克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)对新鲜和不同分解腐烂程度的沉水植物摄食选择性研究

原产美国南部和墨西哥东北部的克氏原螯虾是目前全球入侵最广的小龙虾,也是对淡水生态系统最具破坏性的物种之一,其对栖息地沉水植物的现存量构成严重威胁,然而目前对克氏原螯虾摄食沉水植物的机制还知之甚少.本文选择6种沉水植物,研究克氏原螯虾对浅水湖泊常见的沉水植物穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、密刺苦草(Vallisneria denseserrulata)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、菹草(Potamogeton crispus L.)、马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)的新鲜植株和分解腐烂后的植株的摄食偏好及原因,结果表明克氏原螯虾对沉水植物新鲜植株选择逗留偏好为:最偏爱逗留在轮叶黑藻区,在穗花狐尾藻、密刺苦草和马来眼子菜3种植株区逗留频次无区别,而在金鱼藻区逗留频次显著最低,6种植物湿重减少量与逗留偏好趋势相似;相对各新鲜植株,克氏原螯虾均更喜欢逗留在分解腐烂8 d或12 d后的植物碎屑区域,相应分解腐烂8 d或12 d植物湿重降低量也显著更高.6种植物新鲜植株总酚类含量均显著高于分解腐烂后的植株,其中穗花狐尾藻新鲜和分解腐烂后的植株的总酚类含量始终显著高于其他5种植物.结合植物总酚类指标和摄食偏好结果,表明克氏原螯虾对沉水植物的摄食具有选择性,相对新鲜植物更喜摄食腐烂后的碎屑,总酚类不是影响其选择的关键因子.     

传感器放置深度对水温动态特征的影响及其机理分析

地热井的观测规范要求尽可能将水温传感器放置在井下深处, 一般放置深度应当大于100 m, 小于200 m。 然而, 近几年的观测结果表明, 水温传感器的放置深度对水温动态特征的影响较大。 在多数观测井中, 同井水温与水位的时值动态、 潮汐效应、 同震响应及震后阶变等动态特征的相关性或一致性, 多与水温传感器的放置深度有关。 本文主要探讨了传感器放置深度对水温动态特征的影响, 水温传感器放置在观测含水层中, 都受井—含水层间水流运动的影响, 会造成水温动态随井水位变化而变化; 当放置在观测含水层下部时, 水温动态则不受井水位变化的影响, 多表现为动态相对稳定。 其原因是水温动态的形成受水热动力学与地热动力学两种不同机制的控制, 此外, 井—含水层系统的条件也会产生影响。     

金沙江下游梯级水库对水温及鱼类适宜产卵时间的影响

水温是重要的水文指标。气候变化和人类活动加剧背景下,水温变化已成为威胁全球水生态系统的重要因素。长江上游开发了世界上规模最大的梯级水库群,然而目前关于梯级水库和气候变化对下游水温及水生态的耦合影响仍不清楚。本文基于长江宜宾-重庆段长序列水温和气象资料,解析了气象因子和金沙江梯级水库对下游水温的影响,评估了长江上游珍稀特有鱼类国家级自然保护区重要鱼类适宜产卵时间对水温变化的响应,结果表明：研究河段近30年年平均水温显著增高,增幅约为0.5～1.1℃;向家坝-溪洛渡水库蓄水后向家坝站、朱沱站和寸滩站年水温过程平均滞后约36、13和7 d,蓄水后下游河段春季“滞冷”效应明显,秋冬季“滞热”效应明显,各水文站旬平均水温最大增加和降低幅度分别为1.8～3.7℃和1.3～3.6℃,“滞热”程度大于“滞冷”程度;年内不同月份水温变化主要由梯级水库蓄水引起,年际间平均水温变化主要由气候变化引起;蓄水后向家坝站附近水温达到重要鱼类适宜产卵水温时间延迟了30～40 d,蓄水对达到重要鱼类适宜产卵水温的时间延迟程度为：黑尾近红鲌>长薄鳅、圆口铜鱼、岩原鲤>中华金沙鳅>长江鲟>胭脂鱼,...     

水温、光能对春季太湖藻类生长的耦合影响

环境因素对藻类生长的影响机制是探讨蓝藻水华暴发的基础,其中水温和光能均是影响藻类生长的关键物理因子.基于2015年春季于太湖观测的11次藻类总初级生产力、水温廓线和营养盐浓度等,探讨水温、光能及营养盐对藻类生长过程的影响.结果表明:春季,水温、光能是影响藻类生长的关键因素,而营养盐的影响贡献相对较弱.深层水体中光能是藻类生长的关键性限制因子,浅层表现为水温、光能的共同影响,而表层主要表现为光能的抑制.水温的升高促进藻类对光能的获取和利用,提高光抑制的光能阈值,造成深层水体中光能限制程度的加强,藻类生长呈现光限制的深度变浅.本研究有利于确定气候变化下水生生态系统演变的方向,为水生生态系统的恢复提供理论依据.     

不同盐度对多刺裸腹溞内禀增长率的影响

本文以人工催产、自然受精获得的鲂受精卵为材料,用胰蛋白酶脱去卵膜,将裸卵置于Ｈｏｌｔｆｒｅｔｅｒ氏液和曝气的蒸馏水中培育,在解剖镜下仔细观察鲂的胚胎发育特征,并将其胚胎发育划分为８个阶段,２９个时期,旨在为鲂的人工繁育提供基础资料。     

气象条件对长白山阔叶红松林CO_2通量的影响

利用涡动相关技术观测资料和同步的气象要素监测资料,探讨了温度、光合有效辐射和空气饱和差对长白山阔叶红松林生态系统CO2通量的影响,结果表明,白天CO2通量主要受光合有效辐射的制约,二者符合Michaelis-Menten方程,同时空气饱和差也有一定的影响,空气越干燥,光合吸收能力下降越明显,这种敏感性在6月较显著.该生态系统的暗呼吸强度主要受土壤温度的影响,二者符合指数关系,另外,土壤温度对暗呼吸的影响还与季节有关,在相同土壤温度下,4~7月的呼吸强度比8~11月的高.日净碳交换与日平均气温符合指数关系.通过CO2通量和温度,光合有效辐射的年度变化规律发现,森林生态系统碳交换的季节变化是温度和光照综合作用的结果,其中6月份碳汇强度最大,7,8月次之,全年的净碳吸收量为?184gC·m?2.     

高原深水湖泊水温日成层对溶解氧、酸碱度、总磷浓度和藻类密度的影响:以云南阳宗海为例

弄清深水湖泊夏季水温分层及其对水体各理化指标的影响对于湖泊的保护和治理有重要意义.以云南阳宗海为例,在夏季选择湖泊内有代表性的6个样点,以1 m为间隔对每个样点不同水深的水温、藻蓝蛋白、DO、pH和叶绿素a含量进行同步测定,同时在实验室测定TP.结果表明:(1)夏季晴天阳宗海上午没有明显的分层,中午开始慢慢形成4层,随后转化到3层,在14:00时达到分层相对稳定,稳定时温跃层出现在水深9~13 m处,湖表层与深水层的最大温差为7.8℃;(2)随着水温出现分层,DO和pH呈现出与水温分层相似的垂直分层结构,而这种分层过程基本上与水温成层过程同步;(3)藻类和浮游植物随水温分层而逐渐成层,但有迟滞性,迟滞时间约2 h;(4)TP对水温分层不敏感,只有接近湖底的水体总磷浓度才明显升高,9 m以上的水层总磷浓度分布均匀,水温的分层与消失过程不影响上层水的总磷浓度,全湖泊的总磷平均浓度为0.033±0.03 mg/L.     

无锡市社会经济发展对水环境的影响

近20年来,太湖流域地区在社会经济快速发展的同时,其生态环境也急剧恶化,特别是水体污染严重,本文分析了无锡市社会经济发展对水环境影响的主要因素与原因,并在分述工业生产、城市化发展、农业生产等对水环境影响的基础上,提出应对目前水环境问题的主要措施：优化并推进产业结构的调整升级、大力提介水资源重复利用、实施污水处理企业化经营以及继续加强环境宣传教育。     

Biometric analysis of lacustrine and riverine populations of Palemonetes antennarius (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837) (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae) from north-western Greece

Comparative study of morphometric measurements was undertaken on populations of Palaemonetes antennarius from two freshwater habitat zones (lacustrine pelagic and lacustrine littoral) and from the fluvial littoral habitat zone of three estuaries of north-western Greece. Multivariate statistical analyses (principal component analysis and discriminant function analysis) revealed clear morphometric differences between sexes and sampling sites. The observed differences are expressed mainly thought the measurements related to the body heights (carapace height and second pleon height), as a result of sexual dimorphism, High values for the female body heights seem to be correlated to specific fecundity profile and reproductive strategy. On the other hand, morphometrical variables related mainly to body lengths, such as rostral, telson and pleon lengths, were observed to be correlated to the study sites. Characters related to the summing capacity (telson length, telson width and pleon lengths) were generally found to have higher values in the specimens from habitats with high reophilic profile.     

Effects of chronic exposure to cadmium or copper on Idothea baltica (Crustacea,Isopoda)

Acute toxicty tests (LT₅₀) of copper or cadmium on the crustacean isopod Idothea baltica demonstrated differences between females, males, and juveniles. Copper appears to be more toxic than cadmium. the effects of chronic exposure to 5 μl⁻¹ and 500 μl⁻¹ copper or cadmium were evaluated from survival, body growth, and sex ratio in the first stages of juveniles development. While in juveniles 500 μl⁻¹ significantly affected body growth, sex ratio, and survival, 5 μl⁻¹ affected only survival. The study of the long-term effects of a pollutant on different demographic parameters in a species can serve to assess a ‘safe’ level of environmental contamination.     

基于相似分析的不同围压-温度的混凝土抗压强度研究

为了研究混凝土在不同的围压和温度耦合作用下的抗压强度,根据相似分析原理,对混凝土抗压强度σ_max的控制参数进行无量纲化,得到相关的相似准数;以C40混凝土为例,进行有限元计算得到相似准数之间的关系。结果表明：抗压强度σ_max和残余强度随着围压的增大而增加,且最大偏应力与围压呈线性关系;在围压小于20 MPa时,应力-应变曲线可以分成两段,而在围压大于20 MPa时,应力-应变曲线可以划分成三段,出现明显的屈服;在不同的围压作用下温度对抗压强度的影响明显不同,且最大偏应力与温度近似为线性关系;三个无量纲参数σ_max/E、F/E和αθ在三维坐标近似形成了一个平面,说明σ_max/E随αθ和F/E基本呈线性变化。     

Predicting river water temperatures using the equilibrium temperature concept with application on Miramichi River catchments (New Brunswick,Canada)

Water temperature influences most of the physical, chemical and biological properties of rivers. It plays an important role in the distribution of fish and the growth rates of many aquatic organisms. Therefore, a better understanding of the thermal regime of rivers is essential for the management of important fisheries resources. This study deals with the modelling of river water temperature using a new and simplified model based on the equilibrium temperature concept. The equilibrium temperature concept is an approach where the net heat flux at the water surface can be expressed by a simple equation with fewer meteorological parameters than required with traditional models. This new water temperature model was applied on two watercourses of different size and thermal characteristics, but within a similar meteorological region, i.e., the Little Southwest Miramichi River and Catamaran Brook (New Brunswick, Canada). A study of the long‐term thermal characteristics of these two rivers revealed that the greatest differences in water temperatures occurred during mid‐summer peak temperatures. Data from 1992 to 1994 were used for the model calibration, while data from 1995 to 1999 were used for the model validation. Results showed a slightly better agreement between observed and predicted water temperatures for Catamaran Brook during the calibration period, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 1·10 °C (Nash coefficient, NTD = 0·95) compared to 1·45 °C for the Little Southwest Miramichi River (NTD = 0·94). During the validation period, RMSEs were calculated at 1·31 °C for Catamaran Brook and 1·55 °C for the Little Southwest Miramichi River. Poorer model performances were generally observed early in the season (e.g., spring) for both rivers due to the influence of snowmelt conditions, while late summer to autumn modelling performances showed better results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

太湖短吻银鱼的胚胎发育

椭圆卵囊藻培养轮虫时,轮虫平均产卵量均低于４．０个,随着食物浓度增加,后代混交雌体百分率降至１２．５０％．投喂蛋白核小球藻,轮虫的平均产卵量从６．００增加到１１．４０个,后代混交雌体百分率降至４．５８％．小球藻和卵囊藻混合培养轮虫,轮虫平均产卵量少于５．００个,后代个体混交百分率下降．当小球藻浓度增加到８．０＊１０（６）ｃｅｌｌｓ／ｍｌ时,平均产卵量下降至８．３３个,混交百分率也明显升高。     

Reproductive traits of the freshwater shrimp Caridina fossarum Heller, 1862 (Decapoda, Caridea, Atyidae) in the Ghomp-Atashkedeh spring (Iran)

In the present study, some biological traits of Caridina fossarum reproduction are studied in the Ghomp-Atashkedeh spring (Fasa, Shiraz, Iran), for the first time. This Iranian endemic freshwater species was studied from April 2007 to March 2008. Minimum sexable size (MSS) and absolute or relative size at the onset of maturity (SOM and RSOM) in terms of carapace length (CL) was found to be 2.4 mm, 4.3 mm and 55%, respectively. Sex ratio showed variations on a monthly basis. Sex reversal is a possible scenario for C. fossarum because the size-specific sex ratio revealed a reverse pattern. Based on the proportions of ovigerous females, the main breeding season was determined to be from April to August, demonstrating a peak during early spring. There is a period of extended recruitment at water temperatures above 20 °C. The size at which 50% of females are mature was estimated at CL = 5.03 mm from the proportion of ovigerous females during the breeding season. The pleopodal egg number varied from 3 to 75 eggs per female with a mean value 34.39 ± 14.27. The results showed that although there is a significant relationship between carapace length CL and pleopodal egg number, it is not the most important factor affecting potential fecundity in C. fossarum due to the low values of slope (= 1.51) and determination coefficient (= 0.052).