基于RapidEye影像的蚂蝗田小流域土壤侵蚀与岩溶石漠化分析

依据《岩溶地区水土流失综合治理技术标准》(SL461-2009),以蚂蝗田岩溶小流域为研究对象,实地测量了22组典型地物光谱,发现岩石和土壤在红光-近红外二维光谱特征空间具有线性分布规律,由此推导出土壤—岩石指数方程,并构建了岩溶区土壤侵蚀与石漠化强度分析技术流程。在此基础上,利用研究区RapidEye卫星遥感影像,通过提取土地利用、植被覆盖度、基岩裸露率和坡度等指标因子信息,实现了土壤侵蚀与岩溶石漠化强度的分析评价。研究发现:岩溶区土壤侵蚀与植被覆盖度呈负相关性,与坡度和基岩裸露率无单向相关性;岩溶石漠化与植被覆盖度呈负相关性,与坡度呈正相关性,与基岩裸露率呈线性相关。      

Spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture, microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration at stand scale of an arid scrubland

Studying the influence of plants on soil biological variables in an arid zone is important to the understanding of soil processes and relationships between above and below ground. The objective of this study was to quantify the pattern and degree of soil heterogeneity for soil moisture and its relationship with microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration using geostatistical techniques at stand scale of an arid scrubland. The experiment was conducted in a scrubland landscape using a 2 × 2 m grid within a 16 × 14 m plot in the lower reach of Sangong River watershed in Xinjiang, northwest China. The results revealed the following: (1) Soil moisture and soil microbial biomass carbon had moderate spatial variation, but soil respiration had strong variation. Spatial variability of soil moisture in the study plot decreased when soil moisture changed from wet in April to dry in June. In addition, correlations of soil moisture with microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration were positive and significant (p < 0.005). (2) Variation of soil microbial biomass carbon and soil moisture had a strong spatial autocorrelation in the study plot, mainly induced by structural factors, and the spatial autocorrelation of microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration was mainly determined by soil moisture. (3) The location of the high-value positions of soil moisture, soil microbial biomass carbon and soil respiration were clearly around the positions of scrubs in the study plot. Such information provided some insights to explain the spatial heterogeneity of soil properties at stand scale in an arid region.     

重庆地区岩溶地下河水溶解无机碳及其稳定同位素特征

稳定碳同位素是指示岩溶动力系统碳来源及转化的重要指标。为揭示重庆地区岩溶地下水中溶解无机碳基本特征和碳来源,本文对该地区63条岩溶地下河水样进行了水化学和碳同位素分析。研究结果表明,重庆地区地下河水溶解无机碳主要表现形式为HCO3-,雨季由于稀释作用其浓度低于旱季。重庆岩溶地下河水δ13C-DIC（V-PDB）旱季变化范围为-15.34 ‰～-5.89 ‰,雨季变化范围为-17.40 ‰～-4.23 ‰。根据δ13C同位素质量平衡方法,计算得到重庆地下河旱季碳酸盐岩溶蚀对DIC贡献为45.1 % ～79.7 %,雨季平均为34.6 %～82.1 % 。计算结果表明,在人类活动不断增强的情况下,岩溶水体DIC通量中碳酸盐岩溶解来源的DIC和其参与岩溶地下水δ13C值的形成并不一定是岩溶作用理论方程中所计算的50 %,而是有一定的变化范围。因此在计算岩溶作用碳汇时,建议通过δ13C值扣除碳酸盐岩溶蚀形成DIC的通量后再来推算岩溶作用形成的碳汇量。      

The relations between land use and karst rocky desertification in a typical karst area,China

Karst rocky desertification (KRD) is one major type of desertification which is under irrational human impact on the vulnerable eco-geo-environment. In this study, Zhudong fengcong rocky desertification landscape was selected to investigate the land use types distribution law in different rock types and the KRD land in different land use types. KRD data was determined by user–computer interactive interpreting method from Aster images in 2004, according to the exposed ratio of rock, the coverage of vegetation and soil in 0.2 km² unit, integrating with land utilizing present situation map, hydrogeology map, relief map, vegetation map, soil distribution map, as well as the practical investigation and the population census datum in 2002. Results showed that the occurrence ratio of KRD land is different in land use types and rocky assemblages obviously; land cover has a strong impact upon KRD. The sloping cropland distributed in homogenous limestone has a higher occurrence ratio of light KRD, secondly, is in the limestone interbedded with clastic rock. Light KRD land was dominated by shrubland, and sloping cropland accounts for 11.67% of it, moderate KRD land was dominated by moderate coverage grass slopes, strong and extremely strong KRD was dominated by rocky dry land which is difficult to use.     

典型岩溶峰丛洼地坡面土壤水分空间变异性

采用网格法测量典型坡面上旱季（12月）和雨季（5月）的表层(0~5 cm)土壤含水量,以地统计学方法分析其空间变异性,结果表明:（1）与单一土地利用坡面相比,人为扰动强、土地利用多样的岩溶峰丛坡地表层土壤含水量表现为坡上未被扰动的自然植被区明显高于坡下人为改造的区域;旱季时坡地林地表层土壤平均含水量（32.8%）明显高于位于坡下的梯田空闲地（24.2%）、梯田橘园（20.0%）、梯田菜园（22.0%）、坡地裸地（23.5%）;雨季时,坡地裸地（30.2%）和梯田橘园（32.1%）有明显增大,梯田空闲地（17.8%）剧烈减小,坡地林地（32.2%）土壤含水量依然最高;（2）旱、雨季整个坡面上空间结构比分别为21.0%、8.7%,表现为雨季的空间相关性更好;旱、雨季表层土壤含水量变异系数分别为20.1%和31.7%,属中等程度变异;雨季表层土壤含水量的变程（77.5 m）显著高于旱季（8.0 m）,雨季的土壤含水量具有较好的空间变异结构;（3）裸岩周围空间的土壤含水量随与裸岩的距离增大而减小,梯田石坎周围空间的土壤含水量随与梯田石坎的距离增大而递减。      

Spatio-temporal variability in remotely sensed surface soil moisture and its relationship with precipitation and evapotranspiration during the growing season in the Loess Plateau,China

The distribution and variability of surface soil moisture at regional scales is still poorly understood in the Loess Plateau of China. Spatial and temporal dynamics of surface soil moisture is important due to its impact on vegetation growth and its potential feedback to atmospheric and hydrologic processes. In this study, we analyzed surface soil moisture dynamics and the impacts of precipitation and evapotranspiration on surface soil moisture using remote sensing data during the growing season in 2011 for the Loess Plateau, which contain surface soil moisture, precipitation, vegetation index and evapotranspiration. Results indicate that the areas with low surface soil moisture are mainly located in the semi-arid region. Under dry surface soil moisture, evapotranspiration temporal persistence has a higher positive correlation (0.537) with surface soil moisture temporal persistence, and evapotranspiration is very sensitive to surface soil moisture. But under wet surface soil moisture regime, surface soil moisture temporal persistence has a higher negative correlation (?0.621) with evapotranspiration temporal persistence. Correlation of surface soil moisture and monthly precipitation, evapotranspiration and vegetation index illustrated that precipitation was a significant factor influencing surface soil moisture spatial variance. The correlation coefficients between monthly surface soil moisture and precipitation was varied in different climatic regions, which was 0.304 in arid, 0.364 in semi-arid, 0.490 in transitional and 0.300 in semi-humid regions. Surface soil moisture is more sensitive to precipitation, evapotranspiration, in transitional regions between dry and wet climates.     

峰丛洼地区石漠化治理的碳汇研究进展

根据峰丛洼地区石漠化治理碳汇的现有研究文献,系统总结了峰丛洼地区石漠化治理过程中的碳储量空间格局及其动态过程、不同模式下的碳汇评价与定量化等方面的研究进展与不足,提出了峰丛洼地区二期石漠化治理应关注碳汇稳定性、受气候变化制约等问题,从而优化资源配置的思路;展望了峰丛洼地区二期石漠化治理工程中碳汇研究的趋势:一方面,将土壤分布格局、碳汇耦合机理研究和增加当地经济效益相结合,提高当地农民参与石漠化治理的积极性,推广和发展第一期石漠化治理工程的成果和经验; 另一方面,将遥感技术与石漠化治理碳汇研究相结合,构建更多碳汇估算模型,为二期石漠化治理碳汇定量化服务。      

Geostatistical analysis of soil moisture measurements and remotely sensed data at different spatial scales

The European remote sensing satellite (ERS-2) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data was used for temporal monitoring of soil moisture at Sukhothai, Thailand. Higher correlations were found between the observed soil moisture and the radar backscattering coefficient. The soil moisture distribution shows great variation in space and time due to its stochastic nature. In order to obtain a better understanding of the nature and causes of spatial variation of soil moisture, the extensive soil moisture measurements observed in Thailand and also remotely sensed ERS-2 SAR data were used for geostatistical analysis. The observed soil moisture shows seasonal variations with mean varying from 3.33 %v/v (dry season) to 33.44 %v/v (wet season). The spatial geostatistical structure also shows clear seasonal variations in the geostatistical characteristics such as range and sill. The sills vary from 1.00 (%v/v)² for the driest day to 107.57 (%v/v)² for one of the wet days. The range or the correlation lengths varies between 46.5 and 149.8 m for the wettest and driest periods. The nugget effect does not show strong seasonal pattern or trend but the dry periods usually have a smaller nugget effect than the wet periods. The spherical variogram model fits the sample variograms very well in the case of soil moisture observations while the exponential model fits those of the remotely sensed data. The ranges observed from the observed soil moisture data and remotely sensed data at the same resolution are very similar. Resolution degradation affects the geostatistical structure of the data by reducing the sills, and increasing the ranges.     

基于CiteSpace的喀斯特石漠化国际研究进展

喀斯特石漠化蚕食区域土地资源,制约当地经济的可持续发展,受到国内外学者和政府的广泛关注。鉴于石漠化防治的长期性和艰巨性,梳理有关石漠化在国际上发表论文的相关研究进展,分析当前发展态势及研究前沿和热点,可为石漠化的治理与恢复提供支撑。本文以“Web of ScienceTM核心合集”为主要数据库,检索获取关于石漠化的英文发表成果。利用CiteSpace文献分析工具,进行石漠化研究进展的可视化表达和分析。结果显示:①对比全球的碳酸盐岩区域和人口分布发现,尽管石漠化在多国都有分布,但剧烈的人为扰动导致石漠化在中国西南岩溶地区最为突出;②中国在石漠化研究处于领先地位,国际上发文量最大,发文数大致经历了起步-缓增-稳增-快增的发展过程,中国学者研究与政府投入密切相关;③以贵州省为代表的中国西南地区是发文的核心区,石漠化监测与治理及其对生态环境影响是当前研究的热点和难点。文章综述喀斯特自然环境和人类活动及其交互效应对石漠化演替的影响过程,阐明了石漠化正逆演替过程造成的生态环境效应。综合已发表文献,指出未来需要从高精度石漠化自动制图技术、石漠化与人为活动互馈机制和石漠化恢复与生态环境提升协同路径等3个方面深入研究。      

Variable rainfall limits the germination of upper intertidal marsh plants in Southern California

Temporal variation in rainfall created a germination window for seedling establishment in the upper intertidal marshes of southern California. In this highly variable climate, total annual rainfall was highly variable, as was the timing and size of rainfall during the wet season. Daily rainfalls>3.0 cm were rare in the long-term record but created germination opportunities that had two components: low salinity and high moisture. During the 1996–1997 wet season, only one-day rainfalls>3.0 cm resulted in large increases in soil moisture and decreases in soil salinity. Germination in the upper intertidal marsh of three wetlands followed two large (>3.0 cm) rainfall events in the relatively dry 1996–1997 season and multiple medium and small rainfall events in the wetter 1997–1998 season. In addition to rainfall, plant cover and soil texture influenced, spatial and temporal variation in soil salinity and moisture. Daily and weekly sampling adequately described soil moisture and salinity so that germination could be predicted; monthly sampling would have missed the low-salinity and high-moisture events that trigger germination.     

Rainfall and irrigation controls on groundwater rise and salinity risk in the Ord River Irrigation Area,northern Australia

Groundwater beneath the Ord River Irrigation Area (ORIA) in northern Australia has risen in elevation by 10–20 m during the past 40 years with attendant concerns about water logging and soil salinization. Persistent groundwater accession has been attributed to excessive irrigation and surface water leakage; however, analysis of daily water-table records from the past 10 years yielded a contrary result. On a seasonal basis, water-table elevation typically fell during irrigation (dry) seasons and rose during fallow (wet) seasons, conflicting with the conventional view that irrigation and not rainfall must be the dominant control on groundwater accession. Previous investigations of unexpectedly large infiltration losses through the cracking clay soils provide a plausible explanation for the apparent conundrum. Because rainfall is uncontrolled and occurs independently of the soil moisture condition, there is greater opportunity for incipient ponding and rapid infiltration through preferred flow pathways. In contrast, irrigation is scheduled when needed and applications are stopped after soil wetting is achieved. Contemporary groundwater management in the ORIA is focused on improving irrigation efficiency during dry seasons but additional opportunities may exist to improve groundwater conditions and salinity risk through giving equal attention to the wet-season water balance.     

Soil moisture dynamics under different land uses on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi,China

Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture are little known on karst hillslope with shallow soil in subtropical region. The objectives of this paper were (1) to investigate the temporal dynamics of soil moisture at depth of 0–10 cm under different land uses; and (2) to understand the relationship between mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of moisture contents on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi, China. Soil moisture contents had a moderate variation (CV 17.5–30.3%) over an 8-month period and they had a significant difference among different land uses at the 0.01 level with a decreasing order: native scrubland > abandoned cropland and sloping cropland > economic forestland. There were higher mean and lower CV of moisture contents in rainy season than those in drought season. Mean and CV of moisture contents had a significant negative linear relationship except in abandoned cropland with higher soil and vegetation heterogeneity. This suggested that spatial variability of soil moisture within sampling sites would decrease when soils were wet and increase when soils were arid. Compared with rainy season, more soil samples may be needed and the interval for sampling should be shortened in drought season. Such information provided some insights to better understand the dynamics and variability of soil moisture at a larger scale in karst region of southwest China.     

Soil heat flux and day time surface energy balance closure at astronomical observatory,Thiruvananthapuram, south Kerala

Soil heat flux is an important input component of surface energy balance. Estimates of soil heat flux were made in the year 2008 using soil temperature data at Astronomical Observatory, Thiruvananthapuram, south Kerala. Hourly values of soil heat flux from 00 to 24 LST are presented for selected days typical of the winter, pre-monsoon, SW monsoon and NE monsoon seasons. The diurnal variation is characterized by a cross-over from negative to positive values at 0700 h, occurrence of maximum around noon and return to negative values in the late evening. The energy storage term for the soil layer 0–0.05 m is calculated and the ground heat flux G ^? is estimated in all seasons. Daytime surface energy balance at the surface on wet and dry seasons is investigated. The average Bowen’s ratio during the wet and dry seasons were 0.541 and 0.515, respectively indicating that considerable evaporation takes place at the surface. The separate energy balance components were examined and the mean surface energy balance closure was found to be 0.742 and 0.795 for wet and dry seasons, respectively. When a new method that accounts for both soil thermal conduction and soil thermal convection was adopted to calculate the surface heat flux, the energy balance closure was found to be improved. Thus on the land surface under study, the soil vertical water movement is significant.     

Using differential SAR interferometry to map land subsidence: a case study in the Pingtung Plain of SW Taiwan

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry (InSAR) is a geodetic tool widely applied in the studies of earth-surface deformation. This technique has the benefits of high spatial resolution and centimetre-scale accuracy. Differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) is used to measure ground deformation with repeat-pass SAR images. This study applied DInSAR and persistent scatterers InSAR (PSInSAR) for detecting land subsidence in the Pingtung Plain, southern Taiwan, between 1995 and 2000. In recent years, serious land subsidence occurred along coastal regions of Taiwan as a consequence of over-pumping of underground water. Results of this study revealed that the critical subsidence region is located on the coast near the estuary of Linpien River. It is also found that subsidence was significantly higher during the dry season than the wet season. The maximum annual subsidence rate of the dry season is up to −11.51 cm/year in critical subsidence region and the vertical land movement rate is much slower during the wet season. The average subsidence rates in wet and dry seasons are −0.31 and −3.37 cm/year, respectively. As a result, the subsidence rate in dry seasons is about 3 cm larger than in wet seasons.     

坡度作用下土壤水分时空异质性研究

国内外对于坡度作用下土壤水分空间异质性尚无定论,且国内时间异质性研究尚很缺乏,以野外水文山实验流域为研究对象,选取偏干和偏湿年份分析了土壤水分的时空异质性。空间异质性的研究表明,土壤水分的主要趋势是60cm大于30cm,但在有的时间段30cm含水量也会超过60cm;总体而言从坡顶到坡脚土壤含水量依次增加,但是在某种特殊情况下也会发生变化。即土壤水分在空间上的分布结构在时间上具有一定的稳定性,并且降水量越多坡度的作用表现得越明显。时间异质性的分析表明,土壤水分的时间变异表现出明显的季节性差异,并且坡面不同位置的变异性不同,偏干年份的年内变化类似于正弦曲线。     

青藏高原玉树地区巴塘高寒草甸土壤温湿特征分析

在青藏高原腹地青海省玉树藏族自治州玉树县巴塘高寒草甸草场设立野外试验场, 进行土壤温、湿动态监测. 利用温、湿监测数据及同步气象数据资料, 采用对比分析及线性趋势等方法, 分析了巴塘高寒草甸日、年土壤温、湿变化状况. 结果表明: 土壤温度从10:00时左右开始上升, 至17:00-18:00时达到最高值, 然后开始下降, 在第二天9:00时左右到达最低; 土壤湿度在10:00时达到最低值, 在18:00时达到最大值, 随着土壤深度的增加, 土壤湿度逐渐降低. 土壤温、湿度在不同的季节表现出不同的变化趋势, 二个点不同土层表现出相对一致的变化, 随着土壤深度的增加, 土壤温、湿度逐渐降低; 随着与雪栅距离的增加, 土壤温、湿度的变化幅度减弱; 随着土壤深度的增加, 雪栅的影响也逐渐减小. 通过对土壤温、湿不同时期的特征分析, 5月中旬至8月中旬, 土壤湿度与土壤温度呈现相反的变化趋势, 而在其余时期土壤温湿变化趋势一致; 秋季向冬季转换时, 土壤温湿呈显著下降趋势, 而后土壤进入封冻时期; 冬季向春季转换时, 土壤温湿呈显著上升趋势, 土壤进入解冻时期. 冷季时, 25 cm土壤温度高于5 cm; 暖季时, 5 cm土壤温度高于25 cm.     

漓江桂林市区段三氮分布特征及影响因素分析

文章为确定漓江桂林市区段三氮含量的变化趋势及其影响因素,分丰水期和枯水期在漓江干流及其支流上选择7个断面分别进行了取样,通过现场水化学指标和室内化验,对研究区三氮含量的时空分布特征和影响因素进行了探讨。分析结果表明:研究区漓江干流上C（NH3-N）和C（NO3--N）的最高值分别为0.248 3mg/L和2.251 7 mg/L,满足地表水环境质量Ⅱ类水标准,但漓江在经过研究区后三氮含量呈升高趋势;三氮含量的季节分布特征为NH3-N和NO3--N含量枯水期明显高于丰水期,而NO2--N含量枯水期略低于丰水期,丰枯季节水温的变化会影响总无机氮（TIN）中各种形态氮含量的比例,使得C(NH3-N)/ C(TIN)由丰水期的4.83%提高到枯水期的6.69%;流经农村生活区和农业地区的桃花江和小东江等支流是区内NH3-N的主要污染源,降雨后NH3-N的含量会明显升高。因此,加强区内漓江支流的综合治理、开展降雨条件下饮用水水源地取水口NH3-N含量的实时监测非常必要。      

Heavy metal trends in the Calabar River, Nigeria

. Heavy metal concentrations in sediments of the Calabar River: Pb (0.6–30 ppm); Ni (1.2–22.5 ppm); Cr (0.6–3.3 ppm); Cu (0.3–48 ppm); Zn (0.8–27 ppm); Fe (0.2–2,880 ppm) and V (0 ppm) are generally below levels that are known to be harmful to aquatic biota. Metal levels displayed marked seasonal, spatial and tidal variations, which are attributed to both anthropogenic influences and natural processes in the environment. Iron and Cr increased during the dry season (January), while Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni had their peak values in the wet season (September). High values of metals during the wet season indicate inputs through human activities mediated by rainfall. Relatively higher concentrations of metals are obtained during high tide compared to low tide regime. This is attributed to redox processes in the sediment and subsequent displacement of sediment pore water rich in metals by seawater intrusion during high tide. Higher values of Fe observed in the dry compared to the wet season may be attributed to oxidation and precipitation of soluble forms brought into the river during the wet season.     

Trace-element patterns in lateritic soils applied to geochemical exploration

Geochemical soil surveys in areas underlain by Precambrian volcano-metasedimentary sequences and around rare-metal-bearing pegmatites of southwestern Nigeria demonstrate that residual geochemical soil patterns reflect a wide range of potential source rocks adequately. The secondary geochemical dispersion processes in these typically tropical weathering environments adjust the trace-element distribution during lateritic soil development to narrow fluctuation ranges in comparison to the differing Clarke values of various source rock units.The sample density in these soil surveys, averaging at one sample per square kilometer, favours geochemical inventories even at regional scale and shows great potentials to predict bedrock composition of tropical terrain where rock outcrops are rather scarce.     

温湿气候区结晶岩与碎屑岩腐岩特征及其发育过程

发育于斜坡非饱和带的结晶岩与碎屑岩腐岩多夹于残坡积土层和风化岩带之间,保留有裂隙及层理等构造,但质地松软。腐岩结构体与母岩色差显著,保留原岩结构和构造特征,矿物成分以次生粘土矿物、次生石英及褐铁矿最为常见。腐岩次生微孔隙发育,具有低密度、高孔隙度、高渗透率、高容水度及高持水度特征。腐岩发育是通过低渗透岩石结构体风化前锋的渐进性扩展实现的,非饱和带高湿度空气形成的凝结水和降水入渗形成的非饱和渗流是该过程的核心动力。气态水分子能够扩散到低渗透岩石结构体表面内侧一定宽度范围内的孔隙系统之中凝结为液态水并溶蚀造岩矿物。雨季入渗降水在结构体表面形成的薄膜水流通过分子扩散机制接受其内侧结构体粒间溶液中的溶出组分并将其携入饱水带,同时恢复粒间溶液的侵蚀动力。当上述过程循环到一定程度时,结构面内侧便形成一定厚度的腐岩壳。腐岩壳在雨季直接吸收、贮存流经其表面的液态渗入水,在核心石外侧形成富水结构层并在旱季向包气带或其内侧的风化前锋提供水汽。随着时间推移,腐岩壳越来越厚,核心石最终消失;当某一范围内的岩石结构体全部演变为腐岩结构体时,该范围内的岩体也就完成了向腐岩体的转变。