The fine velocity structure of sediment－base－ment layer in the Three－GorgesRegionoftheChangjiangRiver（YangtzeRiver）

Ｔｈｅｆｉｎｅｖｅｌｏｃｉｔｙｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔ┐ｂａｓｅ┐ｍｅｎｔｌａｙｅｒｉｎｔｈｅＴｈｒｅｅ┐ＧｏｒｇｅｓＲｅｇｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＣｈａｎｇｊｉａｎｇＲｉｖｅｒ（ＹａｎｇｔｚｅＲｉｖｅｒ）ＨＯＮＧ－ＸＩＡＮＧＨＵ（胡鸿翔），...     

Lateral Inhomogeneity of Basement Layer in Three Gorges Region of Changjiang River (Yangtze River)

Seismic tomography from the Pg wave data along the non-longitudinal profile in the Three Gorges Region is presented in this paper.The seismic tomography method,and the acquisition and analysis of seismic travel time are broadly outlined.The tomography of basement reveals a great amount of significant information and shows that the low-velocity zone is due to the lithologic difference and the fault fracture zone.It also demonstrates that there exist three high-velocity zones with v>6.4 km/s at the basement; the largest of zones which strikes north-south is located at the southwestern side of Huangling Anticlinorium and extends into the anticlinorium northward.The other two high-velocity zones are,respectively,situated at the eastern side of the anticlinorium and the western side of the profile.The high-velocity zones are inferred to originate from the upwelling of material with high-velocity from deep crust.     

Velocity structure and active fault of Yanyuan-Mabian seismic zone—The result of high-resolution seismic refraction experiment

The authors processed the seismic refraction Pg-wave travel time data with finite difference tomography method and revealed velocity structure of the upper crust on active block boundaries and deep features of the active faults in western Sichuan Province. The following are the results of our investigation. The upper crust of Yanyuan basin and the Houlong Mountains consists of the superficial low-velocity layer and the deep uniform high-velocity layer, and between the two layers, there is a distinct, and gently west-dipping structural plane. Between model coordinates 180–240 km, P-wave velocity distribution features steeply inclined strip-like structure with strongly non-uniform high and low velocities alternately. Xichang Mesozoic basin between 240 and 300 km consists of a thick low-velocity upper layer and a high-velocity lower layer, where lateral and vertical velocity variations are very strong and the interface between the two layers fluctuates a lot. The Daliang Mountains to the east of the 300 km coordinate is a non-uniform high-velocity zone, with a superficial velocity of approximately 5 km/s. From 130 to 150 km and from 280 to 310 km, there are extremely distinct deep anomalous high-velocity bodies, which are supposed to be related with Permian magmatic activity. The Yanyuan nappe structure is composed of the superficial low-velocity nappe, the gently west-dipping detachment surface and the deep high-velocity basement, with Jinhe-Qinghe fault zone as the nappe front. Mopanshan fault is a west-dipping low-velocity zone, which extends to the top surface of the basement. Anninghe fault and Zemuhe fault are east-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zones, which extend deep into the basement. At a great depth, Daliangshan fault separates into two segments, which are represented by drastic variation of velocity structures in a narrow strip: the west segment dips westward and the east segment dips eastward, both stretching into the basement. The east margin fault of Xichang Mesozoic basin features a strong velocity gradient zone, dipping southwestward and stretching to the top surface of the basement. The west-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zone at the easternmost segment of the profile is a branch of Mabian fault, but the reliability of the supposition still needs to be confirmed by further study. Anninghe, Zemuhe and Daliangshan faults are large active faults stretching deep into the basement, which dominate strong seismic activities of the area. Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB428400)     

Velocity structure and active fault of Yanyuan-Mabian seismic zone―The result of high-resolution seismic refraction experiment

The authors processed the seismic refraction Pg-wave travel time data with finite difference tomography method and revealed velocity structure of the upper crust on active block boundaries and deep features of the active faults in western Sichuan Province. The following are the results of our investigation. The upper crust of Yanyuan basin and the Houlong Mountains consists of the superficial low-velocity layer and the deep uniform high-velocity layer, and between the two layers, there is a distinct, and gently west-dipping structural plane. Between model coordinates 180-240 km, P-wave velocity distribution features steeply inclined strip-like structure with strongly non-uniform high and low velocities alternately. Xichang Mesozoic basin between 240 and 300 km consists of a thick low-velocity upper layer and a high-velocity lower layer, where lateral and vertical velocity variations are very strong and the interface between the two layers fluctuates a lot. The Daliang Mountains to the east of the 300 km coordinate is a non-uniform high-velocity zone, with a superficial velocity of approximately 5 km/s. From 130 to 150 km and from 280 to 310 km, there are extremely distinct deep anomalous high-velocity bodies, which are supposed to be related with Permian magmatic activity. The Yanyuan nappe structure is composed of the superficial low-velocity nappe, the gently west-dipping detachment surface and the deep high-velocity basement, with Jinhe-Qinghe fault zone as the nappe front. Mopanshan fault is a west-dipping low-velocity zone, which extends to the top surface of the basement. Anninghe fault and Zemuhe fault are east-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zones, which extend deep into the base-ment. At a great depth, Daliangshan fault separates into two segments, which are represented by drastic variation of velocity structures in a narrow strip: the west segment dips westward and the east segment dips eastward, both stretching into the basement. The east margin fault of Xichang Mesozoic basin features a strong velocity gradient zone, dipping southwestward and stretching to the top surface of the basement. The west-dipping, tabular-like, and low-velocity zone at the easternmost segment of the profile is a branch of Mabian fault, but the reliability of the supposition still needs to be confirmed by further study. Anninghe, Zemuhe and Daliangshan faults are large active faults stretching deep into the basement, which dominate strong seismic activities of the area.     

云南扬子准地台区地壳浅部速度构造特征

描述了云南扬子准地台洱源－江川深地震测深部面初至波的详细分析解释结果,所用方法为改进的射线追踪法。结果表明,在剖面中段沉积盖层巨厚,基底面下陷最深可达１０ｋｍ以上,并且中新生代沉积也比别处厚。     

上海地区地壳精细结构的综合地球物理探测研究

通过在上海地区开展深、浅地震反射、地震宽角反射/折射、高分辨地震折射和大地电磁测深等联合剖面探测, 获得了该地区近地表至Moho面的精细速度结构、电性结构和深浅构造关系.结果表明, 该地区地壳可划分为上、中、下三个组成部分.其中,上地壳厚为12～14 km,波速为57～59 km/s;中地壳厚度约为10 km,波速为59～62 km/s;下地壳厚为10～11 km, 波速为62～63 km/s,Moho面深度约为32 km.剖面浅部地质构造复杂,共解释出12条特征明显的断裂.其中,除3条断裂错断结晶基底（G界面）并向下延伸至上地壳底界面外,其他断裂均在深度3～5 km以上终止或收敛于G界面之上.此外,仅在剖面西侧基底下部约13～15 km埋深处发现一厚度在2 km左右的壳内高导层.所以,在综合各方面资料后分析认为,在剖面经过地区不存在发生大地震的深部构造条件,近地表所存在的活动断层是未来产生对该区有影响地震的震源区.     

Investigation of Fine Velocity Structure of the Basement Layer of the Shallow Crust in Western Yunnan Region

In this paper the authors have discussed the results of investigation of fine velocity structure in the basement layer of the Simao-Zhongdian DSS profile in western Yunnan region.The depth of upper Pz interface of the basement layer is about 0-3.5 km,and the depth of the lower P1 interface is 11.0-17.0 km.The velocity of the basement layer on the southern side of the Jinhe-Erhai deep fault is 5.70-6.30 km/s,and has increased to 6.30-6.50 km/s on the northern side.Their transitional zone is situated near Jianchuan County.Along the profile some localities,where the faults cut across the lateral variation of Pz interface velocity,are quite obvious in addition to the variation in depth.The velocity isopleths are relatively sparse in the southern region of JYQ S.P.(shot - point),near the DC S.P.,and in the south ZT S.P.The magma has apparently risen up along the deep faults to the upper crust in these localities,forming a large intrusive rock zone in the basement layer.In Jinggu region the basaltic magma has     

福州盆地及其周围地区地壳深部结构与构造的初步研究

1986-1988年,福建省地震局在福州盆地及其周围地区完成了五条地震测深剖面:宁德-永春剖面;洪懒-宁德剖面;莲峰-福州（尚干）剖面;南平-永泰-平潭非纵剖面;并在宁德-古田-嵩口首次试验扇形剖面观测系统,结果表明,扇形剖面对确定断裂是有效的. 根据对地震波走时的正、反演计算,用理论地震图和射线追踪方法进一步修改和完善,得到了福州盆地及其周围地区地壳深部为高、低速相间的速度分布特征.地壳介质速度为6.40km/s,在中地壳普遍发育一层速度为5.80-5.90 km/s、厚度约5.0 km的低速层.Moho面深度30-33 km,福州盆地为一Moho面隆起区,隆起幅度达3.0 km.北西向断裂发育,其中,闽江断裂在纵剖面和扇形剖面均有明显的反映,并切割到Moho面2.0-3.0 km. 反射波谱频方法计算得到福州盆地地壳Q值仅120-150,比邻近地区明显偏低,中地壳低速层Q值为40-80,是一典型的低速-高导-低Q（高衰减）结构层,此层上界面埋深14-15 km,与居里面埋深较一致.这些结果为福州地区的地热资源远景预测和开发提供了地壳深部结构和某些地球物理场背景.     

滇西地区地壳浅部基底速度细结构的研究

本文论述滇西地区思茅－中甸剖面基底导速度细结构的研究结果。基底层项部Ｐｇ界面深度为０－３．５ｋｍ，而底部Ｐ１＾０界面深度为１１．０－１７．０ｋｍ。基底层速度在金河－洱海断裂以南为５．７０－６．３０ｋｍ／ｓ，断裂以北增至６．３０－６．５０ｋｍ／ｓ，其过渡带位于剑川附近，剖面上断裂附近，除界面深度变化外，Ｐｇ面速度横向变化也较明显。速度等值线较为稀疏的景云桥炮南侧、大仓炮附近与支梯炮南侧地区，估计发生     

华南上地壳速度分布与基底、盖层构造研究

对华南地区有代表性的几条宽角地震剖面进行了研究,利用初动到时资料拟合剖面地带地壳上部详细的速度分布,结合其他地球物理资料与地质资料对地壳基底和沉积盖层的构造进行了综合解释. 结果表明,浙-闽-粤东部地区在地壳基底上分布一系列中生代火山岩断陷盆地,火山岩盖层厚度变化为1000-4000m. 浙西-皖南以及湘-赣地区地壳基底起伏较大,盖层主要为古生界,并发育许多受基底形态与边界断裂控制的小型中生代白垩纪盆地. 华南西部的楚雄盆地为一构造复杂的深坳陷,其中侏罗-白垩系的厚度超过10km,并被分割为东部斜坡和西部坳陷两个单元,而西部坳陷又被一中央隆起分割为东、西两个更次级的凹陷. 区内一些主要的断裂构造在速度等值线图上均有明显的反映,如东部的江绍断裂、莲花山断裂和吴川-四会断裂以及西部的程海断裂和绿汁江断裂都是重要的构造分界,此外众多的基底断裂多是盆地与隆起的边界.     

南海北部珠江口—琼东南盆地地壳速度结构与几何分层

基于南海北部大陆边缘珠江口—琼东南盆地深水区实施的14条近垂直深反射地震探测叠加速度谱,利用Dix公式将叠加速度剖面转换为地壳层速度剖面,并利用时深转换方法构建了深度域地壳层速度模型,综合各地壳速度剖面分析了南海北部大陆边缘珠江口与琼东南盆地不同深度层次的P波速度变化趋势以及地壳几何分层特征.结果表明,琼东南盆地区可分为4～8 km沉积层（V_P为1.7～4.7 km/s）、4～10 km厚的上地壳层（V_P为5.2～6.3 km/s）、5 km〗左右的下地壳层（V_P为6.4～7.0 km/s）以及2～6 km厚的高速下地壳底层（V_P＞7.0 km/s）.V_P＞7.0 km/s下地壳高速层的存在被认为是岩石圈伸展、下地壳底部底辟构造或者是残存的原始华夏下地壳基性层的地震学指示;综合研究区地球物理探测成果构建了跨越华南大陆与南海北部陆坡区剖面莫霍和岩石圈底界图像,揭示出岩石圈上地幔在华南大陆与南海北部大陆边缘的减薄特征.     

A finite difference study on the basement structure beneath the Tianshan Orogen

We use the Pg seismic phase along the Korla-Jimsar profile across the Tianshan orogen and the 3D finite difference method to inverse the velocity structure of the upper crust beneath the basement of this mountain. Based on the velocity structure, the Korla-Jimsar profile can be divided into three parts, i.e. the north edge of the Tarim basin, the Tianshan orogen, and the south margin of the Junggar basin. Within the Tianshan there is a pattern of four convexities and three concavities, which correspond to the southern Tianshan, the Yanqi basin, the middle Tianshan, the Turpan basin, and the Bogda Mountains. In the north edge of the Tarim basin, the basement is about 10km deep with small lateral variations of velocity. In the Tianshan the velocity varies greatly laterally. The basement depth of the Yanqi basin is 6 km, which becomes shallow rapidly northward, and almost to the surface at the middle Tianshan. South to Kumux there is a small intermountain basin, where the maximum basement depth is 3 km, and also turns very shallow near Kumux. The Luntai fault, which bounds the Tarim basin and Tianshan, has vertical dislocation of about 5 km. The Turpan basin is covered with so thick a sediment that its basement is 7 km deep. The boundary fault between the Tianshan and Turpan is the Bolohoro fault which is characterized by quick deepening basement and 7 km vertical dislocation. In the Junggar basin the basement is 8 km deep. On the Korla-Jimsar profile, the velocity distribution of the upper crust and the structure are featured by NS symmetry on both sides of the axis of the Middle Tianshan, consistent with the deep structure revealed by this profile. It means that the Tarim basin and the Junggar basin underthrust toward the Tianshan from south and north, respectively. Such a structural style is different from that of another profile, i.e. the Xayar-Burjing profile, suggesting that there may be an important tectonic boundary between these two profiles.     

Structure of the Barents Sea from seismic refraction

The Barents Sea is underlain by a thick (up to 5 km) sedimentary basin. Seismic refraction has outlined four main velocity discontinuities which have been correlated with geological units on the basis of the geological history of the region. The basin is underlain by a crystalline basement, the nature of which cannot be determined on the basis of seismic velocity alone. Metamorphosed Paleozoic units (velocities around 5–4 km/sec) lie over this basement. Their thickness is not well established but appears to reach 1 or 2 km in some cases. A very distinct and thick (up to 2.5 km) layer (4.1 km/sec) is found almost everywhere and is thought to correspond to a major discontinuity at the end ot the Paleozoic. This discontinuity is followed by a variable velocity layer (2.4–4 km/sec, up to 1.2 km thick) which includes Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments and is limited to the south of the Barents Sea. The absence of thick Tertiary deposits support the idea that the Barents shelf was emergent at that time. Recent low-velocity sediments are found close to the shelf edge.Gravity anomaly trends reflect a series of depressions of the 5.4-km/sec layer isobath map and suggest that the deeper part of the basin is made of a succession of faulted blocks or intense folds.     

A three-dimensional model of the Baltic Shield crust from data of deep seismic studies

A 3-D velocity structure of the crust has been constructed for almost the entire Baltic Shield area from data of extensive deep seismic studies on the shield. The construction involved a revision of all primary data (record sections and observed traveltime curves) obtained in this region over 50 years of research. Comparative analysis of wave fields revealed that three reference reflectors traceable throughout the shield area are K1 (a boundary velocity of 6.4–6.5 km/s), K2 (～6.8 km/s), and the mantle surface M (8.0–8.2 km/s). The resulting 3-D velocity structure is represented in the form of structural maps of these surfaces and a velocity distribution scheme in the upper crust. Using this general basic model, seismic cross sections are constructed by means of mathematical modeling along all profiles. They showed that, in addition to the main layers and reflectors above the K1 boundary, a lower velocity layer is traceable almost everywhere and the majority of deep faults flatten out toward this layer. On the whole, lateral variations in the velocity structure of the crust are small up to a depth of 40 km. The variations are most significant in the M topography: its average depth being 40–45 km, two deep (down to 50–60 km) depressions exist in southern Finland and the Baltic region. The origin of this depression filled with high velocity (7.2–7.4 km/s) rocks remains unclear.     

Delineation of Subtrappean Mesozoic Sediments in Deccan Syneclise, India, Using Travel-Time Inversion of Seismic Refraction and Wide-Angle Reflection Data

2-D shallow velocity structure is derived by travel-time inversion of the first arrival seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection data along the E–W trending Narayanpur–Nandurbar and N–S Kothar–Sakri profiles, located in the Narmada–Tapti region of the Deccan syneclise. Deccan volcanic (Trap) rocks are exposed along the two profiles. Inversion of seismic data reveals two layered velocity structures above the basement along the two profiles. The first layer with a P-wave velocity of 5.15–5.25 km s^?1 and thickness varying from 0.7–1.5 km represents the Deccan Trap formation along the Narayanpur–Nandurbar profile. The Trap layer velocity ranges from 4.5 to 5.20 km s^?1 and the thickness varies from 0.95 to 1.5 km along the Kothar–Sakri profile. The second layer represents the low velocity Mesozoic sediments with a P-wave velocity of 3.5 km s^?1 and thickness ranging from about 0.70 to 1.6 km and 0.55 to 1.1 km along the E–W and N–S profiles, respectively. Presence of a low-velocity zone (LVZ) below the volcanic rocks in the study area is inferred from the travel-time ‘skip’ and amplitude decay of the first arrival refraction data together with the prominent wide-angle reflection phase immediately after the first arrivals from the Deccan Trap formation. The basement with a P-wave velocity of 5.8–6.05 km s^?1 lies at a depth ranging from 1.5 to 2.45 km along the profiles. The velocity models of the profiles are similar to each other at the intersection point. The results indicate the existence of a Mesozoic basin in the Narmada–Tapti region of the Deccan syneclise.     

Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide-angle reflection/refraction

~~Joint exploration of crustal structure in Fuzhou basin and its vicinities by deep seismic reflection and high-resolution refraction as well as wide-angle reflection/refraction1.Ma,X.Y.,The Atlas of Lithospheric Dynamics of China(in Chinese),Beijing:Atlas Publishing Company,1989,1-68. 2.Liao,Q.L.,Wang,Z.M.,Wang,P.L.et al.,Explosion-generated earthquake study on crustal deep structure in Fuzhou-Quanzhou-Shantou region,Acta Geophysica Sinica(in Chinese),1988,31(3):270-280. 3.L…     

珠江口海域滨海断裂带的地震学特征

利用2010年珠江口外海陆地震联测数据,探测到滨海断裂带在担杆岛外12 km处发育,断裂带主体倾向东南、宽约20 km,沉积层在断裂带内迅速增厚引起陆上固定地震台站的Pg震相在对应断裂带位置的走时明显滞后.通过震相分析和走时正演拟合,获得了滨海断裂带两侧由浅至深的纵波速度结构模型,断裂带内部沉积层速度为1.8~3.5 km/s,上地壳速度5.2~6.1 km/s,下地壳速度为6.3~6.6 km/s,莫霍面的埋深由滨海断裂带陆侧的29 km抬升至其海侧的27 km.滨海断裂带两侧的地壳结构特征明显不同,证实了该断裂带是华南陆区正常型陆壳与南海减薄型陆壳分界断裂的性质.在华南沿海和海陆过渡带的下地壳顶部探测到厚约3 km、层速度为5.5~5.9 km/s的低速层,往海域逐渐减薄尖灭.壳内低速层是地壳中的力学软弱带,与近似正交的NEE向滨海断裂带和NW向断裂带共同组构成了该区地震活动的孕震构造.     

Crustal structure beneath the eastern part of the Coast Ranges (Diablo Range) of central California from explosion seismic and near earthquake data

Seismic refraction and near earthquake data of the U.S. Geological Survey for central California have been compiled into record sections along profiles and interpreted in terms of crustal structure. The profiles are located northeast of the San Andreas fault of central California and run parallel to the general structures. For the explosion seismic line through the centre of the Diablo Range, an uppermost layer (Franciscan formation) with P velocities of 3.6–5.0 km s^?1 decreases in thickness towards the northwest. The lower boundaries of layers with constant velocities of 5.75 and 6.8 km s^?1 are found at almost constant depths of 12 and 21 km, respectively. Between 21 and 26 km depth a well-defined low-velocity zone appears whose velocity is estimated as ～ 5.3 km s^?1 with the aid of a hedgehog inversion and the calculation of amplitudes. This zone is underlain by a layer 3–5 km thick with a velocity of 7.6 km s^?1. The upper-mantle velocity beneath the Moho at 29–30 km depth is 8.2 km s^?1. The near earthquake profiles, located ～ 20 km southwest and parallel to the explosion seismic line, follow more or less the Hayward and Calaveras fault systems. The velocity-depth distribution derived for the earthquake data is very similar to that found beneath the Diablo Range. However, the low-velocity zone at 21–26 km depth does not seem to exist everywhere along the line. The Moho is not disturbed beneath the Calaveras, Hayward and Silver Creek faults; it rises slightly from the Diablo Range towards the southwest.     

滇南及临近地区基底结构——镇康—泸西深地震测深剖面结果

位于南北地震带南段的云南地区是中国大陆内部地震活动最强的地区之一,近年来该区地震活动频繁,展开对该区的探测与研究对人们认识地震孕震背景及板块相互运动具有重要意义.在中国地震局"中国地震科学台阵探测——南北地震带南段"行业专项的支持下,2011年底中国地震局地球物理勘探中心在滇南沿镇康—泸西一线布设一条近东西向的深地震宽角反射/折射探测剖面.该探测剖面跨越三江褶皱系、扬子地台、华南地块等多个地质构造单元,同时穿越南汀河断裂、澜沧江断裂、红河断裂带、小江断裂带等多个重要断裂带.探测剖面长600km,沿线共布设11个炮点和400余台三分量地震数字仪进行爆破和接收.本文利用有限差分和时间项方法对沿线11炮初至波资料进行了计算处理,获取了探测剖面的基底速度结构.研究结果表明:沿线不同地质构造单元基底界面形态起伏变化剧烈,其深度在1.0~7.0km范围内变化,速度横向不均匀性明显.在测线西端地表速度约4.6km·s-1,基底深度较浅,起伏变化不大;地表速度在三江褶皱系下降至4.3km·s-1,而基底埋深达7.0km左右.在扬子地台基底埋深有一个缓慢的变浅,基底深度约5.0km,地表速度约4.5km·s-1.测线在东端进入华南块体,基底深度迅速变浅,甚至出露于地表,地表速度增至约5.2km·s-1.在速度等值线变化剧烈的地方与该区分布的断裂带有很好的对应关系,尤其是在红河断裂带两侧速度等值线及界面形态变化剧烈,该特征在首波的记录截面图上也能清晰的体现.本结果为进一步研究该区强震发生背景及深部动力学意义提供了重要的科学依据.     

基于地震探测的盐源盆地构造特征及动力学意义

基于覆盖盐源盆地的短周期天然地震台阵和布设的一条人工地震测线所获得的地震数据,从中提取地震能量属性,并通过地震层析成像获得该地区的浅部地震速度结构,继而对短周期地震台阵一个月的噪声数据进行互相关得到经验格林函数,再通过时频分析获得相速度频散曲线,反演获得不同深度的S波速度分布.研究结果显示,盐源盆地地震特征主要分为三层...