塔里木盆地寒武-奥陶系烃源岩的分子地球化学特征

对塔里木盆地下古生界样品的地球化学分析表明,上奥陶统良里塔格组、中上奥陶统却尔却克群烃源岩与其他烃源岩具有明显的差异,具有低的C28甾烷、24-降胆甾烷、甲藻甾烷、甲藻三芳甾烷与伽马蜡烷含量以及高的C24四环萜烷、重排甾烷含量等特点。柯坪地区中上奥陶统萨尔干组、印干组页岩伽马蜡烷、C28甾烷相对含量与寒武系、中下奥陶统黑土凹组烃源岩具有相似性。萨尔干组、印干组烃源岩中生物标志物的绝对含量很低。柯坪地区寒武系玉尔吐斯组、中上奥陶统萨尔干组、上奥陶统印干组、满东地区中下奥陶统黑土凹组等较强沉积环境的泥质烃源岩伽马蜡烷、C28甾烷、特殊甾烷的相对含量与海相原油主体有较大差异。上奥陶统印干组烃源岩较高含量的三芳甲藻甾烷、24-降重排胆甾烷和24-降胆甾烷化合物的检出表明,断代生物标志物的提法值得商榷。     

哈得逊油田成藏研究

对哈得逊油田的原油成分、原油和储层沥青族组分碳同位素、储层自生伊利石年龄和包裹体研究,以及该地区沉积和构造历史的研究表明,哈得逊油田发生过两次油气充注,第一次油气充注发生在晚二叠纪,早期原油在油田范围内只是经过,并没有聚集成藏。由于当时储层埋藏较浅,储层成岩作用弱,没有包裹体的形成。晚海西期由于构造抬升,储层中残留的早期原油发生了降解,只保留了一些重质组分。目前油藏中保存下来的原油为喜马拉雅期注入的、由O2 O3源岩形成的原油。     

塔里木盆地西部奥陶系内部不整合

塔里木盆地西部柯坪地区奥陶系内部存在两期主要不整合。其一,位于下奥陶统蓬莱坝组与鹰山组之间,为平行不整合。该不整合在柯坪县北水泥厂剖面上缺失牙形石Glyptoconus floweri带和Tripodus proteus—Paltodus deltifer带,有大至相当于5.5Ma的地层缺失量;在乌什县鹰山北坡剖面上缺失了牙形石Glyptoconus quadraplicatus带、Glyptoconus floweri带和Tripodus proteus/Paltodus deltifer带,有相当于约7.2Ma的地层缺失量。其二,存在于上奥陶统铁热克阿瓦提组与下伏地层之间,主要为平行不整合,局部为角度不整合。古生物研究表明其间的地层缺失量变化相当大,在柯坪大湾沟、大湾沟东以及羊吉坎剖面上,不整合之下地层为印干组,地层缺失量比较少,时间间隔为1~2Ma;在阿克苏四石厂剖面和柯坪铁热克阿瓦提剖面,其下伏地层为其浪组,缺失了印干组和其浪组的上部,其时间间隔相当于约5Ma;在伽师三间房剖面,下伏地层为吐木休克组或一间房组,缺失地层的时间间隔约为15Ma;西克尔地区地层缺失量最大,铁热克阿瓦提组直接覆于中奥陶统鹰山组之上,缺失地层的时间间隔超过了20Ma。     

Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures in the Northern Tarim Basin, NW China

Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures are important for understanding the tectonics of the Chinese Central Asia. This paper presents a systematic investigation on the Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures in the Northern Tarim Basin. Close interpretations of seismic data reveal that the Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures were widely developed in the Northern Tarim Basin. These extensional structures are regionally composed of many small normal faults, which usually group into left- or right-step en echelon and form several transtensional fault zones. Combinations of normal faults in profile become small graben-horst or staircase-like cross-sections. Based on the areal distribution, structural style, combination relationship, formation and evolution time, and formation mechanism of the extensional structures, we found that the Meso-Cenozoic extensional structures in Northern Tarim Basin can be classified into two conjugate normal fault systems, which were formed separately in Jurassic-Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous-Neogene. The former is likely associated with the stress relaxation after a collisional orogeny accompanied with a certain degree of anticlockwise rotation of the Tarim block relative to the South Tianshan; the latter is possibly induced by the east by south tectonic escape of the Tarim block with a certain degree of clockwise rotation relative to the South Tianshan triggered by the far-field effect of the Himalayan orogeny.     

塔里木盆地西北缘沙井子构造带断裂构造分析

沙井子构造带位于塔里木盆地西北缘,是分隔阿瓦提凹陷和温宿凸起的边界断裂。它是塔里木盆地研究最薄弱的大型断裂构造带之一。根据系统、精细的地震资料解释,沙井子构造带存在3套断裂体系:深部楔状冲断构造、狭义沙井子断裂和浅部的伸张构造。深部楔状冲断构造形成于志留纪—泥盆纪,由北西倾向的主冲断层和南东倾向的反冲断层形成构造楔; 构造楔主要由前寒武纪变质岩组成,冲断前锋楔入于寒武系中部,造成上覆地层向温宿凸起方向的急剧抬升。狭义的沙井子断裂,即通常所说的沙井子断裂,为一条高角度基底卷入型挤压走滑断裂,形成于二叠纪末—三叠纪初,错断了早期的深部冲断楔。浅部的伸展构造形成于第四纪早-中期,为一系列较小规模的正断层,沿狭义沙井子断裂呈右步雁列状排列,构成左行剪切张扭性断裂带。深部的楔状冲断构造和浅部的伸展构造是本次研究的新发现。     

Thermal and maturation history of Jurassic source rocks in the Kuqa foreland depression of Tarim Basin,NW China

Kuqa foreland depression of the Tarim Basin is one of the largest gas production provinces in China. Thermal history reconstruction using vitrinite reflectance data indicates that the palaeo-heat flow in Kuqa depression was relatively high (50–55 mW/m²) during the Mesozoic, but gradually decreased during the Cenozoic to reach the present value of 40–50 mW/m². The cooling of the Kuqa depression is probably attributed to the crust thickening and the rapid sedimentary rate. The Jurassic source rocks entered conventional oil window at 100 Ma, and began to generate gas at approximately 75 Ma in the Kelasu area. Thermal maturation of the Jurassic source rocks accelerated significantly since 23.3 Ma, especially in the recent 5.2 Ma. In this foreland depression, source rock maturation, which is likely controlled mainly by burial history, also influenced by the presence of fault thrusting and salt-bearing formations.     

塔里木盆地西北缘皮羌辉长岩体的时代讨论

皮羌辉长岩体位于塔里木盆地柯坪断隆西部,皮羌村北约15 km处。该岩体的围岩包括志留系、泥盆系和石炭系—二叠系,新近系不整合覆盖其上。采集该辉长岩样品进行单矿物分离,取分离出的斜长石进行Ar-Ar定年。700～1400℃的8个加热阶段析出的~(39)Ar为总量的95.89%,在坪谱图上得到一个较稳定的坪,坪年龄为265.5±1.2 Ma;与之相对应的等时线年龄为267.29±5.62 Ma。结合区域地质分析,皮羌辉长岩体的侵入时代为中二叠世早期;是塔里木二叠纪岩浆活动的一部分。其侵入后基本未受后期构造热事件影响。     

塔里木盆地西北缘皮羌辉长岩体的时代讨论

皮羌辉长岩体位于塔里木盆地柯坪断隆西部,皮羌村北约15 km处。该岩体的围岩包括志留系、泥盆系和石炭系—二叠系,新近系不整合覆盖其上。采集该辉长岩样品进行单矿物分离,取分离出的斜长石进行Ar-Ar定年。700～1 400 ℃的8个加热阶段析出的39Ar为总量的95.89％,在坪谱图上得到一个较稳定的坪,坪年龄为265.5±1.2 Ma; 与之相对应的等时线年龄为267.29±5.62 Ma。结合区域地质分析,皮羌辉长岩体的侵入时代为中二叠世早期; 是塔里木二叠纪岩浆活动的一部分。其侵入后基本未受后期构造热事件影响。     

塔里木盆地西部的新生代断裂活动

研究区以塔里木盆地西部的巴楚隆起为核心,包括其南侧的麦盖提斜坡和北侧的北部坳陷(阿瓦提凹陷)。这里新生代断裂异常发育。以鸟山-古董山地区为重点,通过精细的地震剖面解释,在塔里木盆地西部识别出5期新生代断裂活动,分别发生于:白垩纪末-古近纪初(ca.65Ma)、中新世末-上新世初(ca.5Ma)、上新世末-更新世中期(ca.3~1.5Ma)、更新世中-晚期(ca.1~0.1Ma)和全新世(ca.0.01Ma)。中寒武统和古近系膏盐层构成了研究区的2个主滑脱面。ca.65Ma的冲断受控于基墨里中间大陆与亚洲大陆碰撞的远程效应;ca.5Ma、ca.3~1.5Ma、ca.1~0.1Ma和ca.0.01Ma的断裂活动(包括滑脱断层、冲断层、走滑断层和正断层)均受控于印度-亚洲碰撞的远程效应。晚新生代(中新世以来)的断裂活动以脉动式冲断为特征,两次相邻脉动式冲断之间为时间不等的短暂的构造间歇期;间歇期构造平静,甚至可以形成正断层。     

塔里木盆地轮南古隆起形成时间的判定

轮南古隆起位于塔里木盆地北部,是一个大型基底卷入型鼻状背斜。卷入背斜构造变形的地层包括下古生界及其以下地层。它的形式演化控制着轮南复式油气聚集区的形成与分布。过轮南古隆起的地震剖面上显示,这里发育上泥盆统东河砂岩底、志留系底和上奥陶统底3个与古隆起形成密切相关的不整合面。上奥陶统底是一个低角度不整合面至平行不整合面,地层间断很小。志留系与下伏地层之间是一个低角度不整合接触,存在一定规模的地层间断。东河砂岩与下伏地层之间是一个明显的角度不整合接触,是一个较大的地层间断。东河砂岩直接不整合覆盖在下志留统甚至更老地层之上。上奥陶统至下志留统（中-上志留统缺失）为生长地层;上奥陶统之下的地层是前生长地层;东河砂岩及其上覆的石炭系是生长后地层。根据已有构造分析成果,塔里木盆地中志留世—中泥盆世处于造山后区域性伸展构造背景。据此分析,轮南古隆起（背斜）的构造变形起始于中奥陶世末—晚奥陶世初,持续至早志留世。此后进入风化夷平阶段,古隆起依然存在,但是背斜构造变形已经结束。至东河砂岩沉积时,轮南古隆起基本被夷平,并逐渐被埋于地下。     

塔里木盆地瓦吉里塔格超镁铁岩地球化学反演

二叠纪是塔里木盆地热-构造演化史上最重要的时期,这一时期在塔里木盆地中部和西北部发生了大规模的基性-中酸性岩浆活动.对塔里木盆地西北部瓦吉里塔格超镁铁岩的地球化学反演表明:瓦吉里塔格超镁铁岩(包括角砾和胶结物)是由残余岩浆和橄榄石、单斜辉石不同比例混合的产物,其中角砾主要由橄榄石和残余岩浆组成,其比例达到了72∶28.与角砾中橄榄石(平均Fo=0.82)平衡的熔体的w(MgO)为9.06%、w(FeOt)为11.77%,是由w(MgO)为11.46%、w(FeOt)为12.12%的原始岩浆经7.3%的橄榄石(Fo=0.82)分异而成的.其原始岩浆并不属于高镁岩浆,而是地幔石榴子石橄榄岩低程度(<5%)部分熔融的产物,初始熔融温度约1 150～1 250 ℃,压力约2.2 GPa,深度约70 km.结合前人研究成果认为,塔里木盆地二叠纪岩浆活动的形成可能与软流圈上涌导致的软流圈-岩石圈的相互作用有关,目前尚没有直接的岩石地球化学证据表明有地幔柱活动的参与.     

Structural evolution of the Piqiang Fault Zone,NW Tarim Basin,China

The Piqiang Fault is a prominent strike-slip (tear) fault that laterally partitions the Keping Shan Thrust Belt in the NW Tarim Basin, China. In satellite images, the Piqiang Fault appears as a sharp, NW-trending lineament that can be traced for more than 70 km. It is oblique to the general structural trend of the thrust belt and subparallel to the thrust transport direction. This paper presents a structural analysis of the Piqiang Fault, based on satellite image interpretation and field data. A net loss of Late Paleozoic sediment across the fault zone implies that it was initiated as a major normal fault during the Early Permian, and corresponds to widespread extension and magmatism during this period. Differential erosion across the fault resulted in the subsequent removal of sediment from the east relative to the west. During the Middle to Late Cenozoic, contraction of the NW Tarim Basin and the formation of the Keping Shan Thrust Belt resulted in reactivation of the Piqiang Fault as a strike-slip (tear) fault. The fault has accommodated lateral differences in thrust density and spacing which have arisen due to the abrupt, pre-existing change in stratigraphic thickness across it. The Piqiang Fault provides an insight into the formation of oblique, strike-slip (tear) faults in contractional belts and demonstrates the importance of inherited basement structures in such settings.     

塔里木盆地显生宙古隆起的分布及迁移

塔里木盆地属于多期叠合盆地,存在多期不整合与古隆起构造,二者的形成及发育密切相关。利用钻井、地震、野外露头等综合资料,开展了盆地尺度的构造层、不整合结构构造、累积最小生长指数分析,进一步了解盆地内多个古隆起的分布、成因及隆升过程,特别是和田、塔中、塔北、巴楚、塔东古隆起及其内部的形成演化。发现盆地内不同时期古隆起构造变形和展布与盆地周缘造山带构造作用相响应。早古生代以来盆地内古隆起经历了6次大的迁移,每次迁移的动力来源于该时期盆地周缘的板块边缘或造山带的构造活动。根据隆起形成的主控因素,塔里木盆地古隆起主要可分为4种成因类型,包括断控隆起、继承性隆起、前陆盆地前缘隆起和构造古地理隆起等。古隆起隆升的差异还体现在隆起区内不同部位上,对油气成藏有重要意义。     

Geochemistry of Altungol cap dolostones from the Tarim Basin,NW China

The Snowball Earth hypothesis postulates that the whole earth was covered by ice sheets for millions of years in the Neoproterozoic. In Tarim Basin, there are four intervals of glacial deposits recorded in the Quruqtagh area during the Neoproterozoic. In chronological order, they are Bayisi, Altungol, Tereeken, and Hankalchough glaciations. In this study, we analyzed carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes; whole-rock geochemistry; and acid-insoluble residua of the ～5-m-thick Altungol cap dolostone (ten samples) in Quruqtagh unit of the Tarim basin. The geochemical data of whole rock are used to explain the ocean environmental changes, while the geochemical data of acid-insoluble residua reflect the changes of the continental environment. The δ¹³C_PDB of cap dolostone varies from ?2.5 to ?1 ‰, which is likely due to the influence of organics. From the bottom to the top of the Altungol cap dolostones, the chemical index of alteration of acid-insoluble residua rises from 72 to 77, but the index of chemical variation drops from ～3 to ～1. Ni, Zn, Cu, and Y contents of acid-insoluble residua are enriched in 2.5 m. The values of iron maintain at a high level in all of the whole-rock samples (>5.15 %), but in the samples of acid-insoluble residua, the values of iron are higher than in the whole rock (19～60 %) below 1.5 m. The variations in chemical composition were probably associated with the changes of continental weathering. The geochemistry suggests that ocean and continent environmental variations had taken place after the Altungol glaciation, including the destruction of ocean stratification and the changes of chemical weathering. During this period, the source of this area had changed. At first, the weathering residues of the parent rocks were exhausted by meltwater. Then, the vigorous weathering of freshly exposed continental crust provided a new source.     

Tectonic Units Division of Crystalline Basement in the Tarim Basin, NW China

<正>By the geological investigation for crystalline basement outcrops in Northeast and northwest margins of Tarim Basin,we provide essential constrains interpreting the structure,petrology and age of the pre-Sinian basement.On the basis of interpretation for aeromagnetic anomalies,     

塔里木盆地中部阿-满低梁带断裂构造分析

塔里木盆地北部坳陷中部存在一个北东-南西方向的下古生界的（鞍状）低梁带（阿-满低梁带）。它是阿瓦提凹陷和满加尔凹陷之间的天然分界,以此低梁带的脊线划分出两个凹陷。以三维地震资料解释为依据,本文研究了阿-满低梁带的断裂构造特征。研究区主要发育4期断裂构造：1）南华纪-奥陶纪的正断层与罗迪尼亚超大陆的裂解有关,并可进一步划分为南华纪-震旦纪和寒武纪-奥陶纪两个断裂活动阶段。南华纪-震旦纪正断层的成因是罗迪尼亚超大陆的裂解作用,形成堑垒构造,寒武纪-奥陶纪正断层的成因是塔里木自罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解出来后,游离于古特提斯洋所处的区域性弱伸展构造背景,形成负花状构造。2）晚奥陶世-中志留世断层包括晚奥陶世-志留纪初的滑脱-冲断构造和早-中志留世的挤压走滑断裂,形成断层传播褶皱和正花状构造。其形成的动力来源是昆仑加里东碰撞造山作用。3）晚志留世-石炭纪正断层是昆仑加里东碰撞造山后构造应力松弛阶段的产物,形成典型的负花状构造,组合成雁列状张扭性断层带。4）二叠纪正断层是大陆裂谷作用的结果,往往受相关岩浆作用的改造。剖面上形成堑垒构造和负花状构造,平面上组合成雁列状张扭性断层带。二叠纪断裂与晚志留世-石炭纪的断裂可能有继承关系。     

重新划分塔里木盆地塔北隆起的次级构造单元

塔北隆起位于塔里木盆地北部,是塔里木盆地油气最富集的构造单元之一.其在古生代克拉通内古隆起的基础上,于二叠纪末-三叠纪早期定型为库车周缘前陆盆地的前缘隆起.新生代,其整体沉降,成为埋藏于北塔里木陆内前陆盆地前渊下的一个残余古隆起.目前通用的塔北隆起构造单元划分方案不能准确反映其真实的构造格局.根据最新的研究成果,我们建议重新划分塔北隆起构造单元:(1)取消哈拉哈塘凹陷和草湖凹陷,重新定义轮南低凸起.重新定义的轮南低凸起包括原轮南低凸起、哈拉哈塘凹陷和草湖凹陷北部,是一个下古生界大型鼻状背斜构造,形成于前石炭纪;原草湖凹陷南部划归北部坳陷.(2)以中奥陶统顶面海拔约-6500m的等高线作为塔北隆起的南部边界,该等高线较好地反映了塔北隆起南部的构造轮廓,特别是轮南大型鼻状背斜构造的轮廓.(3)以羊塔1-英买8断裂和英买4-英买1背斜组成的一条较清晰的古生界构造线划分轮台凸起和英买力低凸起.此界线两侧,古生界各反射层存在陡然、明显的落差,岩浆作用、地层发育、构造变形和演化历史存在明显差异.重新划分的塔北隆起包括库尔勒鼻状凸起、轮台凸起、轮南低凸起、英买力低凸起和温宿鼻状凸起五个次级构造单元.本文给出了塔北隆起及其各次级构造单元清晰的定义和范围,并简单论述了其形成演化过程.     

塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动及其变形机理

本文的目的是探讨塔里木盆地断裂构造分期差异活动过程及其变形机理.在地震剖面解释、钻井资料和地质资料综合分析的基础上,通过编制塔里木盆地不同时期断裂系统图,提出控制塔里木盆地断裂构造形成和演化主要构造活动期次为:加里东早期、加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期、海西晚期、印支期、燕山期和喜马拉雅期.加里东早期断裂活动受伸展环境制约,沿先存基底断裂带形成张性正断层.加里东中期、加里东晚期-海西早期断裂活动以逆冲作用为主,在塔东、塔中、塘古巴斯、巴楚和麦盖提地区最为发育.海西晚期断裂活动也是以逆冲作用为特征,并从早期断裂强烈活动的塔中、塘古巴斯、玛东等地区,迁移到塔北隆起和东部地区.印支、燕山和喜马拉雅期,前陆地区断裂构造发育,形成叠瓦冲断带、褶皱-冲断带、双重构造、盐相关构造等;但在盆内稳定区,断裂构造不发育,活动性弱.古生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,主要与区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换、先存基底断裂带、大型区域性不整合、滑脱带等要素密切相关.区域大地构造环境的变化和构造转换主要受控于塔里木周缘洋盆的伸展裂解、俯冲消减和洋盆闭合的时限和强度.先存基底断裂带或基底构造软弱带往往控制着后期断裂的发育位置和展布方向.大型区域性不整合和滑脱带控制着断裂构造的发育和分布层位.中、新生代断裂构造发育分布的控制机理,与区域大地构造环境及其构造转换、区域构造位置有关.中、新生代塔里木断裂构造主要分为三种环境,即前陆构造环境、盆内稳定区构造环境和隆升剥蚀区构造环境.盆内稳定区断裂构造不发育,活动性较弱.中、新生代断裂构造主体发育在前陆构造环境中,主要受控于周缘造山带强烈隆升、挤压冲断、走滑-逆冲或逆冲-走滑作用,同时与喜马拉雅晚期盆-山耦合作用及滑脱层的发育有关.     

Paleomagnetic constraints on neotectonic deformation in the Kashi depression of the western Tarim Basin,NW China

A paleomagnetic study is reported of Eocene to Pliocene formations from the Kashi depression, which aims to constrain the pattern of neotectonic deformation within the western sector of the Tarim Basin in northwest China. With the exception of Pliocene specimens from one locality (East Kulukeqiati) which show large within site-mean variations in declination, most sites from five sampled formations yield well-grouped characteristic remanent magnetizations and positive fold tests and are of probable post-depositional detrital origin. First-order consistency of paleomagnetic results from a range of rock ages and localities demonstrates that only small inter-locational vertical-axis rotation has occurred here and indicates that the Kashi depression is decoupled from the remainder of Tarim to the east and has behaved as a quasi-rigid block which has rotated by 20–30° counterclockwise relative to Eurasia and North China since the late Pliocene. The crustal-scale Talas-Ferghana Fault cuts the Tian Shan and meets the Kashi depression in the region immediately to the northwest of the study region and we find no paleomagnetic evidence for differential rotations to suggest that this fault zone extends southwards across the Kashi depression to link with the North Pamir Thrust Fault (NPTF). Instead, we argue that the southern extension of this zone is a transform-orogen junction with southward motion of the eastern wall accommodated by southward thrusting at the margins of the south Tian Shan and the Tarim Basin. We propose that dextral transpression around the margins of the crustal block incorporating the Kashi depression was responsible for the contrasting amounts of thrusting on the NPTF in the southwest and the South Tian Shan Thrust Fault in the north. Extensive evidence for neotectonism in the bordering zones of this block, as well as some paleomagnetic evidence from low unblocking temperature components, indicates that the deformation produced by block rotation is ongoing.