2003年南极威德尔海至普里兹湾之间海冰分布研究

Ship-based sea ice observation data (concentrations,ice thickness,topography and overlying snow cover) were collected from Middle Weddell Sea to Prydz Bay,Antarctic during the period of 4 to 17 Jan 2003.Antarctic ice chart of first week of Jan 2003 was derived from National Ice Center (NIC).The compared analysis of sea ice concentrations and thickness distributions were conducted though in situ data and NIC chart.Results from sea ice concentration-analysis indicated the presence of large-scale open water between 2000 and 4100 km along transit route resulted from sea ice drifting.We describe the existence of mostly smooth first-year sea ice in study region ranged between 30 and 120 era.We also display the derived overlying snow coverage.Our results reveal the strong correspondence between ship-based observations and remotely sensed ice charts whatever in ice concentrations and ice thickness distributions.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112001302

We present relative sea level （RSL） curves in Antarctica derived from glacial isostatic adjustment （GIA）predictions based on the melting scenarios of the Antarctic ice sheet since the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM）given in previous works.Simultaneously,Holocene-age RSL observations obtained at the raised beaches along the coast of Antarctica are shown to be in agreement with the GIA predictions.The differences from previously published ice-loading models regarding the spatial distribution and total mass change of the melted ice are significant.These models were also derived from GIA modelling; the variations can be attributed to the lack of geological and geographical evidence regarding the history of crustal movement due to ice sheet evolution.Next,we summarise the previously published ice load models and demonstrate the RSL curves based on combinations of different ice and earth models.The RSL curves calculated by GIA models indicate that the model dependence of both the ice and earth models is significantly large at several sites where RSL observations were obtained.In particular,GIA predictions based on the thin lithospheric thickness show the spatial distributions that are dependent on the melted ice thickness at each sites.These characteristics result from the short-wavelength deformation of the Earth.However,our predictions strongly suggest that it is possible to find the average ice model despite the use of the different models of lithospheric thickness.By sea level and crustal movement observations,we can deduce the geometry of the post-LGM ice sheets in detail and remove the GIA contribution from the crustal deformation and gravity change observed by space geodetic techniques,such as GPS and GRACE,for the estimation of the Antarctic ice mass change associated with recent global warming.     

达索普冰川海拔7100m处粒雪中空气的封闭

The air-bubble formation has been studied experimentally in the Dasuopu ice core from the northern slope of Mount Xixabangma. It was found that air-channel volume decreases gradually, but the firn remains permeable down to the depth above the transition of firn to ice, i. e., about the depth of the air-channels closing off to be isolated bubbles. Apparently, there exists an age difference between air trapped in bubbles and surrounding ice. Only when the air channels close off completely, the age of the air increases in the same rate as the surrounding ice. Air-bubbles formed in different depths at different sites depending on accumulation rate and mean annual temperature, but approximately at a mean density of 0.79～0.83 Mg·m -3 . The air-channels in the Dasuopu firn core closed rapidly in the depth between 40 and 47 m, and 50% of air-bubbles were formed in the depth of 45 m. It is calculated that the age difference between air and its surrounding ice is 59 a, and the bulk age distribution width of air trapped in ice bubbles is 11 a.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000849

New methods are presented for processing and interpretation of shallow marine differential magnetic data,including constructing maps of offshore total magnetic anomalies with an extremely high resolution of up to 1-2 nT,mapping weak anomalies of 5-10 nT caused by mineralization effects at the contacts of hydrocarbons with host rocks,estimating depths to upper and lower boundaries of anomalous magnetic sources,and estimating thickness of magnetic layers and boundaries of tectonic blocks. Horizontal dimensions of tectonic blocks in the so-called "seismic gap" region in the central Kuril Arc vary from 10 to 100 km,with typical dimensions of 25-30 km.The area of the "seismic gap" is a zone of intense tectonic activity and recent volcanism.Deep sources causing magnetic anomalies in the area are similar to the "magnetic belt" near Hokkaido. In the southern and central parts of Barents Sea,tectonic blocks with widths of 30-100 km,and upper and lower boundaries of magnetic layers ranging from depths of 10 to 5 km and 18 to 30 km are calculated.Models of the magnetic layer underlying the Mezen Basin in an inland part of the White Sea-Barents Sea paleorift indicate depths to the lower boundary of the layer of 12-30 km.Weak local magnetic anomalies of 2-5 nT in the northern and central Caspian Sea were identified using the new methods,and drilling confirms that the anomalies are related to concentrations of hydrocarbon.Two layers causing magnetic anomalies are identified in the northern Caspian Sea from magnetic anomaly spectra.The upper layer lies immediately beneath the sea bottom and the lower layer occurs at depths between 30-40 m and 150-200 m.     

贵州梵净山基性-超基性岩地质、岩石特征及类型的初步探讨

The Fanjingshan group, located in the Mt. Fanjing Region, Guizhou Province, is a flysch formation with a thickness of over 10000 meters. Intrusive basic rocks, varying in thickness, consist mainly of layered gabbrodiabase and diabase. Hornstone, spotted slate and ,albite-quartz-slate are commonly recognized in hanging and foot wall rocks as a result of contact metamorphism. Spilite with pillow structure, averaging about 100 meters in thickness, is also widespread. Ultramafic rocks have relatively limited occurrence, accounting for only 13 percent of the total thickness of the intrusives. Alpine ultrabasic rocks have not been found as separate mass. Ultramafic products resulted from in-situ differentiation are noticed and can be assigned to the iron series of ultrabasie rocks. The intrusive basic rocks are classified as subvolcanics that intruded at shallow depth. They are considered to share a common source, to have emplaced into the same position and to be contemporaneous with the sea floor volcanic-spilite, ,and in accordance with its characters, should be assigned to oohidite suit.     

Quaternary of Norden

The Nordic countries have experienced multiple glaciations and intervening interglacials during the last ca. 2.5-3 million years. Although evidence from Greenland and Iceland shows that ice sheets started to expand some time before 3 Ma, little is known about the glaciations and intervening interglacials older than the last Glacial Maximum due to repeated phases of glacial erosion and reworking. The extensive Saalian glaciation （c. 140 ka BP） contributed to high sea levels in Greenland and in the Baltic area during the early part of the last interglacial （Eemian）. Temperatures were about 5 ℃ higher during the Eemian than they are today and the Greenland ice sheet was reduced to about half of its present size, causing globally higher sea levels than we have today. Ice extent in Fennoscandia was restricted during early Weichselian stadials, but middle Weichselian ice advances in Scandinavia reached as far as Denmark. During the Last Glacial Maximum, large ice sheets were present in all Nordic countries and coalesced with neighboring ice sheets. Deglaciation commenced around 17-15 ka BP in most areas and was promoted by rapidly rising global sea level and glacial isostasy. The Younger Dryas cold event（c. 12.6-11.5 ka BP） is seen as a short-term re-advance, still-stand or fluctuation of land-based ice sheet margins. Around 7-9 ka BP ice sheets had disappeared or had attained their present size. While uplift is still going on in some regions, others are subject to submergence. The different stages of development of the Baltic Sea are an example of how the intricare interplay between glacial eustasy and isostasy influences sedimentation, basin size and drainage patterns.     

Re-recognition of Tieshan “Syenite” and its Geological Significance in Zhenghe, Fujian Province

<正>1 Introduction Tieshan Syenite crosses between Dongfeng and Zhangyuan’an in Zhenghe of Fujian province,occurs in the direction of 42°,Total length 8500m,width 600-800m and its Area of about 39km2.Outcrops of the mass are     

Geology and geochemical evaluation of Taftan Volcano, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, southeast of Iran

At a glance of its stratighraphy, the Taftan Volcano can be classified as three groups： pre-, syn- and post-volcanic deposits. The pre-volcanic deposits consist mostly of flysch facies and colored mélange complex. The syn-volcanic deposits are mainly the product of the Taftan Volcano which is mostly composed of pyroclastic and lava flows from the main body of this volcano. The post-volcanic deposits are mostly epiclastic and reworked materials from the Taftan Volcano due to its erosion and weathering. Major and trace elements, and Sr/Rb isotopic compositions determined on whole-rock samples from the Taftan Volcano showed that the volcano was formed at the continental margin. The whole-rock isotopic composition of the Taftan Volcano showed a feature of strong enrichment with ^87Sr/^86Sr=0.705326-0.705921. Geochronological samples of the Tartan Volcano determined by the ^40K/^40Ar method gave an age range of 6.95±0.72 to 0.71±0.03 Ma. The rare-earth element patterns are characterized by high LREE and nearly strongly linear patterns for MREE to HREE, suggesting that distinctive minerals such as olivine and pyroxene crystallized in the early magmatic stage and then were involved in reaction between the lower crust and residual magma. The integrated isotope and trace element systematics and tectonic structure beneath the Taftan Volcano suggested the lower-crust assimilation by the primary magma. The primary magma had generated from a heterogeneous mantle source and a secondary petrogenetical process. This magma could have been affected by the subduction of the Oman Sea undemeath the continental Eurasia plate.     

西藏南部花岗岩类中重结晶的黑云母与板块碰撞的关系

Recrystallized biotite occurs in granitoid rocks from some plutens in the Lhagoi Kangri and Kangdese belts in southern Xizang. These plutons are characterized by well-developed micro-fractures, orientational arrangement of dark minerals showing gneissose structures to varing extents. This is consistent with the fact that K-Ar ages of crystallized biotite (30--17 my) are much younger as compared with the host rooks. Recrystallized biotites are mostly recognized along the tectonic suture line between the Indian plate and the Eurasian continental plate, i.e., in the neighborhood of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its north bank as well as in the Lhagoi Kangri Ranges.The authors postulate that when drifting north-northeastward, the Indian sub-continental plate was conteracted by the Kangdese belt as a result of the subduction of the Indian plate underneath the Eurasian Continental plate, causing a dramatic increase instress on the southern side, i.e., near the tectanic suture line, of the rock belt followed by the rising of temperature which resulted in the recrystallization of biotite in some plutons.     

冰力模型实验

本文首先简述了冰力模型实验的概况,然后介绍了在国内第一座冰池实验中进行的首次冰力模型实验——渤海辽东湾抗冰平台冰力模型实验的设备、模型冰制取技术和实验结果。实验中,冰排的破坏符合一般规律,它预示了现场冰的破坏现象;冰力值稍低于计算值,但更合理,可供设计参考;冰力谱中存在着明显的主频率,它集中于0.8HZ左右。     

冰层空气反循环连续取芯钻具：结构设计与冰芯卡断数值模拟

冰心包含大量的古气候资料和古生物学信息,这些信息对于从远古到现代的气候变化和生物进化都很重要。如何高效快速地获取无污染的冰心是极地科学家的一个重要课题。冰层空气反循环钻具采用双壁钻杆形成反循环通道,内管提供了从钻头底部到表面的冰屑和冰心的连续通道。钻具通过卡断机构卡断冰心,通过反循环通道不断运移冰心,从而实现连续钻具连续取心。本文采用ABAQUS软件对冰心卡断过程进行分析,运用XFEM断裂准则以及Explicit显式方法求解,选出适宜的卡断器尺寸和中心通道尺寸,从而得到更好的反循环钻进效果。     

人造冰和冰芯冰蠕变和方位组构发展对比

本描述了单轴压缩蠕变实验结果。试样包括ｃ轴取向为随机分布和非随机分布的冰、人造冰和取自南极洛多姆冰帽的冰芯冰，各向同性冰芯冰和人造的最小应变率存在差别，未获得合理的解释。方位组构与应力状态相容时，各赂异性冰的最小应变率高于各向同性冰的最小应变率，随着第三应谱阶段的发展，冰芯冰和人造冰的第三应变率趋近相同的恒定值，实验后冰芯冰和人造冰ｃ轴方位组构类型相同，晶粒尺寸也接近。     

冰硬度试验台设计与试验

极地冰层硬度特性对铠装电缆电动机械取心钻具反扭装置设计和使用具有重要意义。针对冰层特殊的物理性质,结合材料硬度测试原理,设计了一套可在模拟极地冰层低温条件下测量冰硬度特性的硬度试验台。该试验台由低温冷柜、硬度测试台和数据采集及控制系统3部分组成,其中,数据采集及控制系统隔离在常温环境中,降低了元器件对环境温度的要求。利用该试验台对硬度压头压入冰层的压力和深度进行数据检测,换算得到相应的硬度值。对设计的试验台进行初步实验表明,该试验台工作状态良好,数据准确,可满足对低温材料硬度特性的检测。     

排水站冰冻破坏原因分析及抗冰冻设计方案研究

在寒冷地区建筑的排水站,由于冰冻而造成的破坏影响了工程的使用性能,甚至会使其完全失去作用.针对具体的排水站工程,分析了冰冻破坏的原因,其中的排架柱为静冰压力和冻融循环联合作用引起的破坏;集水池护坡为冻融反复作用的冻融“疲劳”破坏.根据破坏原因分析与计算结果提出抗冰冻破坏的设计方案,对排架柱采用正锥体结构并设防水层,对护坡采用3种不同结构型式,分别是混凝土砌块护坡、混凝土板护坡和对原护坡的改造方案.经计算,3种方案均可以达到抗冻胀破坏的目的.     

青藏高原普若岗日冰原80m深冰层温度变化分析

2000年10月在普若岗日冰原海拔6000m处的80m深冰芯孔中,利用热敏电阻温度计测量了冰层温度.结果显示,所有温度曲线除2m深度以上表层温度已受到低温冷波强烈干扰开始转型外,主要曲线均表现为暖季型.最低冰温度-9.9℃,出现在12m深度处.以12m深度为界,上部冰层温度变幅大,下部冰温随深度增加基本呈直线型升高,温度梯度较上部小.观测期间,4m之上冰温随时间逐渐降低,其降幅随深度增加而逐渐减小.最大日降低幅度在0.m处达0.62℃,1m处为0.3℃,2m处为0.20℃.据冰层温度状况和气候条件,普若岗日冰原应属极大陆型冰川.     

东南极冰盖/冰架变化监测与预测技术研究

南北极是研究全球变化的关键区域。＂十一五＂期间我国在南极地区系统开展了东南极冰盖/冰架变化监测与预测技术研究,对认识全球气候变化具有重要作用。通过项目实施,建立和发展了一批现场观测体系,发展了冰盖观测新技术并集成应用于东南极冰盖的综合观测,拓展了对冰穹A地区的新认识和新发现;在冰穹A边缘地区钻取的一支浅冰芯恢复了过去约780年的气候记录,记录了东南极地区存在小冰期的明显证据;发展了东南极冰盖积累和等时年层流动模型,研究在冰盖浅层、中层和深部的变化特征,反演了冰穹A地区的古积累率分布。本文概要介绍该项目基本情况。