Shock temperatures in anorthite glass

Summary. Temperatures of CaAl₂Si₂O₈ (anorthite glass) shocked to pressures between 48 and 117 GPa have been measured in the range from 2500 to 5600 K, using optical pyrometry techniques. The pressure dependence of the shock temperatures deviates significantly from predictions based on a single high-pressure phase. Either a variable specific heat, or the existence of three phase transitions, at pressures of about 55, 85 and 100 GPa and with transition energies of about 0.5 MJ kg⁻¹ each (∼ 1.5 MJ kg⁻¹ total) can explain the shock-temperature data. The proposed phase transition at 100 GPa can possibly be identified with the stishovite melting transition. Theoretical models of the time dependence of the thermal radiation from the shocked anorthite based on the geometry of the experiment and the absorptive properties of the shocked material yield good agreement with observations, indicating that it is not necessary to invoke intrinsic time dependences to explain the data in many cases. Observed time dependences were used to calculate absorption coefficients of the shocked material of from about 2 mm⁻¹ to greater than 24 mm⁻¹– an increasing function of shock pressure. The assumption that the shocked material radiates as a black body is supported by the theoretical model, and by the close agreement between measured and calculated black body spectral radiance as a function of wavelength.     

制备硅钢级氧化镁前驱体的原料水化研究

以青海盐湖水氯镁石为初级原料,采用喷雾热解法制备原料氧化镁,原料氧化镁通过水化制备硅钢级氧化镁前驱体氢氧化镁。原料氧化镁水化实验中对水化剂、水化温度、水化时间、液固比、搅拌速度及陈化时间对水化率、过滤速度和纯度的影响进行系统研究。采用均匀实验设计和DPS数据处理,(依次)通过建模分析、二次多项式模型回归建立数学模型,再通过各因素方差分析和总方差分析,确定了理论最优实验条件,再用理论最优条件作重复实验进行验证,最终确定了原料氧化镁的最佳水化条件。在水化温度60℃,水化时间105 min,液固比4,陈化时间4 h,水化剂1含量4.0%,水化剂2含量3.15%,洗水量4倍,搅拌速度120 r/min时,原料氧化镁的水化率达99.50%以上,得到的硅钢级氧化镁前驱体氢氧化镁纯度高、过滤性能良好。     

高纯氧化镁制备原理初探

简要分析了高纯氧化镁合成中的一些工艺原理。     

兰州1960—2003年大气气溶胶光学厚度和太阳辐射变化特征

利用兰州站1960—2003年的太阳辐射资料以及据此反演的气溶胶光学厚度数据,分析了近44 a来兰州气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、地面能见度和太阳辐射的变化特征。结果表明,20世纪70年代初气溶胶光学厚度增加很快;70年代中期至80年代中期,光学厚度处于较高水平,平均为0.568;90年代以来,光学厚度有波动下降趋势,年下降0.006,且季节间差异有减小趋势。能见度夏季最好,冬季最差;80、90年代能见度有明显变好趋势,年增长为0.340 km;2000年以来又有下降趋势。总辐射和直接辐射的变化可以分为两个时期,1992年之前为下降期,1992年以来有显著上升趋势。     

活性MgO定量分析标准方法的比较研究

用WB和JC标准水合法测定轻烧MgO粉的活性MgO含量,对测定结果进行方差和误差分析,并研究了水化时间对测定结果的影响。结果表明,两种方法存在显著性差异,WB和JC水合法的平均相对误差分别为1.31%和-19.85%,WB水合法精密度远高于JC水合法。以WB水合法为基准,JC水合法的平均相对误差大于-20%,远远超过行业标准中规定的±3%。因此,对于镁水泥原料MgO中活性含量的定量分析,不能采用JC方法,必须采用WB方法。此外,发现水化3 h已经接近活性氧化镁的水化平衡,为修订WB标准方法提供了参考依据。     

有机配合物前驱体法合成纳米氧化镁研究及此法的应用前景

综述了利用我国盐湖镁资源,以乙酰丙酮及其衍生物、有机胺和醋酸根为配位剂,采用有机配合物为前驱体合成纳米氧化镁的方法,前驱体形成的机理以及特点和优势。通过介绍此合成法在合成纳米金属粉体、其它金属氧化物粉体、无机盐粉体、氧化物薄膜或复合氧化物薄膜以及特殊结构化合物等方面广泛应用的实例,并预测了该法在合成其它高值化镁产品中的应用前景。     

Seed germination of Southern Chihuahuan Desert plants in response to elevated temperatures

High temperature is one of the main factors that prevent germination, through premature aging of the embryo. The high temperatures reached in the soil of arid environments can affect seed survival and plant establishment. In this study we tested whether seed exposure to high temperature (40 °C and 70 °C) affected germination of eight species common to the Southern Chihuahuan Desert, and used for fodder, firewood and timber, fiber, edible flowers, fruits and stems. The responses to heat varied between species. Two of the tested species were not affected by heat exposure; for two other species germination was higher, and for the remaining four, germination was lower. There was also a delay of germination after heat exposure. Seeds of three species germinated >1 d slower after exposure to high temperatures. These results could help establish management programs for these Chihuahuan desert species under a climate change scenario.     

氯化镁-石灰乳法制备高纯氧化镁水化正交试验研究

应用氯化镁—石灰乳法制备高纯氧化镁,降低氧化镁中钙含量是保证氧化镁产品质量的关键。通过对氧化镁的常温水化及二次煅烧,有效降低了氧化镁中钙含量,并通过正交试验得到了最优的水化工艺参数。氢氧化镁经850℃煅烧120 min,然后水洗,再次在1 050℃煅烧120 min,所得氧化镁纯度为99.1%⁹9.4%,水化后钙含量(以CaO计)降低了约1%。     

Long-term variability in Arctic sea surface temperatures

In this study, we used 30 years of an operational sea surface temperature (SST) product, the NOAA Optimum Interpolation (OI) SST Version 2 dataset, to examine variations in Arctic SSTs during the period December 1981–October 2011. We computed annual SST anomalies and interannual trends in SST variations for the period 1982–2010; during this period, marginal (though statistically significant) increases in SSTs were observed in oceanic regions poleward of 60°N. A warming trend is evident over most of the Arctic region, the Beaufort Sea, the Chuckchi Sea, Hudson Bay, the Labrador Sea, the Iceland Sea, the Norwegian Sea, Bering Strait, etc.; Labrador Sea experienced higher temperature anomalies than those observed in other regions. However, cooling trends were observed in the central Arctic, some parts of Baffin Bay, the Kara Sea (south of Novaya Zemlya), the Laptev Sea, the Siberian Sea, and Fram Strait. The central Arctic region experienced a cooling trend only during 1992–2001; warming trends were observed during 1982–1991 and 2002–2010. We also examined a 30-yr (1982–2011) record of summer season (June–July–August) SST variations and a 29-yr (1982–2010) record of September SST variations, the results of which are discussed.     

The relationship between air and water temperatures in lakes of the Swiss Plateau: a case study with pal\sgmaelig;olimnological implications

In pal\sgmaelig;olimnological studies, inference models based on aquatic organisms are frequently used to estimate summer lake surface water temperatures. However, the calibration of such models is often unsatisfactory because of the sparseness of measured water temperature data. This study investigates the feasibility of using air temperature data, usually available at much higher resolution, to calibrate such models by comparing regional air temperatures with surface water temperatures in 17 lakes on the Swiss Plateau. Results show that altitude-corrected air temperatures are sufficiently uniform over the entire Swiss Plateau to allow local air temperatures at any particular lake site to be adequately estimated from standard composite air temperature series. In early summer, day-to-day variability in air temperature is reflected extremely well in the temperature of the uppermost metre of the water column, while monthly mean air temperatures correspond well, with respect to both absolute value and interannual variations, with water temperatures in most of the epilimnion. Standardised altitude-corrected air temperature series may therefore be a useful alternative to surface water temperatures for the purposes of calibrating lake temperature inference models. In Northern Hemisphere temperate regions, mean air and water temperatures are likely to correspond most closely in July, suggesting that calibration and reconstruction efforts be concentrated on this month.     

中国土壤温度的空间插值方法比较

利用中国698个气象站点1971~2000年的地面气候资料,采用三种不同方法预测中国0cm、20cm和40cm深度年均土壤温度的空间分布,其中普通克里格和泛克里格法直接以年均土壤温度数据为源数据、回归克里格法以中国年均气温数据和中国DEM数据为源数据进行预测。预测结果的准确性通过平均绝对误差(MAE)和均方根误差(RMSE)值来评价。结果表明回归克里格法预测的MAE值和RMSE值均为最小,说明其预测结果的准确性最好、预测的极端误差也最小;其次为泛克里格法;普通克里格法预测的效果最差。回归克里格法预测结果由于采用了中国DEM数据进行修正,在空间特征表达方面能够更好地表达复杂地形地区的局部变异,其平滑效应明显小于泛克里格法和普通克里格法的预测结果。     

碱式氯化镁和氧化镁晶须的制备与表征

以活性氧化镁和氯化镁为原料在水热条件下合成了碱式氯化镁晶须。碱式氯化镁晶须热解后形貌保持得很好,得到氧化镁晶须。制得的晶须长度在200μm左右,直径约0.5μm。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜、热重分析仪表征碱式氯化镁和氧化镁晶须,探讨了各个工艺条件对产物的影响。实验结果表明,碱式氯化镁晶须的最佳工艺条件为:反应时间8~12 h,搅拌速率初始在500 r.min-1左右,120 min时调为1 000 r.min-1,氧化镁与氯化镁的物质的量之比0.10~0.15,氯化镁溶液的浓度4.0 mol.L-1以上,反应温度150~200℃,反应釜的填充度50%~80%。在此条件下制得了形貌良好的碱式氯化镁晶须。     

河西走廊干旱区春季沙尘气溶胶对辐射的影响初步研究

利用2008年春季中美沙尘暴联合观测实验中张掖站晴朗少云天正午的地表辐射和太阳光度计资料,计算分析了沙尘气溶胶对太阳辐射和大气逆辐射的影响,结果表明：沙尘对太阳总辐射有一定程度的削弱作用,经估算,大气浑浊度每增加0.1,太阳总辐射平均减少约10.45 W·m^-2;当大气浑浊度一定时,沙尘粒子越小,对太阳总辐射的削弱效率就越高;大气浑浊度小于0.3时,大气逆辐射有随大气浑浊度的增加而增加的趋势,大气浑浊度大于0.3时,大气逆辐射随大气浑浊度增加有减小的趋势。     

火山爆发对新疆太阳辐射和气温的影响

本文利用１９６１－１９９３年新疆１６个气象站气温资料和８个日射站的辐射资料，分析了火山爆发指数ＶＥＩ≥４级的９次强火山爆发对新疆太阳直接辐射和气温的影响。分析结果表明，强火山爆发后的１－２年中，新疆的太阳直接辐射有明显减少，年平均气温和季节平均气温都有不同程度的下降，北疆秋季气温下降的一致性和幅度最明显。同时分析证实了１９９２－１９９３年新疆夏、秋季的低温与１９９１年６月菲律宾ＶＥＩ６级的Ｐｉｎａ     

基于DEM的山区气温地形修正模型——以陕西省耀县为例

提出基于DEM的山区气温地形修正模型,以具有多种地貌类型的陕西省耀县为实验样区,以DEM模拟的坡面与平面太阳总辐射量为地形调节因子,实现对传统山区温度空间推算模型的改进,并与TM6热波段反映的地表温度进行了对比验证。实验结果显示,该方法能够较为精细地刻画山区局地温度随地形的空间分异规律,一定程度上提高了山区地面温度推算的精度。     

摩尔配比和矿物掺合料对盐湖提锂镁渣制作磷酸钾镁水泥性能影响的研究

使用盐湖提锂镁渣和矿物掺合料,如粉煤灰、硅灰和矿渣等,与磷酸二氢钾反应,制作磷酸钾镁水泥(Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement, MKPC)。研究了MgO/KH₂PO₄摩尔配比(M/K)和矿物掺合料对MKPC凝结时间、抗压强度和水化放热速率的影响,并使用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)和低真空扫描电子显微镜(Scanning Electron Microscopy, SEM)分析MKPC的水化产物。研究表明,M/K对MKPC抗压强度影响显著,最佳M/K为4～6。M/K为5时,MKPC在各龄期的抗压强度值均较高,28d抗压强度高达98MPa。掺加矿物掺合料会降低MKPC的抗压强度,当粉煤灰、硅灰和矿渣的掺量分别为水泥质量的20%,10%和20%时,28d抗压强度可以分别达到45.9MPa、33.3MPa和36.7MPa。凝结时间超过20min,能够满足快速修复的要求。在不考虑Mg₃B₂O₆的影响下,掺加矿物掺合料会延缓...     

增强UV-B辐射下NO对细胞壁多糖组分含量的影响

以豌豆（Pisum sativum）幼苗茎为材料,研究增强UV-B辐射下一氧化氮（NO）对细胞壁多糖组分含量的影响。结果表明,增强UV-B辐射使单位长度内细胞壁多糖总量增加;使细胞壁多糖结构组分果胶、半纤维素Ⅰ、半纤维素Ⅱ和纤维素的含量增加;NO供体处理对半纤维素Ⅰ、半纤维素Ⅱ和纤维素的影响与UV-B辐射相似,使它们含量增加;增强UV-B辐射条件下,氮合酶（NOS）抑制剂和NO清除剂处理使半纤维素Ⅰ、半纤维素Ⅱ和纤维素的含量降低,抵消了增强UV-B辐射对他们的影响。说明UV-B辐射可能通过NO信号上调了半纤维素Ⅰ、半纤维素Ⅱ和纤维素含量,增加了他们在细胞壁多糖中的比例,因而改变细胞壁的化学特性以及影响了细胞壁的机械延展性。无论对照条件下用NO供体处理,还是UV-B辐射条件下用NOS抑制剂、NO清除剂处理,对果胶含量影响不大,表明NO信号可能与UV-B辐射诱导果胶含量增加无关。     

基于卫星热红外辐射信息的新疆强震震例分析

利用NOAA-14极轨气象卫星红外波段的探测数据,对遥感数据进行多种处理,采用影像目视解释和提取地表辐射亮温值的方法,对新疆的三次强震进行分析,结果发现在地震前都出现了热红外异常,这为地震监测提供了一个重要信息。