古土壤干湿特征指示晚古生代气候演化

古土壤是地质历史时期气候变化的重要记录者,通过古土壤记录的信息,可以定性和定量重建深时古环境和古气候,为认识地质历史时期的各种地质事件提供依据。前人大多对特定区域展开古土壤研究,对全球性古土壤数据的整理和古气候、古环境研究相对较少。基于古土壤的干湿情况对古气候环境的指示作用,我们按照植物根迹、根系结构与根化石、黏土矿物以及古土壤的结构构造等依据,将前人报道的古生代(410～255 Ma)古土壤分为干旱古土壤和湿润古土壤两种类型。将古土壤干湿特征与其他气候敏感性沉积物进行对照,显示为干旱古土壤分布与钙质结核以及蒸发岩等指示干旱气候带的敏感性沉积物分布一致,湿润古土壤分布与高岭石、煤以及铝土矿等指示湿润气候带的敏感性沉积物分布一致。干旱古土壤大都分布在晚古生代中低纬度干旱地区;湿润古土壤大都分布在晚古生代赤道附近及中纬度湿润地区。通过以上分析认为,古土壤干湿特征可以作为一个新的气候敏感指标指示古气候环境,进而作为划分气候带的有力依据。     

古土壤干湿特征指示晚古生代气候演化

古土壤是地质历史时期气候变化的重要记录者,通过古土壤记录的信息,可以定性和定量重建深时古环境和古气候,为认识地质历史时期的各种地质事件提供依据。前人大多对特定区域展开古土壤研究,对全球性古土壤数据的整理和古气候、古环境研究相对较少。基于古土壤的干湿情况对古气候环境的指示作用,我们按照植物根迹、根系结构与根化石、黏土矿物以及古土壤的结构构造等依据,将前人报道的古生代（410~255 Ma）古土壤分为干旱古土壤和湿润古土壤两种类型。将古土壤干湿特征与其他气候敏感性沉积物进行对照,显示为干旱古土壤分布与钙质结核以及蒸发岩等指示干旱气候带的敏感性沉积物分布一致,湿润古土壤分布与高岭石、煤以及铝土矿等指示湿润气候带的敏感性沉积物分布一致。干旱古土壤大都分布在晚古生代中低纬度干旱地区;湿润古土壤大都分布在晚古生代赤道附近及中纬度湿润地区。通过以上分析认为,古土壤干湿特征可以作为一个新的气候敏感指标指示古气候环境,进而作为划分气候带的有力依据。     

风化成土过程中自生矿物的气候指示意义

地球表层的土壤沉积物记录了第四纪以来与气候、环境、人类等有关的地球演化信息,是重要的研究过去历史的载体.成土体系中土壤的诸多特性都与成土期的气候环境信息息息相关,通过地质学研究方法可以提取某些特性并作为反演风化强度以及古气候的风化指标,即古气候替代指标.重点讨论了成土体系中新生的矿物学风化指标——粘土矿物与铁矿物的表征意义、研究方法与实例分析,并评述了其在反演气候方面的优势与局限性.成土作用中新生的粘土矿物直接受成土期盛行的环境与气候条件的影响,所以其组成、粒度、含量、结晶度等矿物学特征充分记录了成土期的气候与环境信息.另外,成土体系中也会新生成部分铁矿物.自生的铁矿物是反映成土期的湿度条件、温度范围的有效指标,因此对当时的气候演化历史也有很好的指示意义.粘土矿物与铁矿物在一定的条件下都可以作为独立的重建古气候的替代指标,但是在使用时要充分考虑研究区域的地质背景、物源供给、气候类型、风化条件等客观局限对这些风化指标的制约.另外,对于区域内风化程度及古气候的重建,通常多指标结合对比的方法更为可靠.      

沉积物中冷水碳酸盐的古气候意义：以贵州草海两个钻孔剖面为例

本文以草海两个钻孔剖面的孢粉资料为佐证,讨论了该区晚上新世晚期以来不同气候条件下形成的沉积物中,CaCO_3等作古气候指示剂的可能性。研究表明:在大陆湖盆沉积区与溶蚀区(物源区)相距不远、沉积区没有远源物质加入的情况下,寒冷气候时期,沉积盆地的堆积物中CaCO_3的含量较高;而温暖气候时期沉积物中的CaCO_3含量较低。     

陆相细粒沉积岩与古土壤深时气候分析方法综述

深时古气候的恢复与分析，对于预测未来气候的变化有非常重要的作用。陆相气候的恢复对于全球古气候带的划分、海陆气候差异的比较和气候模型的建立有重要的作用。气候敏感性沉积物的出现可以指示一定程度的气候信息。化学风化程度与气候密切相关，越强烈的化学风化指示越温暖湿润的气候。泥岩化学风化程度的评价有基于地球化学特征建立的指数（CIA、WIP、CIW、PIA、钠亏损指数（τNa））和非常规稳定同位素特征，还有基于泥岩矿物学特征的研究方法：矿物成熟度、黏土矿物的含量及组合和磁性矿物的组成。湖泊沉积岩古气候分析方法有基于元素比值变化和基于高精度天文轨道周期性分析的古气候变化研究。通过古土壤可以根据其淀积层的埋深定量恢复古降水量；黏土矿物、成土方解石、铁锰质结核和淀积层土壤基质的地球化学特征可以恢复古温度、古降水量和古大气二氧化碳浓度（p CO2）。目前对陆相沉积岩和古土壤已经有了比较丰富的研究，但未来还需要更多分辨率更高的陆相古气候分析方法建立和完善。     

松辽盆地东缘嫩江组一二段黏土矿物和主量元素地球化学特征及其古气候意义

松辽盆地嫩江组一二段是一套暗色泥岩沉积,也是重要的烃源岩层位,对其开展古气候-古环境研究有益于理解晚白垩世陆地古气候特征和陆相有机质形成与保存过程。通过对松辽盆地东缘岳王城剖面嫩江组一二段开展矿物学和主量元素地球化学分析,探讨其古气候意义。结果表明,全岩矿物主要含有石英、斜长石、钾长石等,黏土矿物主要为蒙脱石(平均84%),其次为伊利石(平均15%),几乎不含高岭石和绿泥石。黏土矿物呈现片层状且边缘参差不齐的显微形貌,蒙脱石结晶度较差,表明主要由陆源物质风化形成。根据黏土矿物主量元素计算的化学风化指数为71~73,其元素组成相比上地壳和花岗闪长岩的平均组成富铝,指示中等强度化学风化作用。结合已有古气候替代性指标和黏土矿物及其化学成分的新数据,研究认为松辽盆地东缘嫩江组一二段沉积时期物源区主要为温带-亚热带半湿润气候。     

钱塘江下切河谷SE2孔全新世沉积物黏土矿物特征及其意义*

通过X射线衍射系统分析了杭州湾地区SE2孔全新世沉积物的黏土矿物组成,结果显示研究层段黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石组成;伊利石结晶度较好,化学风化指数普遍大于0.5,表明以化学风化为主,且风化趋势自下而上呈递减趋势。通过对比中国东南部主要河流沉积物的黏土矿物组成,认为钱塘江下切河谷全新世沉积物的黏土矿物组成具有较好的物源指示意义: 全新世 Ⅰ 段(即古河口湾和河漫滩)沉积物主要来自钱塘江上游,特征黏土矿物为高岭石,河口外物质贡献不大;Ⅱ 段(即现代河口湾和近岸浅海)沉积物包含较多蒙脱石,表明不仅包括钱塘江上游物质,河口外长江物质也开始进入钱塘江河口。黏土矿物中,高岭石对气候有较好的指示作用:中全新世高岭石含量达到最高值,反映气候最为湿热,化学风化程度最高;晚全新世含量逐渐降低,反映气候逐渐回冷,化学风化强度降低。     

钱塘江下切河谷SE2孔全新世沉积物黏土矿物特征及其意义*

通过X射线衍射系统分析了杭州湾地区SE2孔全新世沉积物的黏土矿物组成,结果显示研究层段黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石组成;伊利石结晶度较好,化学风化指数普遍大于0.5,表明以化学风化为主,且风化趋势自下而上呈递减趋势。通过对比中国东南部主要河流沉积物的黏土矿物组成,认为钱塘江下切河谷全新世沉积物的黏土矿物组成具有较好的物源指示意义: 全新世 Ⅰ 段(即古河口湾和河漫滩)沉积物主要来自钱塘江上游,特征黏土矿物为高岭石,河口外物质贡献不大;Ⅱ 段(即现代河口湾和近岸浅海)沉积物包含较多蒙脱石,表明不仅包括钱塘江上游物质,河口外长江物质也开始进入钱塘江河口。黏土矿物中,高岭石对气候有较好的指示作用:中全新世高岭石含量达到最高值,反映气候最为湿热,化学风化程度最高;晚全新世含量逐渐降低,反映气候逐渐回冷,化学风化强度降低。     

中新世以来长江下游和黄土高原地区黏土矿物的时空变化及古气候意义

为了认识中新世以来长江、黄河流域沉积物中黏土矿物的时空变化及古气候意义,利用X射线衍射方法分析了中新世以来长江下游河湖相沉积物、黄土高原红黏土和黄土-古土壤的黏土矿物组成.结果表明:中新世以来长江下游、黄土高原沉积物的黏土矿物组成都为伊利石+绿泥石+高岭石+蒙脱石;各地质时期长江下游和黄土高原不同剖面沉积物由不同的黏土...     

黄土高原风尘沉积物中纳米矿物

由黄土-红黏土序列组成的风尘沉积是全球最完整、最连续的陆相古气候载体之一,蕴含了丰富的东亚古季风信息。解读黄土记录的信息以及透彻理解黄土替代指标与古气候的内在联系,都需要从纳米尺度揭示黄土成壤作用过程中碎屑矿物、成壤自生矿物形成与演化。本文利用高分辨透射电镜和场发射扫描电镜,研究了风尘沉积物中磁铁矿氧化的粒径制约、自生磁赤铁矿形成机制,建立了古土壤磁化率增强的成因矿物学理论,为磁化率与古气候的内在联系奠定了矿物基础;发现了第四纪黄土中广泛分布纳米棒状方解石及其含量和微结构显著的规律变化,从生物诱导矿化理论阐述了其形成机制;查明了凹凸棒石在黄土-红黏土序列中的分布规律,提出了古气候变化的黏土矿物响应机制。     

The paleoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in soils and weathering profiles

The interpretation of paleoclays for paleoclimatic purposes is based on five major assumptions: (1) clay mineral formation is directly related to climatic parameters; (2) once formed in the weathering milieu, clay minerals are stable and do not change any more as long as the climate remains stable (pre-burial stability); (3) clay mineral assemblages are uniform throughout the weathering profile; (4) once formed or deposited and buried, clay minerals are stable (post-burial stability); (5) the sensitivity of clay minerals towards environmental factors is uniform. All these assumptions have only a limited validity. Clay mineral formation is in few cases directly related to climatic parameters, nor do clay minerals always represent the stable end products in equilibrium with environmental factors. The vertical distribution pattern of authigenically formed clay minerals is seldom monomineralic. Post-depositional changes are not infrequent. The sensitivity of clay minerals to environmental factors is variable. The use of paleoclays occurring in paleosols and weathering profiles is reviewed. Paleoclays occurring in paleosols or weathering profiles are, in well-defined situations, suitable for paleoclimatic interpretation. At our present state of knowledge, references as to the nature of climates of the past that are based solely on the interpretation of paleoclays are warranted only in exceptional cases. Authigenic occurrences of clay minerals with limited stability fields that can be used as ‘marker minerals’ and the isotopic composition of paleoclay minerals promise, with future research, to increase the value of paleoclays as paleoclimatic indicators.     

Clay mineralogy of Triassic sediments in southern Israel and Sinai

The clay mineral composition of Triassic sediments in the Negev and Sinai depends upon the environment of deposition. Kaolinite predominates in continental and epicontinental sediments. The mineralogical composition of the marine clays resembles that of corresponding samples from North Africa and Europe, which comprise various mixtures and interstratifications of illite, montmorillonite, vermiculite and chlorite. Evaporitic sediments are poor in clay minerals and those present are largely detrital. The results presented suggest that chlorite was formed diagenetically by prolonged percolation of seawater through pervious layers overlying impervious ones (hard beds).     

SEDIMENTS FROM BAY ST. GEORGE, NEWFOUNDLAND

Sediments cored to a depth of about 1 m in Bay St. George, Newfoundland, were examined for grain-size distribution and minerals. The sediments are light brown silty clays, the principal minerals of which are chlorite and muscovite mica. The scarce sand consists of fresh detrital grains of blue-green amphibole, biotite, epidote, zoisite, magnetite, garnet, hypersthene, apatite, chlorite, and scarce zircon. Quartz, plagioclase feldspar, and muscovite are abundant. These minerals are all present in the rocks of the adjacent land areas and have been deposited in the sediments with little alteration or change due to weathering. The clay minerals of the sediments are predominantly muscovite and chlorite with a slight admixture of vermiculite and montmorillonite. There is very little mixed-layering of these minerals. Montmorillonite may be due to diagenetic changes after deposition of these clays in the marine environment of the bay.     

Climatic control on clay mineral formation: Evidence from weathering profiles developed on either side of the Western Ghats

Many physico-chemical variables like rock-type, climate, topography and exposure age affect weathering environments. In the present study, an attempt is made to understand how the nature of clay minerals formed due to weathering differs in tropical regions receiving high and low rainfall. Clay mineralogy of weathering profiles in west coast of India, which receives about 3 m rainfall through two monsoons and those from the inland rain-shadow zones (<200 cm rainfall) are studied using X-ray diffraction technique. In the west coast, 1:1 clays (kaolinite) and Fe—Al oxides (gibbsite/goethite) are dominant clay minerals in the weathering profiles while 2:1 clay minerals are absent or found only in trace amounts. Weathering profiles in the rain shadow region have more complex clay mineralogy and are dominated by 2:1 clays and kaolinite. Fe—Al oxides are either less or absent in clay fraction. The kaolinite—smectite interstratified mineral in Banasandra profiles are formed due to transformation of smectites to kaolinite, which is indicative of a humid paleoclimate. In tropical regions receiving high rainfall the clay mineral assemblage remains the same irrespective of the parent rock type. Rainfall and availability of water apart from temperature, are the most important factors that determine kinetics of chemical weathering. Mineral alteration reactions proceed through different pathways in water rich and water poor environments.     

广西百色盆地更新世沉积物中粘土矿物特征及其古气候指示意义

为研究百色盆地红土剖面中粘土矿物的特征并恢复盆地中更新世以来的古气候演化序列,利用X射线衍射分析对百色盆地大旺红土剖面中粘土矿物进行了深入、系统的研究。结果表明,沉积物的粘土矿物组成主要为伊利石、高岭石及蛭石（或羟基铝蛭石）,但在约0.26Ma处其相对含量出现明显变化,表明百色盆地中更新世中期至晚更新世早期表生风化作用逐渐加强,其气候条件经历了从“相对干凉→暖湿”的演化。这一结果与河湖相沉积物磁化率所记录的MIS 7.5（0.26Ma）“冰期→间冰期”转折时期相一致。沉积物中伊利石结晶度结果显示,其（001）衍射峰半高宽值从早期的相对平稳转变为晚期的波动性变化,说明百色地区气候经历了相对冷干到相对暖湿的转型,与粘土矿物相对含量变化、河湖相沉积物磁化率变化、邻区钙华沉积及南海各古气候指标所揭示的记录相一致。     

Palaeoenvironmental significance of the clay mineral composition of Olduvai basin deposits,northern Tanzania

Quaternary deposits in the southeastern part of the Olduvai basin, northern Tanzania, consist of lake margin deposits, followed by a series of fluvial sediments. The clay mineral fraction of the lake margin deposits (Bed I and lower part of Bed II) is composed of smectite and subordinate illite. All smectite is largely dioctahedral and shows indications for a limited degree of irregular interstratification by illite. In the overlying fluvial deposits (Beds II–IV), illite is the most abundant clay mineral. Smectite only occurs in lower parts of the fluvial deposits (up to the middle of Bed III), where it generally shows a high degree of irregular interstratification. Differences in clay mineral composition between the lake margin deposits and the fluvial deposits record differences in sediment source area and degree of alteration. Dioctahedral smectite in the lake margin deposits and the oldest fluvial deposits is derived from a region with volcanic material extending to the east and south of the basin, which also supplies a certain amount of illite. Illite in the fluvial deposits of Bed IV originates from an area with a metamorphic bedrock to the west and north. Alteration of detrital clay minerals resulted in Mg-enrichment of dioctahedral smectite in part of the lake margin deposits and partial illitization of smectite in the older fluvial deposits. Formation of clay minerals during diagenesis or soil development is not documented by analysis of the total clay fraction.     

Characterization and quantification of inorganic constituents of tropical peats and organic-rich deposits from Tasek Bera (Peninsular Malaysia): implications for coals

Since the Carboniferous, tropical latitudes have been the site of formation of many economic coal deposits, most of which have a restricted range of mineralogical composition as a result of their depositional environment, climatic conditions, and diagenesis. Mineralogical and microscopic investigations of tropical peats from Tasek Bera, Peninsular Malaysia, were performed in order to better understand some of these factors controlling the nature, distribution and association of inorganic matter in peat-forming environments. Distribution and nature of the inorganic fraction of peat deposits give insight into the weathering conditions and detrital input into the mire system. Because the inorganic composition of peat deposits is determined by plant communities, height of water table, and climate, the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis can be used to reconstruct palaeoclimatic conditions.Tasek Bera is a peat-accumulating basin in humid tropical Malaysia with organic deposits of low- to high-ash yield and thus representative of many ancient peat-forming environments. Clay minerals dominate the mineralogical composition of the peat and organic-rich sediments, while quartz and clays dominate the underlying siliciclastic deposits. Kaolinite is the most abundant clay mineral in the organic deposits with minor amounts of illite and vermiculite. Particle size analyses indicate that >50% of the inorganic detrital fraction is <2 μm. Most detrital quartz grains range in size from fine silt to fine sand. The fine sand fraction accounts for a maximum of 5 wt.% of the inorganic constituents. In addition, abundant biogenic and non-biogenic, Al- and Si-rich amorphous matter occur. In the ombrotrophic (low-nutrient) environment, biogenic inorganic material contributes up to >75% of the ash constituents. As a consequence, the vegetational communities make an important contribution to the inorganic and overall ash composition of peats and coals. The ash content of the often inundated peat consists on average of 10% opaline silica from diatoms and sponge spicules, while the ash of the top deposits may have up to 50% biogenic silica. Hence, Al- and Si-hydroxides and the opaline silica from diatoms and sponges represent a large repository of Al and Si, which may form the basis of mineral transformation, neoformation and alteration processes during coalification of the peat deposits. As a result, most coal deposits from paleotropical environments are anticipated to have little to no biogenic inorganic material but high amounts of secondary clays, such as kaolinite (detrital kaolinite, resilisified kaolinite, or desilisified gibbsite) or illite, and various amounts of detrital and authigenetic quartz.     

湖泊沉积物的矿物组成、成因、环境指示及研究进展

湖泊沉积物是不同地质、气候、水文条件下各类碎屑、黏土、自生/生物成因矿物以及有机物质等的综合体。沉积矿物蕴含着丰富区域和全球环境演变信息,如湖水的化学组成、流域构造、气候、水文以及人类活动的相互作用等。相关信息可以赋存在矿物外部微形貌、内部微结构、化学组成、物理和化学性质、同位素组成、谱学特征、成因以及共生组合等方面。因此,湖泊科学的许多关键课题都离不开矿物学,特别是在利用湖泊沉积物进行区域及过去全球变化研究中,深入的机理研究归根到底都要涉及矿物学,如流域化学风化作用、粒度组成、生物壳体化学组成、测年材料的选择等。然而,由于湖泊沉积物中矿物的多源性、复杂性,如何有效提取和解译其中的环境信息,是一项长期困扰研究者的课题,湖泊沉积矿物学的研究往往被许多研究者所忽视,中国的相关研究也较为薄弱。笔者综述了湖泊沉积物中碎屑、黏土、自生/生物矿物的矿物组合、特征、成因在（古）环境反演中的作用及最新研究进展,提出除了继续加强对湖泊沉积物中矿物来源、成因和古环境示踪的深入研究以外,矿物相间的转变及其对湖水和孔隙水组成的响应、一些非晶质或隐晶质及低丰度矿物相在湖泊化学和动力学中的作用也是很有潜力的研究领域,最后提出了研究中存在的一些问题、面对的挑战以及对研究前景的展望。