河南卢氏盆地黄村断裂土壤氡气测量及断裂活动性分析

本文是为了确定在卢氏盆地内被第四系覆盖的黄村断裂的位置、断裂性质,分析黄村断裂与其北侧的乔家窑地热异常的关系。断裂构造是深部氡气汇集和迁移的主要通道,氡气沿断裂向上迁移,在地表浅部形成氡异常。土壤氡气异常可揭示隐伏断裂构造的位置、产状和活动性。黄村断裂通过卢氏乔家窑一带,为第四系沉积物所覆盖。沿垂直断裂走向方向布置4条测线。应用瞬时土壤测氡仪进行了野外现场测量,测试了土壤氡气浓度,确定土壤氡气异常,分析黄村断裂位置、产状和活动性。结果表明:黄村断裂带上方土壤氡气具有异常显示,异常位置与断层位置具有较好的一致性。沿QJ12测线,从南向北,土壤氡气异常形态为低-高-较高-较低-低的峰值形态。在断层带上方氡气峰值异常高于背景值的1.5倍以上,异常峰多数为2个测点以上组成。土壤氡气变化特征表明黄村断裂具有较强的活动性。利用土壤氡气异常分析了黄村断裂深部结构特征,给出了主断裂面与次级断裂面产状和位置。结合土壤氡气异常,分析了乔家地热形成机理。初步研究结果表明,豫西基底构造具有多期活动性,活化区域内的压扭性断裂,可转变为局部张性断裂,控制水热、成矿物质的迁移和富集。     

龙泉山断裂带隐伏断层氡气特征及其活动性分析

龙泉山断裂构造带作为龙门山推覆带的前陆隆起,严格控制了成都平原东边界,其活动性历来受到人们的关注。通过对龙泉山断裂带的氡气进行测量,可以有效地判断隐伏断层的位置及其活动性。测量结果显示,龙泉山断裂带北段东坡活动性强于西坡,主断层的活动性明显强于边缘隐伏断层,4条断层的活动性由强到弱依次为合兴场断层红花塘断层龙泉驿断层松林场断层。龙泉山断裂带同一条断层在地表由多个破碎带组成,其氡气异常特征与断层活动性和破碎带特征呈正相关性,即断层活动性越强,氡气异常特征越显著。龙泉山断裂带氡气平均异常浓度是背景值的9.6倍,将各异常带峰值浓度与背景值进行对比分析,大致归纳出了龙泉山地区隐伏断层活动性的相对判别标准。     

基于土壤氡气测量识别甘肃北山南缘隐伏断裂

我国高放废物地质处置库首选预选区位于甘肃北山南缘，区内分布有多条大型非活动断裂构造，这些断裂很可能成为未来放射性核素迁移的主要通道。断裂在向地表延伸过程中，受第四系覆盖等因素影响，造成关键构造部位隐伏地下而难以识别。本文以北山地区新场地段南部红旗山和前红泉断裂为研究对象，采用土壤中氡气测量方法，探讨了大型断裂构造中隐伏段落的识别及其指示的水文地质意义。结果表明：土壤中氡气测量对于识别北山南缘隐伏断裂具有很好的指示意义，是传统地质调查方法的一种重要补充；红旗山和前红泉断裂裂隙系统整体开启性均较差，裂隙系统不发育，影响范围较小，不具备形成较大规模储水空间的可能性。不同断裂带土壤氡浓度背景值差异较大，可根据土壤氡浓度累积频率分布图确定背景值；土壤氡浓度等值线分布图对判断隐伏断裂位置具有一定的指示作用。对于压剪性断裂而言，主断裂多沿氡气高异常与低异常边界分布或表现为氡气中等异常，而两侧的次级断裂表现为氡气高异常。     

Correlations between soil gas and seismic activity in the Generalized Haiyuan Fault Zone,north-central China

Radon and mercury concentrations were measured in 10 fault gas profiles in Generalized Haiyuan Fault. This paper aims to predetermine the potential seismic risk in different segments of the fault zone from the perspective of geochemistry. The background value and anomaly threshold were adopted and synthesized using the maximum value method and average method to calculate concentration intensity values of radon and mercury. Fault soil gas mercury and radon concentrations show a decreasing gradient from NW to SE indicating evident segmentation. Higher values are mostly distributed in the Maomao Mountain–Tiger Mountain fault and Jingtai area. Combined with the seismotectonic background of historical and recent earthquakes and the spatial distribution characteristics of b-values, the fault soil gas concentration intensity shows a close correlation with earthquake activity within the fault zone. Concentrations of fault gas are higher and the b-value lower in areas of strong seismic activity, and regions with weak seismic activity correspond to lower fault gas concentrations and higher b-values. It is thus considered that the Jingtai area may be more dangerous than the other areas. This paper could provide vital background information for earthquake prediction in the Generalized Haiyuan Fault Zone.     

泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气浓度与地质背景的关系

通过泉州市、晋江市土壤中氡气测量,取得约465 km2土壤氡气环境调查成果,从结果来看,泉州市区和晋江市区土壤中氡气浓度普遍较低;市郊主要为山地,土壤中氡气浓度普遍较高;从土壤中氡气浓度水平的分布来看,土壤中氡气浓度水平主要与地质背景有关,二长花岗岩、钾长花岗岩、钾长浅粒岩及黑云片岩风化土壤中氡气浓度明显高于其他地质背景来源土壤。     

氡气测量在川藏铁路板块结合带构造活动研究中的应用

川藏铁路高速交通廊道研究区地质构造环境较为脆弱,尤其是金沙江结合带、澜沧江结合带、怒江结合带、嘉黎断裂带及雅鲁藏布江结合带5条主要板块碰撞结合带,均表现出不同程度的构造活动,其构造活动严重制约着川藏铁路的建设。本文在深入研究其地质建造特征、地震、深部结构及活动特征等基础上,运用微剂量氡气测量的方法表征结合带的地球化学特征,采用不同于常规统计学方法获取背景值,并通过定义异常系数（峰值m_max/背景值m₀）探讨其与结合带地质建造、深部特征、地震及构造活动的关系。研究结果表明:每条测氡曲线均存在一个5 min,10 min,15 min 3次测氡数据相差极小"特殊点",氡气背景值与地壳岩石建造有显著关系;峰值与结合带所处大地构造位置有关;氡气异常系数整体沿西南至东北方向依次降低,氡气异常系数与断裂带构造活动关系极为显著,其中异常系数与水平位移速度,滑动速率及地应力均具有良好的正相关关系,回归方程分别为:y=0.869x+0.1278、y=0.7318x+15.1052、y=4.2196x+7.52639,研究结果对川藏铁路板块结合带的构造活动研究及川藏铁路的建设具有重大意义。     

Soil gas radon concentrations along the Ganos Fault (GF)

In this study, soil radon levels have been measured for the first time across the Ganos fault (GF), which is known as the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone. LR 115 Type 2 Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (time integrated) have been applied to determine soil gas radon levels, and the survey was performed in 16 stations along the fault line. The results showed that soil gas radon concentrations and variation of concentration levels are comparable high along the fault line. It is also observed that in the middle of the Ganos Fault, fairly elevated radon levels were detected. These can be related to the activity of the fault lines. It is confirmed that the study area has a very active tectonic structure and is great location for analyzing radon variations.     

The measurement of soil gases and shallow temperature for determination of active faults in a geothermal area: a case study from Ömer–Gecek,Afyonkarahisar (West Anatolia)

Afyonkarahisar is a very important geothermal province of western Anatolia and has low and medium enthalpy geothermal areas. This study has been carried out for the preparation of distribution maps of soil gases (radon and carbon dioxide) and shallow soil temperature and the exploration of permeable tectonic regions associated with geothermal systems and reveal the origins of radon and carbon dioxide gases. The western district of the study area is characterized by the high radon concentration (168.30 kBq/m³), carbon dioxide ratio (0.30%), and soil temperature (21.0 °C) values. Fethibey and Demirçevre faults, which allow the circulation of geothermal fluids, have been detected in the distribution maps of radon, carbon dioxide, and shallow depth temperature and the directions of the curves in these maps correspond to the strikes of Demirçevre faults. The effect of the fault plays an important role in the change of carbon dioxide concentration along the W-E directional geological section prepared to determine the change of soil gas and shallow depth temperature values depending on lithological differences, fault existence, and geothermal reservoir depth. On the other hand, it was determined that Rn²²² concentration and soil temperature changed as a function of geothermal reservoir depth or lithological difference. Tuffs in Köprülü volcano-sedimentary units are the main source of radon due to their higher uranium contents. Besides, the carbon dioxide in Ömer–Gecek soils has geothermal origin because of the highest carbon dioxide content (99.3%) in non-condense gas. The similarities in patterns of soil temperature, radon, and carbon dioxide indicate that the variation in soil temperatures is related to radon and carbon dioxide emissions. It is concluded that soil gas and temperature measurements can be used to determine the active faults in the initial stage of geothermal exploration successfully.     

缅甸拉泰-其培河段恩梅开江断裂带氡气测量

利用测量土壤中氡气异常来确定隐伏断裂的几何学特征。在缅甸拉泰—其培河段布置的四条测氡剖面中,氡气异常明显,拉泰-芒童段异常值约为本底值的3～8倍,芒童以南部分异常值比本底值高100倍,表明芒童以南地段活动性较强。氡气测量结果很好地控制了恩梅开江断裂在覆盖层之下的延伸展布方向。地表开挖及平硐揭露,很好地验证了测氡结果所推测的断层几何学特征。因此,测定土壤中氡气异常来寻找隐伏断裂的方法是可行的。     

Activité du gaz radon dans l'air du sol et sismicité locale : exemple du bassin de l'Arax (Arménie)Radon soil-gas concentrations and local seismicity: case of the Arax basin (Armenia)

A survey of soil gas radon concentrations has been carried out at three sites, in the seismic area of Armenia, from 1996 to 1999. The seismicity generates opposed behaviours at the different sites. This heterogeneity is related to the sites locations in the tectonic frame. An increase of radon concentration occurs inside the tectonic micro-blocks during local seismic activity. On the contrary, an abrupt co-seismic decrease is recorded close to the fault area. These variations can be due to ‘pore-collapse’ phenomena which expulse the pore-gas and increases Rn concentration in soil at intra-blocs sites, but also to pore-elastic deformations and microfracturing modifications in the fault area. To cite this article: K. Kharatian et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 179–185.     

西藏加查地区某水电站坝址区隐伏断裂研究

该水电站坝址区位于Ⅱ、Ⅲ级阶地平台上,被第四系松散沉积物覆盖,为探明下面是否发育有隐伏断层,本文首先研究从区域构造变形规律和坝址区周边基岩断层发育特征出发,结合断层气(氡气和地气)测量技术发现13号测点氡气和地气均出现异常,因此判断该阶地下面发育有一条规模较小的隐伏断层,走向近东西向,倾角较陡,对该处工程稳定性影响不大。也为今后该地区的隐伏断裂研究提供借鉴意义。     

库车前陆盆地构造挤压作用下的天然气运聚效应探讨

以克拉2气田为例,探讨了喜马拉雅晚期强烈构造挤压作用下天然气的运聚效应。构造挤压引起流体压力的快速增加,打破前期相对稳定的流体势场;断裂带为相对低应力区,不增压或与周围岩层相比增压相对小,成为相对低势区,岩层中的天然气向断裂处汇聚,使断裂带势能增大;构造挤压使地层发生破裂和已有断裂开启,同时垂向上气势梯度也大幅度增大,深部天然气沿断裂的垂向运移动力得以增强,断裂带处汇聚天然气沿开启断裂向上部地层快速运移,并侧向充注区域性盖层下的砂体,最终在构造挤压作用下的相对低气势区聚集。喜马拉雅晚期以来库车前陆逆冲带盐下断背斜、背斜构造挤压作用下为相对低气势区,油源断裂发育,构造强烈活动使断裂开启,垂向上气势梯度大幅度增大,保存条件较好,为喜马拉雅晚期以来天然气有利聚集区。中西部前陆盆地构造挤压强烈,对天然气成藏具有重要影响。因此,开展前陆盆地构造挤压对天然气成藏的影响研究,对指导前陆盆地油气勘探具有重要的理论意义和应用。     

栾川县黄沟金矿地质特征及找矿潜力分析

熊耳山地区位于华北地台南缘华熊台隆内的熊耳山断隆区,该区构造活动强烈,岩浆活动频繁,是我国主要的岩金矿产地之一,蕴藏着丰富的金属矿产资源。黄沟金矿区位于熊耳山矿集区西部,与该区众多已知矿床具有相同或相似的成矿背景条件。通过对黄沟金矿区域成矿地质背景及地质特征的研究,结合在该区初步工作取得的找矿成果,确定该区金矿的控矿构造主要为穿层断裂带及受区域拆离断层控制的缓倾滑动破碎带,主要金矿类型为构造蚀变岩型。依据控矿构造带的规模和土壤地球化学的异常特征,认为在该区的东黄沟、阳坡根及小黄沟一带找矿潜力较好,前景非常乐观。此外,该区出露的燕山期花岗细晶岩体与成矿关系密切,是矿区乃至整个熊耳山地区下步找矿的一个重要方向。     

内蒙古杭锦旗探区石炭—二叠系天然气成藏模式

鄂尔多斯盆地北部杭锦旗探区泊尔江海子—三眼井断裂带南北两侧石炭—二叠系的烃源岩、储集层、源储关系、气水分布、油气运移及产能等成藏条件与特征都具有明显的区别。通过分析断裂带南、北天然气甲烷含量和密度特征的差异,认为断裂带以北天然气部分来自于南部。划分了3种不整合面运移通道类型,并通过分析断层特征,明确了南部生成的天然气可以通过不整合面和断层运移至断裂带以北。结合生储盖组合、运移输导等特征,确定了断裂带以南的伊陕斜坡区煤系气源岩与河流相致密砂岩储层的成藏组合特点为源储紧邻、广覆式分布,断裂带以北的继承性隆起区,虽本地气源条件较差,但与断裂带以南的源岩区构成侧接式组合。探区位于鄂尔多斯盆地北部石炭—二叠系准连续—非连续成藏过渡带上,依此建立了“源储紧邻、物性控藏”和“双源供气、圈闭控藏”南北两种不同的天然气成藏模式。     

Spatial radon anomalies on active faults in California

Radon emanation has been observed to be anomalously high along active faults in many parts of the world. We tested this relationship by conducting and repeating soil-air radon surveys with a portable radon meter across several faults in California. The results confirm the existence of fault-associated radon anomalies, which show characteristic features that may be related to fault structures but vary in time due to other environmental changes, such as rainfall. Across two creeping faults in San Juan Bautista and Hollister, the radon anomalies showed prominent double peaks straddling the fault-gouge zone during dry summers, but the peak-to-background ratios diminished after significant rain fall during winter. Across a locked segment of the San Andreas fault near Olema, the anomaly has a single peak located several meters southwest of the slip zone associated with the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Across two fault segments that ruptured during the magnitude 7.5 Landers earthquake in 1992, anomalously high radon concentration was found in the fractures three weeks after the earthquake. We attribute the fault-related anomalies to a slow vertical gas flow in or near the fault zones. Radon generated locally in subsurface soil has a concentration profile that increases three orders of magnitude from the surface to a depth of several meters; thus an upward flow that brings up deeper and radon-richer soil air to the detection level can cause a significantly higher concentration reading. This explanation is consistent with concentrations of carbon dioxide and oxygen, measured in soil-air samples collected during one of the surveys.     

山东黄金资源钻探井测井资料分析方法与应用

山东胶东地区为多期次岩浆活动与变质作用的产物,岩石以变质岩和岩浆岩为主。由于构造活动频繁,且处于断裂带上,岩石破碎带发育。本次科学钻探测井分析的主要任务是岩性识别与破碎带识别和划分。首先围绕岩性识别研究了多种测井交会图技术,实现了研究区钻遇的变辉长岩、片麻岩、二长花岗岩等的岩性识别,并总结了其测井响应特征。针对裂缝和破碎带分析,提出了应用主成分分析方法,并且识别结果与岩芯描述比较一致。上述岩性分析和裂缝、破碎带的测井解释结果对寻找黄铁矿石英脉起到较为重要的作用,也为综合地质信息的研究提供了可靠资料和依据。     

青藏高原东缘活动断裂带地壳岩体构造损伤特征与模式讨论

活动断裂带强烈复杂的构造运动会对地壳岩体产生不同程度的损伤,这些损伤能够显著影响地震破裂、地貌演化和地质灾害等地质过程,并对工程岩体稳定有较大影响,但目前鲜见对大型活动断裂地壳岩体构造损伤的深入研究.本文首次提出地壳岩体构造损伤的科学概念,揭示其具有不可逆性、累积性、非均匀性与愈合性.通过对青藏高原东缘鲜水河断裂带等6...     

基于物探-化探技术快速精确定位评价城市及周边隐伏断层——以广西桂林市临桂区为例

【研究目的】城市及其周边地区隐伏断层构造的探测对城市建设和经济发展具有重要影响而引起人们重点关注，根据城市的地质背景及人文条件要求，采用适宜的方法是对隐伏断层能否快速精确定位的关键，同时探测方法须具有经济快速、绿色环保及强抗干扰能力等特点。【研究方法】以广西桂林市临桂区为例，为快速精确定位被第四系覆盖的隐伏断层F1，依据该区的地质背景和地表景观特点，采用了可控源音频大地电磁测深法（CSAMT）、土壤汞气测量、氡气测量等物化探综合方法。【研究结果】经试验发现低电阻率异常与土壤汞气、氡气高值异常高度吻合，推测多方法异常重合的部位为隐伏断层的位置，而经钻探查证，揭露到了隐伏断层构造及丰富的地下水，为该区寻找与开发深部地下热水提供了依据。【结论】显然CSAMT、土壤汞气测量和氡气测量是实现桂林市及周边地区隐伏断层快速精确定位的技术组合，也为其他地区隐伏断层的探测工作提供了参考。创新点：采用地球物理、地球化学多方法在城市及周边开展隐伏断层快速探测，互相验证、最大限度减少人文干扰的影响；土壤汞气和氡气测量具有经济、快速的特点，对深部隐伏断裂构造反映明显。     

Radon,Lung Cancer Risk and Environmental Geology in Gejiu Area

The incidence of lung cancer in the Gejiu area of Yunnan Province ranks the first in the world.The radon level(indoor,soil) was measured in the Gejiu area by the SSNTD method from 1990 to 1996,The result indicates an extensive high-level of indoor radon in that area though U and Th are lower in local limestones,The indoor radon level of houses located in the geologic fault zone is 6 times high that 2km far from the fault zone.The reason probably is that the radon level of soil in the fault is 6-8 times high that 1 km far from the faults.our data indicate that a lower range of radon levels,0-100Bq.m^-3,exists in healthy families.However,a higher radon level,over 800 Bq.m^-3,is often found corresponding to that of cancer patients‘ homes(the house-owners are suffering from either lung cancer or leukaemia or liver cancer),Obviously,an increase in lung cancer incidence follows an increase in indoor radon level,The risk of cancer induced by indoor radon is no longer an inference,but a fact.     

The use of soil mercury and radon gas surveys to assist the detection of concealed faults in Fuzhou City, China

Soil gas approaches have been proven useful for detecting buried faults in field survey. How about their applicability in urban area? A trial soil gas survey has been conducted in an attempt to evaluate this in Fuzhou City, Southeastern China. The detection was performed by measuring the adsorbed mercury, free mercury and radon gases in soil in the sites such as crop soil, refilled soil and those with shallow groundwater levels. The resulting distributions show that anomalous concentrations of soil gases over faults are generally two to four times as much as those in the surrounding areas. The locations of peak values of absorbed and free mercury could possibly be applied to assist to determine the trend of faults. The background values of free mercury seems to be more stable and the anomalous zones narrower than those of radon gas, therefore, the free mercury method seems to be good for detection at this area, especially in those sites with shallow groundwater levels. The false gas anomalies may occur in such a site as refilled with external soil, refilled pond and abandoned construction bases.