almost50 years after the 1946 Nankai earthquake.Data after 1995 show that the region is once more in an active period of seismicity preceding the next great interplate earthquakes along the Nankai trough,although the total number of earthquakes has not yet significantly increased. Our results indicate that earthquake probability in the central part of southwest Japan will become high in the coming decades until the next great interplate earthquakes along the Nankai trough.     

西北地区东部强震前地震活动演化特征

通过对1900年以来西北地区东部10次强震前不同时间尺度的地震分布特征以及演化过程的研究表明,西北地区东部强震前大多存在以下规律: 即在震中附近存在5级以上地震空缺的长期异常特征及中小地震活动水平升高的中短期异常特征。     

东北第五活跃期中强震前的矩释放空间扫描特征研究

为考察中国东北地区中强震前是否存在与地震孕育过程物理相关的地震矩加速释放现象,利用地震矩释放程度m值对该地区第五活跃期内的5例中强震进行了时-空扫描研究.通过考察删除余震的影响,提取了MS5.0以上地震与地震矩加速释放相关的特征时、空尺度,并作为时-空扫描的模型参数.采用震前5个月逐月扫描的方式,得到了震前m值随时间变化的图像.结果显示,其中4例在未来的震中附近出现稳定和集中分布的地震矩释放加速区.这表明东北地区中强震前的地震矩加速释放现象具有一定的普遍性,矩释放加速扫描方法对判断未来可能的中强震破裂成核点有一定的指导意义.采用相同的计算参数设置,还考察了震前破裂成核点的Benioff应变释放情况.结果显示,有3例在破裂成核点的地震矩加速释放现象明显.这表明,对于东北地区的中强地震,利用矩释放程度时-空扫描寻找未来中强震的破裂成核点,尚需其它方法作为辅助.     

Characteristics of seismic activity before several large Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquakes

Two great earthquakes of MS8.5 and MS8.3 determined by the China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) occurred successively on September 12 and 13, 2007 in the sea area to the south of Sumatra, which is another group of large earthquakes after MS8.7 event on December 26, 2004 and MS8.5 event on March 29, 2005. The     

印尼苏门答腊几次大震前的地震活动异常特征h

据中国地震台网中心测定,2007年9月12日和13日印度西亚苏门答腊南产海先后发生Ms8.5和Ms8.3地震,这是继2004年12月26日Ms8.7和2005年3月29日Ms8.5地震后发生的又一组大地震.     

华东地区大震前的地震平静及发震模式研究

Wyss 等人的地震平静理论是一种较系统的、目前较为广泛认同的平静理论。根据该平静理论, 以累计频度定量计算方法对华东地区( 苏、鲁、沪、皖, 黄海) 1970 年以来大震前的平静现象进行了研究, 并对该地区MS ≥5.5 地震的发震模式进行了探讨。结果表明, 多数震例在震前出现了平静异常, 平静异常大多出现在震前半年至一年内, 发震模式形式多样, 说明了震源区及其邻近断层结构的不均匀和复杂程度的差异。     

Seismicity before and after the two great Sumatra earthquakes of 2004 and 2005

The Harvard CMT catalogue contains 481 shallow earthquakes that occurred between 1 January 1977 and 30 November 2005 within a broad region defined by the geographical latitude from 3°S to 14°N and by the longitude from 91°E to 102°E. There are 230 events that occurred before the great earthquake of 26 December 2004. Their surface distribution is not uniform and the source area of the 2004 great event appears as an area of seismic quiescence with a radius of about 100 km. There are 186 events that occurred between the two great earthquakes of 26 December 2004 and 28 March 2005. Practically all of them are located to the northwest from the great earthquake of 2005, that in turn was followed by 63 events, mostly located to the southeast. The cumulative seismic moment from earthquakes before the occurrence of the great event of 2004 increased rather regularly with time, with sudden increase about twenty years and two years before the occurrence of the great event. The seismic moment of earthquakes between the two great events increased rapidly during the first ten-fifteen days, then flattened out and increased slowly with time. After the great event of 2005 the seismic moment shows quiet increase during some 115 days, then sudden jump, followed by very small activity till the end of our observations. From the spatial distribution of seismic moment of earthquakes that occurred before the great event of 2004 it follows that its largest release appeared to the southeast from the great event, around the rupture area of the great earthquake of 2005. The largest release of seismic moment from earthquakes between the two great events is observed in the vicinity of the 2004 event and further up to the north. The seismic moment from earthquakes that occurred after the great event of 2005 was mostly released in its vicinity and further down to the south.     

Study of the anomaly of seismic fractal spectrum before strong earthquakes

3 Conclusions The research of some theoretical Contor models of multi-scale and the numerical model of seismic spatial distribution show that the physical property of anomalies in seismic fractal spectrums is due to an increment of nonuniformity in the point set (earthquakes), in another word, the complexity increases. It is exactly the general precursory that the distribution pattern becomes complex from simple or nonuiform from uniform. So seismic multi-fractal spectrums is one of the best methods or tools for describing the complexity of seismic temporal-spatial distribution patterns. According to this view of point, taking the anomalies of the seismic multi-fractal spectrum as the earthquake prediction criterion is very valuable and worth while further studying. This project is supported by Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.     

Predicting earthquakes by analyzing accelerating precursory seismic activity

During 11 sequences of earthquakes that in retrospect can be classed as foreshocks, the accelerating rate at which seismic moment is released follows, at least in part, a simple equation. This equation (1) is ,where is the cumulative sum until time,t, of the square roots of seismic moments of individual foreshocks computed from reported magnitudes;C andn are constants; andt _fis a limiting time at which the rate of seismic moment accumulation becomes infinite. The possible time of a major foreshock or main shock,t _f,is found by the best fit of equation (1), or its integral, to step-like plots of versus time using successive estimates oft _fin linearized regressions until the maximum coefficient of determination,r ²,is obtained. Analyzed examples include sequences preceding earthquakes at Cremasta, Greece, 2/5/66; Haicheng, China 2/4/75; Oaxaca, Mexico, 11/29/78; Petatlan, Mexico, 3/14/79; and Central Chile, 3/3/85. In 29 estimates of main-shock time, made as the sequences developed, the errors in 20 were less than one-half and in 9 less than one tenth the time remaining between the time of the last data used and the main shock. Some precursory sequences, or parts of them, yield no solution. Two sequences appear to include in their first parts the aftershocks of a previous event; plots using the integral of equation (1) show that the sequences are easily separable into aftershock and foreshock segments. Synthetic seismic sequences of shocks at equal time intervals were constructed to follow equation (1), using four values ofn. In each series the resulting distributions of magnitudes closely follow the linear Gutenberg-Richter relation logN=a–bM, and the productn timesb for each series is the same constant. In various forms and for decades, equation (1) has been used successfully to predict failure times of stressed metals and ceramics, landslides in soil and rock slopes, and volcanic eruptions. Results of more recent experiments and theoretical studies on crack propagation, fault mechanics, and acoustic emission can be closely reproduced by equation (1). Rate-process theory and continuum damage mechanics offer leads toward understanding the physical processes.     

地震强度因子Mf值在华南和东北地区中强以上地震前的空间异常变化

将地震强度因子Ｍｆ值用于华南和东北地区地震的中期预报,以检验Ｍｆ值在上述地区对Ｍｓ≥５．０级以上地震的预报效果。结果表明,震前２￣３ａ开始震中周围区域一般都出现明显的Ｍｆ值中期异常区,表明Ｍｆ值对华南和东北地区中强以上地震具有较好的预报效能。     

Downward migration of seismic activity prior to some great shallow earthquakes in Japanese subduction zones—a possible intermediateterm precursor

Before the 1944 Tonankai earthquake along the Nankai Trough, seismic activity increased in the shallow depths, and then the activity gradually migrated downwards. When it reached its limit (a depth of approximatelty 70 km), the main shock occurred. Several deep earthquakes, including one ofM5.3, occurred several months prior to the Tonankai earthquake. A similar downward migration pattern also can be recognized regarding the 1952 Tokachi-oki earthquake. In this case the deepest earthquakes reached about 400 km. This may be one of the intermediate-term precursory phenomena of great thrusttype earthquakes in subduction zones. Recent observations in the Tokai district along the Suruga Trough, where a large earthquake is expected to occur in the future, suggest a similar downward migration pattern in the land area.     

大地震纬向分布的基本规律与动力学解释

统计了 1 90 0～ 1 999年全球大地震 (M≥ 7.0 )的纬向分布 ,进一步证实了全球大地震的分布的确存在不对称问题 ,北、南半球大地震发生的次数不对称 ,北半球多 ,南半球少 ;二个半球大地震集中分布的区域不对称 ,北半球大地震集中分布的区域为 1 5°～ 55°,南半球集中分布的区域为 0°～ 35°;北半球有 3个明显的大地震分布区间 ,即 1 5°～ 2 0°,35°～ 45°,50°～ 55°;两极地区无大地震。并且导出了计算日、月对地壳纬向水平引潮力达到极值的计算公式 ,根据日、月水平引潮力达到极值时的纬度分布的规律 ,较好地解释了全球大地震分布的不对称问题     

On seismic strengthening area before strong and great shocks and its mechanism

IntroductionI.thasbeenpayingattentiontotheanomalousphenomenonbyseismologiststhattheearthquakeactivityoftenstrengthensinacertainspaceandduringacertaintimearoundthesourceareabeforeastrongearthquake.Mogi(1969)pointedoutthataringdistributiveareaofthestrengthenedearthquakeactivityoftenappearsaroundthesourcearea10to20yearsbeforegreatshock,whichcalledaringphenomenon(or"doughnut").Afterthat,otherscholarsreportedinsuccessionthatringdistributionofearthquakeactivityoccurredbeforeastrongertquakeorevenbefo…